Mr Newton, a fellow of our College, and very young ... but of an extraordinary genius and proficiency in these things.
ต่อมานิวตันมีข้อขัดแย้งกับไลบ์นิทซ์ในเรื่องที่ว่า ใครเป็นผู้คิดพัฒนาแคลคูลัสก่อนกัน นักประวัติศาสตร์ยุคใหม่เชื่อว่าทั้งนิวตันและไลบ์นิทซ์ต่างคนต่างก็พัฒนากันโดยอิสระ แม้ว่าจะมีบันทึกที่แตกต่างกันมากมาย ดูเหมือนว่า นิวตันจะไม่เคยตีพิมพ์อะไรเกี่ยวกับแคลคูลัสเลยก่อนปี พ.ศ. 2236 และไม่ได้เขียนบทความฉบับสมบูรณ์ในเรื่องนี้ตราบจนปี พ.ศ. 2247 ขณะที่ไลบ์นิทซ์เริ่มตีพิมพ์บทความฉบับเต็มเกี่ยวกับกระบวนวิธีคิดของเขาในปี พ.ศ. 2227 (บันทึกของไลบ์นิทซ์และ "กระบวนวิธีดิฟเฟอเรนเชียล" เป็นที่ยอมรับนำไปใช้โดยนักคณิตศาสตร์ในภาคพื้นยุโรป และต่อมานักคณิตศาสตร์ชาวอังกฤษจึงค่อยรับไปใช้ในปี พ.ศ. 2363) แต่อย่างไรก็ดี แนวคิดนี้ไม่ได้ให้ข้อสังเกตในเนื้อหาของแคลคูลัส ซึ่งนักวิจารณ์ทั้งในยุคของนิวตันและยุคสมัยใหม่ต่างระบุว่า มีอยู่ในเล่มที่ 1 ของหนังสือชุด Principia ของนิวตัน (ตีพิมพ์ปี 2230) และในต้นฉบับลายมือเขียนที่มีมาก่อนหน้านี้ เช่น De motu corporum in gyrum ("การเคลื่อนที่ของวัตถุในวงโคจร") เมื่อปี 1684 Principia ไม่ได้เขียนในภาษาแคลคูลัสแบบที่เรารู้จัก แต่มีการใช้แคลคูลัสกณิกนันต์ในรูปแบบเรขาคณิต ว่าด้วยจำนวนที่ถูกจำกัดด้วยสัดส่วนของจำนวนที่เล็กลงไปเรื่อยๆ นิวตันสาธิตวิธีการนี้เอาไว้ใน Principia โดยเรียกชื่อมันว่า กระบวนวิธีสัดส่วนแรกและสัดส่วนสุดท้าย (method of first and last ratios) และอธิบายไว้ว่าเหตุใดเขาจึงแสดงความหมายของมันในรูปแบบเช่นนี้ โดยกล่าวด้วยว่า "นี้คือการแสดงวิธีแบบเดียวกันกับกระบวนการของการแบ่งแยกไม่ได้อีกต่อไป"
ด้วยเหตุนี้ในยุคปัจจุบัน Principia จึงถูกเรียกว่าเป็น "หนังสือที่อัดแน่นด้วยทฤษฏีและการประยุกต์ใช้แคลคูลัสกณิกนันต์" และ "lequel est presque tout de ce calcul" ("แทบทุกสิ่งอย่างเกี่ยวกับแคลคูลัส") ในยุคของนิวตัน การใช้กระบวนวิธีเช่นนี้ของเขาที่เกี่ยวข้องกับ "จำนวนกณิกนันต์หนึ่งอันดับหรือมากกว่านั้น" ได้แสดงไว้ในงานเขียน De motu corporum in gyrum ของเขาเมื่อปี 1684 และในงานเขียนเกี่ยวกับการเคลื่อนที่ที่เขียนขึ้น "ระหว่าง 2 ทศวรรษก่อนปี 1684"
Newton, Isaac (1967). The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton: 1664-1666. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2010-03-28. {{}}: ไม่รู้จักพารามิเตอร์ |coauthors= ถูกละเว้น แนะนำ (|author=) ((help))
Westfall 1994, pp 16-19
White 1997, p. 22
Michael White, Isaac Newton (1999) page 46 2016-04-27 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน
ed. Michael Hoskins (1997). Cambridge Illustrated History of Astronomy, p. 159.
(1815). A Philosophical and Mathematical Dictionary Containing... Memoirs of the Lives and Writings of the Most Eminent Authors, Volume 2. p. 100. สืบค้นเมื่อ September 11, 2012.
John Maynard Keynes. "Newton: the Man". University of St Andrews School of Mathematics and Statistics. สืบค้นเมื่อ September 11, 2012.
Carl, Sagan (1980). Cosmos. New York: Random House. ISBN. สืบค้นเมื่อ September 11, 2012.
Letters on England, 14, pp. 68-70, as referenced in the footnote for the quote in p. 6 of James Gleick's biography, Isaac Newton
Stokes, Mitch (2010). Isaac Newton. Thomas Nelson. p. 154. ISBN. สืบค้นเมื่อ September 11, 2012.
Gjertsen, Derek (1986). The Newton Handbook. Taylor & Francis. p. 105. ISBN. สืบค้นเมื่อ September 11, 2012.
(2011). Newton: The Making of Genius. Pan Macmillan. ISBN . {{}}: |access-date= ต้องการ |url= ((help))
Professor Robert A. Hatch, University of Florida. "Newton Timeline". สืบค้นเมื่อ August 13. {{}}: ตรวจสอบค่าวันที่ใน: |accessdate= ((help))
W W Rouse Ball (1908). A short account of the history of mathematics. p. 319.
D T Whiteside (ed.), The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton (Volume 1), (Cambridge University Press, 1967), part 7 "The October 1666 Tract on Fluxions", at page 400, in 2008 reprint.
D Gjertsen (1986), "The Newton handbook", (London (Routledge & Kegan Paul) 1986), at page 149.
Newton, 'Principia', 1729 English translation, at page 41.
Newton, 'Principia', 1729 English translation, at page 54.
Clifford Truesdell, Essays in the History of Mechanics (Berlin, 1968), at p.99.
อยู่ในบทนำของหนังสือของ Marquis de L'Hospital's Analyse des Infiniment Petits (Paris, 1696).
เริ่มต้นด้วย , ดูเพิ่มที่ (Latin) Theorem 1.
D T Whiteside (1970), "The Mathematical principles underlying Newton's Principia Mathematica" in Journal for the History of Astronomy, vol.1, pages 116–138, especially at pages 119–120.
Stewart 2009, p.107
Westfall 1980, pp 538–539
Ball 1908, p. 356ff
Błaszczyk, Piotr; ; Sherry, David (2012), "Ten misconceptions from the history of analysis and their debunking", , :1202.4153, doi:10.1007/s10699-012-9285-8
King, Henry C (2003). ''The History of the Telescope'' By Henry C. King, Page 74. Google Books. ISBN. สืบค้นเมื่อ 16 January 2010.
Newton, Isaac. "Hydrostatics, Optics, Sound and Heat". Cambridge University Digital Library. สืบค้นเมื่อ 10 January 2012.
Ball 1908, p. 324
, "Newton's Early Optical Theory and its Debt to Chymistry," in Danielle Jacquart and Michel Hochmann, eds., Lumière et vision dans les sciences et dans les arts (Geneva: Droz, 2010), pp. 283-307. A free access online version of this article can be found at the Chymistry of Isaac Newton project
Ball 1908, p. 325
Fred L. Wilson, History of Science: Newton citing: Delambre, M. "Notice sur la vie et les ouvrages de M. le comte J. L. Lagrange," Oeuvres de Lagrange I. Paris, 1867, p. xx.
จดหมายจากไอแซก นิวตัน ถึงรอเบิร์ต ฮุก, 5 กุมภาพันธ์ ค.ศ. 1676, บันทึกไว้ในผลงานของ ชอง-ปีแยร์ เมอรี (1992) Newton: Understanding the Cosmos, New Horizons
Wikipedia ,
John Gribbin (2002) Science: A History 1543-2001, p 164.
White 1997, p187.
Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton (1855) โดย เซอร์เดวิด บรูสเตอร์ (Volume II. Ch. 27)
"Newton beats Einstein in polls of Royal Society scientists and the public". The Royal Society.
Opinion poll. Einstein voted "greatest physicist ever" by leading physicists; Newton runner-up: BBC news, Monday, 29 November 1999, News.bbc.co.uk
Ball, W.W. Rouse (1908). A Short Account of the History of Mathematics. New York: Dover. ISBN .
Christianson, Gale (1984). In the Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton & His Times. New York: Free Press. ISBN . This well documented work provides, in particular, valuable information regarding Newton's knowledge of
Craig, John (1958). "Isaac Newton – Crime Investigator". Nature. 182 (4629): 149–152. Bibcode:1958Natur.182..149C. doi:10.1038/182149a0.
Craig, John (1963). "Isaac Newton and the Counterfeiters". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 18 (2): 136–145. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1963.0017.
Levenson, Thomas (2010). Newton and the Counterfeiter: The Unknown Detective Career of the World's Greatest Scientist. Mariner Books. ISBN .
Stewart, James (2009). Calculus: Concepts and Contexts. Cengage Learning. ISBN .
(1980, 1998). Never at Rest. Cambridge University Press. ISBN . {{}}: ตรวจสอบค่าวันที่ใน: |year= ((help))
Westfall, Richard S. (2007). Isaac Newton. Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
Westfall, Richard S. (1994). The Life of Isaac Newton. Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
(1997). Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer. Fourth Estate Limited. ISBN .
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Philosophiae naturalist principia mathematica hrux The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy kidrbkartiphimph enuxhainelmxthibayeruxngkhwamonmthwngsakl aelaepnkarwangrakthankhxngklsastrdngedim klsastrkhlassik phankdkarekhluxnthi sungniwtntngkhun nxkcakni niwtnyngmichuxesiyngrwmkb kxthfrith wilehlm ilbniths inthanathitangepnphuphthnaaekhlkhulsechingxnuphnthxikdwy ngansakhychinnisungthukhyudimidphimphxyuhlaypiidthaihniwtnidrbkaryxmrbwaepnnkfisikskayphaphthiyingihythisud phlkrathbmisungmak niwtnidepliynochmwithyasastrwadwykarekhluxnthikhxngwtthuthxngfathimimaaetedimodysineching niwtnidthaihnganthierimmatngaetsmyklangaelaidrbkaresrimtxodykhwamphyayamkhxngkalieloxepnphlsaerclng aela kdkarekhluxnthi niidklayepnphunthankhxngngansakhythnghmdinsmytx ma inkhnaediywkn karmiswninkartxsukarbukrukphunthikhxngmhawithyalyxyangphidkdhmaycakphraecaecmsthi 2 thaihniwtnidrbkaraetngtngepnsmachikrthsphainpi ph s 2232 33 txmapi ph s 2239 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ekhaekhiyniwwa phmidrbkaryunyncakhmxaelaslyaephthythixyukbekhatxnthiekhatay eruxngthixangklawwa khnathiekhanxnbnetiyngaelakalngcatay ksarphaphxxkmawaekhayngbrisuththixyu inpi 1733 wxlaetrrabuodyepidephywaniwtn immithngkhwamhlngihlhruxkhwamxxnaex ekhaimekhyekhaiklhyingidely niwtnmimitrphaphxnsnithsnmkbnkkhnitsastrchawswis nikxla fasioy edx duyey sungekhaphbinlxndxnrawpi 1690 aetmitrphaphniklbsinsudlngesiyechy inpi 1693 cdhmaytidtxrahwangthngkhubangswnyngkhngehluxrxdmathungpccubn phaphwadniwtninpi kh s 1702 odybnplaykhxngchiwit chiwitswnihykhxngniwtnxyukbkhwamkhdaeyngkbbrrdankwithyasastrkhnxun odyechphaahuk ilbniths aelaaeflmstid sungniwtnaekephdodywithilberuxnghruxkhxkhwamthiepncintnakarhruximkhxyepncringthiidxangxingwaepnkarchwyehluxkhxngphwkehlannxxkcakngankhxngniwtnexng niwtntxbotkarwiphakswicarnngankhxngtnxyangdueduxdesmx aelamkmikhwampriwitkxyuepnniccnechuxknwaekidcakkarthukmardathxdthinginsmythiepnedk aelakhwambakhlngdngklawaesdngnimiihehntlxdkarmichiwit xakarstiaetkkhxngniwtninpi ph s 2236 thuxepnkarpawprakasyutikarthangandanwithyasastrkhxngniwtn hlngidrbphrarachthanbrrdaskdiepnkhunnangradbesxrinpi ph s 2248 niwtnichchiwitinbnplayphayitkarduaelkhxnghlansaw niwtnimidaetngngan aetkmikhwamsukhepnxyangmakinkarxupkarankwithyasastrrunhlng aelanbtngaetpi ph s 2246 epntnmacnthungwarasudthayaehngchiwit niwtndarngtaaehnngepnnaykrachsmakhmaehnglxndxnthiidrbsmya nayksphaphukdkhi emuxniwtnesiychiwitlng phithisphkhxngekhacdxyangyingihyethiybethakstriy sphkhxngekhafngxyuthimhawiharewstminsetxr echnediywkbkstriyaelaphrabrmwngsanuwngschnsungkhxngpraethsxngkvs esxrixaesk niwtnmichiwitxyutrngkbrchsmykhxngsmedcphraecaprasaththxng aelasmedcphrasrrephchythi 9 hruxphraecathaysraaehngsmykrungsrixyuthyaphlnganswnnirxephimetimkhxmul khunsamarthchwyephimkhxmulswnniiddankhnitsastr klawknwa phlngankhxngniwtnepn khwamkawhnaxnyingihyinthuksakhakhxngkhnitsastrinyukhnn phlnganthiekhaeriykwa Fluxion hruxaekhlkhuls sungpraktxyuinnganekhiynchudhnungemuxeduxntulakhm kh s 1666 inpccubnidrbkartiphimphxyurwmkbngandankhnitsastrxun khxngniwtn incdhmaythi sngipihemuxeduxnsinghakhm kh s 1669 klawthungphuekhiyntnchbb thiekhasngipihkhxllinsemuxeduxnmithunaynpiediywknnnwa Mr Newton a fellow of our College and very young but of an extraordinary genius and proficiency in these things txmaniwtnmikhxkhdaeyngkbilbnithsineruxngthiwa ikhrepnphukhidphthnaaekhlkhulskxnkn nkprawtisastryukhihmechuxwathngniwtnaelailbnithstangkhntangkphthnaknodyxisra aemwacamibnthukthiaetktangknmakmay duehmuxnwa niwtncaimekhytiphimphxairekiywkbaekhlkhulselykxnpi ph s 2236 aelaimidekhiynbthkhwamchbbsmburnineruxngnitrabcnpi ph s 2247 khnathiilbnithserimtiphimphbthkhwamchbbetmekiywkbkrabwnwithikhidkhxngekhainpi ph s 2227 bnthukkhxngilbnithsaela krabwnwithidifefxernechiyl epnthiyxmrbnaipichodynkkhnitsastrinphakhphunyuorp aelatxmankkhnitsastrchawxngkvscungkhxyrbipichinpi ph s 2363 aetxyangirkdi aenwkhidniimidihkhxsngektinenuxhakhxngaekhlkhuls sungnkwicarnthnginyukhkhxngniwtnaelayukhsmyihmtangrabuwa mixyuinelmthi 1 khxnghnngsuxchud Principia khxngniwtn tiphimphpi 2230 aelaintnchbblaymuxekhiynthimimakxnhnani echn De motu corporum in gyrum karekhluxnthikhxngwtthuinwngokhcr emuxpi 1684 Principia imidekhiyninphasaaekhlkhulsaebbthieraruck aetmikarichaekhlkhulskniknntinrupaebberkhakhnit wadwycanwnthithukcakddwysdswnkhxngcanwnthielklngiperuxy niwtnsathitwithikarniexaiwin Principia odyeriykchuxmnwa krabwnwithisdswnaerkaelasdswnsudthay method of first and last ratios aelaxthibayiwwaehtuidekhacungaesdngkhwamhmaykhxngmninrupaebbechnni odyklawdwywa nikhuxkaraesdngwithiaebbediywknkbkrabwnkarkhxngkaraebngaeykimidxiktxip dwyehtuniinyukhpccubn Principia cungthukeriykwaepn hnngsuxthixdaenndwythvstiaelakarprayuktichaekhlkhulskniknnt aela lequel est presque tout de ce calcul aethbthuksingxyangekiywkbaekhlkhuls inyukhkhxngniwtn karichkrabwnwithiechnnikhxngekhathiekiywkhxngkb canwnkniknnthnungxndbhruxmakkwann idaesdngiwinnganekhiyn De motu corporum in gyrum khxngekhaemuxpi 1684 aelainnganekhiynekiywkbkarekhluxnthithiekhiynkhun rahwang 2 thswrrskxnpi 1684 niwtnlngelinkarephyaephraekhlkhulskhxngekhakephraaekhaklwkhxotaeyngaelakhawiphakswicarn ekhaekhysnithsnmkbnkkhnitsastrchawswis nikxla fasioy edx duyey khrnpi 2234 duyeyerimtnekhiyn Principia khxngniwtnkhuninrupaebbihm aelatidtxkbilbniths mitrphaphrahwangduyeykbniwtnerimesuxmlngtngaetpi 2236 aelahnngsuxnnkelyekhiynimesrc smachikrachsmakhmaehnglxndxnhlaykhn smakhmsungniwtnepnsmachikxyudwy erimklawhailbnithswalxkeliynphlngankhxngniwtninpi ph s 2242 khxotaeyngrunaerngkhunthungkhnaetkhkinpi 2254 emuxthangrachsmakhm prakasinngansuksachinhnungwa niwtnkhuxphukhnphbaekhlkhulsthiaethcring aelatrahnailbnithswaepncxmhlxklwng ngansuksachinnnklayepnthiekhluxbaekhlngsngsyemuxphbinphayhlngwatwniwtnnnexngthiepnkhnekhiynbthsrupkhxngnganodyechphaaswnthiekiywkbilbniths khxkhdaeyngineruxngniklayepnrxydangphrxyinchiwitkhxngthngniwtnaelailbnithstrabcnkrathngilbnithsesiychiwitinpi ph s 2259 niwtnidrbykyxngodythwipenuxngcakthvsdibththwinamthiichidsahrbelkhykkalngid ekhaepnphukhnphb phhunamkalngsamintwaeprsxngtw ekhamiswnxyangsakhytxthvsdi aelaepnkhnaerkthiichelkhchikalngthiimepncanwnetm aelanaerkhakhnitechingphikdmaichhakhatxbcak ekhahakhaphlbwkyxyodypramankhxngidodyichlxkarithum kxncamismkarphlrwmkhxngxxyelxr aelaepnkhnaerkthiichaelaphicarnaxnukrmaeplngklbkhxngxnukrmkalng reverse power series ngankhxngniwtnekiywkbxnukrmxnntidrbaerngbndaliccakelkhthsniymkhxngismxn setwin Simon Stevin niwtnidrbaetngtngihepnsastracaryluekhechiyndankhnitsastremuxpi ph s 2212 odykaresnxchuxkhxngaebrorw sunginwnrbtaaehnngnn phurbtaaehnngthiepnphakhismachikkhxngekhmbridchruxxxksfxrdcatxngbwchekhaepnphrainnikayaexngklikn xyangirkdi taaehnngsastracaryluekhechiynniimidbngkhbwaphurbtaaehnngcatxngptibtihnathithangsasna khadwakhngephraatxngkarihmiewlaephuxwithyasastrmakkwa niwtncungykepnkhxxangwatnimcaepntxngbwch aelaidrbphrarachanuyatcakphraecachalsthi 2 aehngxngkvsaebbcalxngcakklxngothrthrrsnsathxnaesngtwthisxngkhxngniwtn sungekhanaesnxtxrachsmakhmaehnglxndxninpi 1672 chwngpi 2213 2215 niwtnsxnwichathsnsastr inrahwangchwngewlani ekhasuksaeruxngkarhkehkhxngaesng odyaesdngihehnwa prisumsamarthaetkaesngkhawihklayepnsepktrmkhxngaesngid aelathamielnskbprisumxikaethnghnungcasamarthrwmaesngsepktrmhlaysiklbmaepnaesngkhawid nkwichakaryukhihmepidephywanganwiekhraahaesngkhawkhxngniwtnniepnphlmacakwichaelnaeraeprthatuechingkhxrphskhiwlar ekhayngaesdngihehnwa aesngthimisicaimepliynkhunsmbtiipimwacathukkracaylaaesngxxksxngipyngphunphiwwtthuid ktam niwtnihkhxsngektwa imwaaesngnncasathxn kracay hruxekhluxnphanxair mnkyngkhngepnsiedimxyunnexng nxkcakniekhasngektwa sinnkhuxphllphthcakkarthiwtthumiptikiriyakbaesngthimisixyuaelw imichwawtthunnsrangsikhxngmnxxkmaexng aenwkhidniruckinchux thvsdisikhxngniwtn Newton s theory of colour ekiyrtikhunaelaxnusrnthifngsphniwtninmhawiharewstminsetxrxnusawriyniwtnthi nkkhnitsastrchawfrngess ochaesf hluys lakrxngch mkphudbxy waniwtnepnxcchriyathiyingihythisudthiekhymima mixyukhrnghnungekhaklawwa niwtnnn ochkhdithisud ephraaeraimxackhnphbrabbkhxngolkidmakkwa 1 khrng kwichawxngkvs idrbaerngbndaliccakkhwamsaerckhxngniwtn aelaekhiynbthkwithiodngdngmak dngni thrrmchatiaelakdaehngthrrmchatisxntwxyuinrttikal phraecatrswa ihniwtnkaenid aesngswangcungidmikhun Nature and nature s laws lay hid in night God said Let Newton be and there was light aemodythangbukhlikphaphaelw niwtncaimichkhnthxmtwnk aetniwtnkmimaryathphxthicathxmtwkbkhwamsaerckhxngtwexng khrnghnungekhaekhiyncdhmaythungrxebirt huk ineduxnkumphaphnth ph s 2219 wa thachnsamarthmxngidiklkwaphuxun nnkephraachnyunxyubnihlkhxngyks If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants xyangirkdi nkekhiynbangkhnechuxwa thxykhakhangtnsungekhiynkhuninchwngewlathiniwtnkbhukkalngmipyhakhdaeyngknekiywkbkarkhnphberuxngaesng nacaepnkartxbothuk odywaepnthxykhathithngsnaelahwn makkwacaepnkarthxmtn wli yunbnbakhxngyks xnodngdngtiphimphinkhriststwrrsthi 17 odykwichux xditokhskmhawithyalyekhmbridc aelaphakhismachikkhxngwithyalythriniti innganekhiyneruxng Jacula Prudentum 1651 mikhwamhmayhlkkhux khnaekhrathiyunbnbakhxngyks camxngehnidiklkwathiaetlakhnmxng phlkrathbinthinicungnacaepnkarepriybeprywatwniwtnnnexngthiepn khnaekhra imichhuk mibnthukinchwnghlng niwtnekhiynwa chnimruhrxkwaolkehnchnepnxyangir aetkbtwexngaelw chnehmuxncaepnedkthielnxyurimchayfng ephlidephlinkbkaresaahakxnkrwderiyb hruxepluxkhxythiswyepnphiess khnathimhasmuthraehngkhwamcringxnyingihythxdtwxyuebuxnghnaodyyngimthukkhnphb niwtnyngkhngmixiththiphltxnkwithyasastrmatlxd ehnidcakkarsarwckhwamkhidehnsmachikrachsmakhmaehnglxndxn sungniwtnekhyepnprathan emuxpi ph s 2548 odythamwa ikhrepnphumixiththiphlyingihytxprawtisastraehngwithyasastrmakkwaknrahwangniwtnkbixnsitn nkwithyasastraehngrachsmakhm ihkhwamehnodyswnihyaekniwtnmakkwa pi ph s 2542 mikarsarwckhwamkhidehncaknkfisikschnnakhxngolkpccubn 100 khn lngkhaaennihixnsitnepn nkfisiksphuyingihytlxdkal odyminiwtntammaepnxndbsxng inewlaiklekhiyngknmikarsarwcodyewbist PhysicsWeb ihkhaaennniwtnmaepnxndbhnung xnusrn xnusawriyniwtn 2274 tngxyuinmhawiharewstminsetxr danthisehnuxkhxngthangedinsuewthinkrxngkhxngobsth iklkbthifngsphkhxngekha silpinphuaekaslkkhux imekhil irsaebrkh 2237 2313 thadwyhinxxnsikhawaelaetha xxkaebbodysthapnik wileliym ekhnth epnruppnniwtnkalngnxnexnxyuehnuxhibsph sxkkhwatngxyubnhnngsuxsakhyhlayelmkhxngekha muxsaychiipyngmwnhnngsuxthixxkaebbinechingkhnitsastr ehnuxrangekhaepnphiramidkbodmthxngfa aesdngsylksnckrrasiaelaesnthangedinkhxngdawhangihyaehngpi 2223 dankhangmiyuwethphkalngichekhruxngmuxhlayxyangechnklxngothrthrrsnaelaprisumechingxrrthhmayehtu 1 inchwngchiwitkhxngniwtn mikarichnganptithinxyu 2 chnidinyuorp khux ptithincueliyn hrux ptithinaebbeka kb ptithinkrikxeriyn hrux ptithinaebbihm sungichkninpraethsyuorpthinbthuxormnkhathxlik aelathixun txnthiniwtnekid wnthiinptithinkrikxeriyncanahnaptithincueliynxyu 10 wn dngnn niwtncungekidinwnkhristmas hrux 25 thnwakhm 2185 tamptithincueliyn aetekidwnthi 4 mkrakhm 2186 tamptithinkrikxeriyn emuxthungwnthiesiychiwit ptithinthngsxngmikhwamaetktangknephimepn 11 wn nxkcakni kxnthixngkvscarbexaptithinkrikxeriynekhamaichinpi ph s 2295 wnkhunpiihmkhxngxngkvseriminwnthi 25 minakhm hrux wnsuphaphstri Lady Day thngtamkdhmayaelatampraephnithxngthin miichwnthi 1 mkrakhm hakmiidmikarrabuiwepnxyangxun wnthithnghlaythipraktinbthkhwamnicaepnwnthitamptithincueliynxangxing The Early Period 1608 1672 James R Graham s Home Page subkhnemux 2009 02 03 lingkesiy Cohen I B 1970 Dictionary of Scientific Biography Vol 11 p 43 New York Charles Scribner s Sons Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences 1998 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 2014 05 28 subkhnemux 2010 03 28 Isaac Newton Bellevue College subkhnemux 2010 03 28 Newton Isaac 1967 The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton 1664 1666 Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 8 ISBN 9780521058179 subkhnemux 2010 03 28 a href wiki E0 B9 81 E0 B8 A1 E0 B9 88 E0 B9 81 E0 B8 9A E0 B8 9A Cite book title aemaebb Cite book cite book a imruckpharamietxr coauthors thuklaewn aenana author help Westfall 1994 pp 16 19 White 1997 p 22 Michael White Isaac Newton 1999 page 46 2016 04 27 thi ewyaebkaemchchin ed Michael Hoskins 1997 Cambridge Illustrated History of Astronomy p 159 1815 A Philosophical and Mathematical Dictionary Containing Memoirs of the Lives and Writings of the Most Eminent Authors Volume 2 p 100 subkhnemux September 11 2012 John Maynard Keynes Newton the Man University of St Andrews School of Mathematics and Statistics subkhnemux September 11 2012 Carl Sagan 1980 Cosmos New York Random House ISBN 0394502949 subkhnemux September 11 2012 Letters on England 14 pp 68 70 as referenced in the footnote for the quote in p 6 of James Gleick s biography Isaac Newton Stokes Mitch 2010 Isaac Newton Thomas Nelson p 154 ISBN 1595553037 subkhnemux September 11 2012 Foster Jacob 2005 5 1 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 2012 05 15 subkhnemux 2012 09 17 Gjertsen Derek 1986 The Newton Handbook Taylor amp Francis p 105 ISBN 0710202792 subkhnemux September 11 2012 2011 Newton The Making of Genius Pan Macmillan ISBN 1447204530 a href wiki E0 B9 81 E0 B8 A1 E0 B9 88 E0 B9 81 E0 B8 9A E0 B8 9A Cite book title aemaebb Cite book cite book a access date txngkar url help Professor Robert A Hatch University of Florida Newton Timeline subkhnemux August 13 a href wiki E0 B9 81 E0 B8 A1 E0 B9 88 E0 B9 81 E0 B8 9A E0 B8 9A Cite web title aemaebb Cite web cite web a trwcsxbkhawnthiin accessdate help W W Rouse Ball 1908 A short account of the history of mathematics p 319 D T Whiteside ed The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton Volume 1 Cambridge University Press 1967 part 7 The October 1666 Tract on Fluxions at page 400 in 2008 reprint D Gjertsen 1986 The Newton handbook London Routledge amp Kegan Paul 1986 at page 149 Newton Principia 1729 English translation at page 41 Newton Principia 1729 English translation at page 54 Clifford Truesdell Essays in the History of Mechanics Berlin 1968 at p 99 xyuinbthnakhxnghnngsuxkhxng Marquis de L Hospital s Analyse des Infiniment Petits Paris 1696 erimtndwy duephimthi Latin Theorem 1 D T Whiteside 1970 The Mathematical principles underlying Newton s Principia Mathematica in Journal for the History of Astronomy vol 1 pages 116 138 especially at pages 119 120 Stewart 2009 p 107 Westfall 1980 pp 538 539 Ball 1908 p 356ff Blaszczyk Piotr Sherry David 2012 Ten misconceptions from the history of analysis and their debunking 1202 4153 doi 10 1007 s10699 012 9285 8 King Henry C 2003 The History of the Telescope By Henry C King Page 74 Google Books ISBN 978 0 486 43265 6 subkhnemux 16 January 2010 Newton Isaac Hydrostatics Optics Sound and Heat Cambridge University Digital Library subkhnemux 10 January 2012 Ball 1908 p 324 Newton s Early Optical Theory and its Debt to Chymistry in Danielle Jacquart and Michel Hochmann eds Lumiere et vision dans les sciences et dans les arts Geneva Droz 2010 pp 283 307 A free access online version of this article can be found at the Chymistry of Isaac Newton project Ball 1908 p 325 Fred L Wilson History of Science Newton citing Delambre M Notice sur la vie et les ouvrages de M le comte J L Lagrange Oeuvres de Lagrange I Paris 1867 p xx cdhmaycakixaesk niwtn thungrxebirt huk 5 kumphaphnth kh s 1676 bnthukiwinphlngankhxng chxng piaeyr emxri 1992 Newton Understanding the Cosmos New Horizons Wikipedia John Gribbin 2002 Science A History 1543 2001 p 164 White 1997 p187 Memoirs of the Life Writings and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton 1855 ody esxredwid brusetxr Volume II Ch 27 Newton beats Einstein in polls of Royal Society scientists and the public The Royal Society Opinion poll Einstein voted greatest physicist ever by leading physicists Newton runner up BBC news Monday 29 November 1999 News bbc co uk Westminster Abbey khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 2009 10 16 subkhnemux 2009 11 13 brrnanukrmBall W W Rouse 1908 A Short Account of the History of Mathematics New York Dover ISBN 0 486 20630 0 Christianson Gale 1984 In the Presence of the Creator Isaac Newton amp His Times New York Free Press ISBN 0 02 905190 8 This well documented work provides in particular valuable information regarding Newton s knowledge of Craig John 1958 Isaac Newton Crime Investigator Nature 182 4629 149 152 Bibcode 1958Natur 182 149C doi 10 1038 182149a0 Craig John 1963 Isaac Newton and the Counterfeiters Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 18 2 136 145 doi 10 1098 rsnr 1963 0017 Levenson Thomas 2010 Newton and the Counterfeiter The Unknown Detective Career of the World s Greatest Scientist Mariner Books ISBN 978 0 547 33604 6 Stewart James 2009 Calculus Concepts and Contexts Cengage Learning ISBN 978 0 495 55742 5 1980 1998 Never at Rest Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 27435 4 a href wiki E0 B9 81 E0 B8 A1 E0 B9 88 E0 B9 81 E0 B8 9A E0 B8 9A Cite book title aemaebb Cite book cite book a trwcsxbkhawnthiin year help Westfall Richard S 2007 Isaac Newton Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 19 921355 9 Westfall Richard S 1994 The Life of Isaac Newton Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 47737 9 1997 Isaac Newton The Last Sorcerer Fourth Estate Limited ISBN 1 85702 416 8 aehlngkhxmulxunwikikhakhmmikhakhmekiywkb ixaesk niwtn wikimiediykhxmmxnsmisuxthiekiywkhxngkb ixaesk niwtn The Newton Project 2004 06 04 thi ewyaebkaemchchin rwbrwmprawtiaelaphlngankhxngniwtninthuksakha ScienceWorld biography ody Eric Weisstein Dictionary of Scientific Biography The Newton Project The Newton Project Canada via archive org Newton s Religious Views Reconsidered 2007 09 27 thi ewyaebkaemchchin Newton s Royal Mint Reports Newton s Dark Secrets TV programme caksaranukrmprchyakhxngsaetnfxrd Isaac Newton ody cxrc smith Newton s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica ody cxrc smith Newton s Philosophy ody aexndruw caeniykh Newton s views on space time and motion ody Robert Rynasiewicz Newton s Castle Educational material The Chymistry of Isaac Newton nganwicyekiywkbnganekhiynkhxngniwtneruxngkarelnaeraeprthatu FMA Live Program for teaching Newton s laws to kids 2016 04 02 thi ewyaebkaemchchin Newton s religious position 2009 08 22 thi ewyaebkaemchchin The General Scholium to Newton s Principia ekbthawr 2003 05 13 thi Kandaswamy Anand M The Newton Leibniz Conflict in Context Newton s First ODE 2007 07 05 thi ewyaebkaemchchin karsuksawadwywithithiniwtnpramankarphllphthkhxngkaraeksmkarxndbthihnungodyichxnukrmxnnt The Mind of Isaac Newton 2006 12 13 thi ewyaebkaemchchin suxphaph esiyng aexniemchn aelasuxxinetxraexkhthifxun Enlightening Science widioxekiywkbchiwprawtikhxngniwtn thsnsastr fisiks aelamummxngkhxngekhaekiywkbwithyasastraelasasna chiwprawtikhxngniwtn mhawithyalyesntaexndruws