ฮินดูสตานี (อักษรเทวนาครี: हिंदुस्तानी,Hindustānī / อักษรเปอร์เซีย-อาหรับ:[a]ہندوستانی, Hindūstānī, แปลว่า ของฮินดูสถาน) เป็นภาษากลางในอินเดียเหนือและปากีสถาน ในทางภาษาศาสตร์และเนื้อหาบางส่วน มีชื่อเรียกว่า ภาษาฮินดี–อูรดู (อักษรเทวนาครี: हिंदी-उर्दू, อักษรเปอร์เซีย-อาหรับ: ہندی-اردو)
ภาษาฮินดูสตานี | |
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ฮินดี–อูรดู | |
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ศัพท์ ฮินดูสตานี ในอักษรเทวนาครี และอักษรเปอร์เซีย-อาหรับ () | |
ออกเสียง | สัทอักษรสากล: [ɦɪnd̪ʊst̪aːniː] |
ประเทศที่มีการพูด | อินเดียเหนือ, ที่ราบสูงเดกกัน, ปากีสถาน |
ภูมิภาค | เอเชียใต้ |
จำนวนผู้พูด | ประมาณ 250 ล้านคน (2011 & 2017 censuses) ภาษาที่สอง: ประมาณ 500 ล้านคน (1999–2016) |
ตระกูลภาษา | อินโด-ยูโรเปียน
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รูปแบบก่อนหน้า |
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รูปแบบมาตรฐาน | |
ภาษาถิ่น | |
ระบบการเขียน |
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สถานภาพทางการ | |
ภาษาทางการ | |
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รหัสภาษา | |
ISO 639-1 | hi |
ISO 639-2 | hin |
ISO 639-3 | อย่างใดอย่างหนึ่ง:hin – Hindiurd – Urdu |
59-AAF-qa to -qf | |
พื้นที่ที่ภาษาฮินดูสตานี (Delhlavi หรือ ) เป็นภาษาแม่ (แดง) |
แนวคิดภาษาฮินดูสตานีในฐานะ "ภาษาที่รวมกัน" หรือ "ภาษาผสม" ได้รับการรับรองจากมหาตมา คานธี การสนทนาระหว่างฮินดีกับอูรดู (หรืออื่น ๆ) มักใช้วิธี แทนที่จะเขียนด้วยอักษรของตนเอง
คำศัพท์
ภาษาฮินดูสตานีเกิดจากการนำภาษาฮินดีและภาษาอูรดูรวมกัน คำศัพท์และไวยากรณ์ของสองภาษานั้นแตกต่างกันมาก เนื่องจากภาษาฮินดีได้รับอิทธิพลมาจากภาษาสันสกฤตและภาษาปรากฤต แต่ภาษาอูรดูได้รับอิทธิพลมาจากภาษาเปอร์เซียและภาษาอาหรับ ในทางภาษาศาสตร์จึงไม่ถือว่าเป็นภาษาใหม่ ปัจจุบันยังคงแยกเป็นภาษาฮินดีซึ่งเป็นภาษาทางการของอินเดีย และภาษาอูรดูซึ่งเป็นภาษาทางการของปากีสถาน
ระบบการเขียน
ในอดีต ภาษาฮินดูสตานีเขียนด้วยอักษรไกถี, เทวนาครี และอูรดู ปัจจุบัน ในประเทศปากีสถานเขียนภาษาฮินดูสตานีด้วยอักษรอูรดู ส่วนอินเดียเขียนด้วยอักษรเทวนาครี
अ | आ | इ | ई | उ | ऊ | ए | ऐ | ओ | औ |
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क | क़ | ख | ख़ | ग | ग़ | घ | ङ | ||
k | kʰ | ɡʱ | |||||||
च | छ | ज | ज़ | झ | झ़ | ञ | |||
t͡ʃʰ | d͡ʒʱ | ||||||||
ट | ठ | ड | ड़ | ढ | ढ़ | ण | |||
ʈʰ | ɖʱ | ɽʱ | |||||||
त | थ | द | ध | न | |||||
t̪ʰ | d̪ʱ | ||||||||
प | फ | फ़ | ब | भ | म | ||||
p | pʰ | f | b | bʱ | |||||
य | र | ल | व | श | ष | स | ह | ||
s |
อักษร | ชื่อ | ทับศัพท์ | สัทอักษรสากล |
---|---|---|---|
ا | alif | a, ā, i, หรือ u | , , หรือ |
ب | be | b | b |
پ | pe | p | p |
ت | te | t | |
ٹ | ṭe | ṭ | |
ث | se | s | s |
ج | jīm | j | |
چ | che | c | |
ح | baṛī he | h̤ | /h ~ / |
خ | khe | k͟h | |
د | dāl | d | |
ڈ | ḍāl | ḍ | |
ذ | zāl | z | |
ر | re | r | / ~ / |
ڑ | ṛe | ṛ | |
ز | ze | z | |
ژ | zhe | ž | |
س | sīn | s | s |
ش | shīn | sh | |
ص | su'ād | s̤ | s |
ض | zu'ād | ż | |
ط | to'e | t̤ | t |
ظ | zo'e | ẓ | |
ع | ‘ain | ‘ | – |
غ | ghain | ġ | |
ف | fe | f | f |
ق | qāf | q | |
ک | kāf | k | k |
گ | gāf | g | |
ل | lām | l | |
م | mīm | m | |
ن | nūn | n | |
ں | nūn ghunna | ṁ หรือ m̐ | |
و | wā'o | w, v, ō หรือ ū | , , หรือ |
ہ | choṭī he | h | /h ~ / |
ھ | do chashmī he | h | หรือ |
ء | hamza | ' | |
ی | ye | y หรือ ī | หรือ |
ے | baṛī ye | ai หรือ ē | , หรือ |
ดูเพิ่ม
หมายเหตุ
- บางครั้งเขียนเป็น हिन्दुस्तानी
^a. Nastaliq fonts: ถ้าคุณดาวน์โหลดฟอนต์ตัวอักษรจะแสดงเป็นฟอนต์นี้ ไม่เช่นนั้นมันอาจจะแสดงเป็นสมัยใหม่ในแบบทั่วไป เช่น ถ้าคำนี้ پاکستان และคำนี้ پاکستان ดูเหมือนอันนี้ پاکستان นั่นหมายความว่าคุณยังไม่มีฟอนต์นี้
อ้างอิง
- "Hindi" L1: 322 million (2011 Indian census), including perhaps 150 million speakers of other languages that reported their language as "Hindi" on the census. L2: 274 million (2016, source unknown). Urdu L1: 67 million (2011 & 2017 censuses), L2: 102 million (1999 Pakistan, source unknown, and 2001 Indian census): Ethnologue 21. Hindi ที่ Ethnologue (21st ed., 2018) . Urdu ที่ Ethnologue (21st ed., 2018) .
- Grierson, vol. 9–1, p. 47. We may now define the three main varieties of Hindōstānī as follows:—Hindōstānī is primarily the language of the Upper Gangetic Doab, and is also the lingua franca of India, capable of being written in both Persian and Dēva-nāgarī characters, and without purism, avoiding alike the excessive use of either Persian or Sanskrit words when employed for literature. The name 'Urdū' can then be confined to that special variety of Hindōstānī in which Persian words are of frequent occurrence, and which hence can only be written in the Persian character, and, similarly, 'Hindī' can be confined to the form of Hindōstānī in which Sanskrit words abound, and which hence can only be written in the Dēva-nāgarī character.
- Ray, Aniruddha (2011). The Varied Facets of History: Essays in Honour of Aniruddha Ray (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Primus Books. ISBN .
There was the Hindustani Dictionary of Fallon published in 1879; and two years later (1881), John J. Platts produced his Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi and English, which implied that Hindi and Urdu were literary forms of a single language. More recently, Christopher R. King in his One Language, Two Scripts (1994) has presented the late history of the single spoken language in two forms, with the clarity and detail that the subject deserves.
- Gangopadhyay, Avik (2020). Glimpses of Indian Languages. Evincepub publishing. p. 43. ISBN .
- The Central Hindi Directorate regulates the use of Devanagari and Hindi spelling in India. Source: Central Hindi Directorate: Introduction 15 เมษายน 2010 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน
- "National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language". www.urducouncil.nic.in.
- Zia, K. (1999). Standard Code Table for Urdu 2019-04-08 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน. 4th Symposium on Multilingual Information Processing, (MLIT-4), Yangon, Myanmar. CICC, Japan. Retrieved on 28 May 2008.
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- (1993), "हिंदुस्तानी", The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, p. 1071,
2. hindustani [P. hindustani] f Hindustani (a mixed Hindi dialect of the Delhi region which came to be used as a lingua franca widely throughout India and what is now Pakistan
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มีชื่อเรียกทั่วไป ((help)) - "हिंदुस्तानी", बृहत हिंदी कोश खंड 2 (Large Hindi Dictionary, Volume 2), केन्द्रीय हिंदी निदेशालय, भारत सरकार (Central Hindi Directorate, Government of India), p. 1458, สืบค้นเมื่อ October 17, 2021
- Das, Shyamasundar (1975), Hindi Shabda Sagar (Hindi dictionary) in 11 volumes, revised edition, Kashi (Varanasi): , p. 5505,
हिंदुस्तानी hindustānī३ संज्ञा स्त्री॰ १. हिंदुस्तान की भाषा । २. बोलचाल या व्यवहार की वह हिंदी जिसमें न तो बहुत अरबी फारसी के शब्द हों न संस्कृत के । उ॰—साहिब लोगों ने इस देश की भाषा का एक नया नाम हिंदुस्तानी रखा । Translation: Hindustani hindustānī3 noun feminine 1. The language of Hindustan. 2. That version of Hindi employed for common speech or business in which neither many Arabic or Persian words nor Sanskrit words are present. Context: The British gave the new name Hindustani to the language of this country.
- Chaturvedi, Mahendra (1970), "हिंदुस्तानी", A Practical Hindi-English Dictionary, Delhi: National Publishing House,
hindustānī hīndusta:nī: a theoretically existent style of the Hindi language which is supposed to consist of current and simple words of any sources whatever and is neither too much biassed in favour of Perso-Arabic elements nor has any place for too much high-flown Sanskritized vocabulary
- (1993), "हिंदुस्तानी", The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, p. 1071,
- . . คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 15 สิงหาคม 2009. สืบค้นเมื่อ 9 สิงหาคม 2009.
- Mohammad Tahsin Siddiqi (1994), Hindustani-English code-mixing in modern literary texts, University of Wisconsin,
... Hindustani is the lingua franca of both India and Pakistan ...
- Britannica, Editors (1 November 2018). "Hindustani language". Encyclopedia Britannica. สืบค้นเมื่อ 18 October 2021.
(subscription required) lingua franca of northern India and Pakistan. Two variants of Hindustani, Urdu and Hindi, are official languages in Pakistan and India, respectively. Hindustani began to develop during the 13th century CE in and around the Indian cities of Delhi and Meerut in response to the increasing linguistic diversity that resulted from Muslim hegemony. In the 19th century its use was widely promoted by the British, who initiated an effort at standardization. Hindustani is widely recognized as India’s most common lingua franca, but its status as a vernacular renders it difficult to measure precisely its number of speakers.
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มีชื่อเรียกทั่วไป ((help)) - Trask, R. L., "Hindi-Urdu", Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 149–150,
Hindi-Urdu The most important modern Indo-Aryan language, spoken by well over 250 million people, mainly in India and Pakistan. At the spoken level Hindi and Urdu are the same language (called Hindustani before the political partition), but the two varieties are written in different alphabets and differ substantially in their abstract and technical vocabularies
- (2001), A Dictionary of Language, Chicago: ,
(p. 115) Figure: A family of languages: the Indo-European family tree, reflecting geographical distribution. Proto Indo-European>Indo-Iranian>Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit)> Midland (Rajasthani, Bihari, Hindi/Urdu); (p. 149) Hindi There is little structural difference between Hindi and Urdu, and the two are often grouped together under the single label Hindi/Urdu, sometimes abbreviated to Hirdu, and formerly often called Hindustani; (p. 160) India ... With such linguistic diversity, Hindi/Urdu has come to be widely used as a lingua franca.
- Gandhi, M. K.; ; Suhrud, Tridip (annotation) (2018), An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments with Truth: A Critical Edition, New Haven and London: ,
(p. 737) I was handicapped for want of suitable Hindi or Urdu words. This was my first occasion for delivering an argumentative speech before an audience especially composed of Mussalmans of the North. I had spoken in Urdu at the Muslim League at Calcutta, but it was only for a few minutes, and the speech was intended only to be a feeling appeal to the audience. Here, on the contrary, I was faced with a critical, if not hostile, audience, to whom I had to explain and bring home my view-point. But I had cast aside all shyness. I was not there to deliver an address in the faultless, polished Urdu of the Delhi Muslims, but to place before the gathering my views in such broken Hindi as I could command. And in this I was successful. This meeting afforded me a direct proof of the fact that Hindi-Urdu alone could become the lingua franca<Footnote M8> of India. (M8: "national language" in the Gujarati original).
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มีชื่อเรียกทั่วไป ((help)) - บางครั้งเขียนเป็น हिन्दी-उर्दू
- "After experiments with Hindi as national language, how Gandhi changed his mind". Prabhu Mallikarjunan. The Feral. 3 October 2019.
- Bhat, Riyaz Ahmad; Bhat, Irshad Ahmad; Jain, Naman; Sharma, Dipti Misra (2016). "A House United: Bridging the Script and Lexical Barrier between Hindi and Urdu" (PDF) (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. สืบค้นเมื่อ 18 October 2021.
Hindi and Urdu transliteration has received a lot of attention from the NLP research community of South Asia (Malik et al., 2008; Lehal and Saini, 2012; Lehal and Saini, 2014). It has been seen to break the barrier that makes the two look different.
- (2003). Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia. University of California Press. p. 912. ISBN .
- (2006), Hindi, John Benjamins Publishing, p. 17, ISBN
บรรณานุกรม
- Asher, R. E. 1994. "Hindi." Pp. 1547–49 in The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics, edited by R. E. Asher. Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN .
- Bailey, Thomas G. 1950. Teach yourself Hindustani. London: English Universities Press.
- Chatterji, Suniti K. 1960. Indo-Aryan and Hindi (rev. 2nd ed.). Calcutta: Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay.
- Dua, Hans R. 1992. "Hindi-Urdu as a pluricentric language." In Pluricentric languages: Differing norms in different nations, edited by M. G. Clyne. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN .
- Dua, Hans R. 1994a. "Hindustani." Pp. 1554 in The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics, edited by R. E. Asher. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
- —— 1994b. "Urdu." Pp. 4863–64 in The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics, edited by R. E. Asher. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
- Rai, Amrit. 1984. A house divided: The origin and development of Hindi-Hindustani. Delhi: Oxford University Press. ISBN
อ่านเพิ่ม
- (1877). English and Urdu dictionary, romanized (8 ed.). Calcutta: Printed at the Baptist mission press for the Calcutta school-book society. p. 215. สืบค้นเมื่อ 6 July 2011.the University of Michigan
- John Dowson (1908). A grammar of the Urdū or Hindūstānī language (3 ed.). London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., ltd. p. 264. สืบค้นเมื่อ 6 July 2011.the University of Michigan
- (1857). A dictionary, Hindustani and English, accompanied by a reversed dictionary, English and Hindustani. archive.org (2nd ed.). London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company. p. 1144. OCLC 1043011501. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 19 October 2018. สืบค้นเมื่อ 18 October 2018.
- John Thompson Platts (1874). A grammar of the Hindūstānī or Urdū language. Vol. Volume 6423 of Harvard College Library preservation microfilm program. London: W.H. Allen. p. 399. สืบค้นเมื่อ 6 July 2011.
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has extra text ((help))Oxford University - —— (1892). A grammar of the Hindūstānī or Urdū language. London: W.H. Allen. p. 399. สืบค้นเมื่อ 6 July 2011.the New York Public Library
- —— (1884). A dictionary of Urdū, classical Hindī, and English (reprint ed.). London: H. Milford. p. 1259. สืบค้นเมื่อ 6 July 2011.Oxford University
- Shakespear, John. A Dictionary, Hindustani and English. 3rd ed., much enl. London: Printed for the author by J.L. Cox and Son: Sold by Parbury, Allen, & Co., 1834.
- Taylor, Joseph. A dictionary, Hindoostanee and English. Available at . (A dictionary, Hindoostanee and English / abridged from the quarto edition of Major Joseph Taylor; as edited by the late W. Hunter; by William Carmichael Smyth.)
แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น
- Bolti Dictionary (Hindustani)
- Khan Academy (Hindi-Urdu): academic lessons taught in Hindi-Urdu
- Hindi, Urdu, Hindustani, khaRî bolî
- ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน (เก็บถาวร 27 ตุลาคม 2009)
- Hindustani as an anxiety between Hindi–Urdu Commitment
- Hindi/Urdu-English-Kalasha-Khowar-Nuristani-Pashtu Comparative Word List
- GRN Report for Hindustani
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hindustani xksrethwnakhri ह द स त न Hindustani xksrepxresiy xahrb a ہندوستانی Hindustani aeplwa khxnghindusthan epnphasaklanginxinediyehnuxaelapakisthan inthangphasasastraelaenuxhabangswn michuxeriykwa phasahindi xurdu xksrethwnakhri ह द उर द xksrepxresiy xahrb ہندی اردو phasahindustanihindi xurduह न द स त न ہندوستانیsphth hindustani inxksrethwnakhri aelaxksrepxresiy xahrb xxkesiyngsthxksrsakl ɦɪnd ʊst aːniː praethsthimikarphudxinediyehnux thirabsungedkkn pakisthanphumiphakhexechiyitcanwnphuphudpraman 250 lankhn 2011 amp 2017 censuses phasathisxng praman 500 lankhn 1999 2016 trakulphasaxinod yuorepiyn xinod xiereniynxinod xarynphasahindustanirupaebbkxnhnaphasahindustanirupaebbmatrthanhindimatrthan xurdumatrthanphasathinrabbkarekhiynxksrethwnakhri hindi xksrepxresiy xahrb chudtwxksrxurdu xurdu xksrlatin xksrikthi xdit xksrlntha xdit xksrmhachni xdit swnihyxyuinhindi sthanphaphthangkarphasathangkar xinediy inthanahindiaelaxurdu pakisthan inthanaxurdu fici inthanaphasahindifici hindi xinediy xurdu xinediy xurdu pakisthan rhsphasaISO 639 1hiISO 639 2hinISO 639 3xyangidxyanghnung a href https iso639 3 sil org code hin class extiw title iso639 3 hin hin a Hindi a href https iso639 3 sil org code urd class extiw title iso639 3 urd urd a Urdu59 AAF qa to qfphunthithiphasahindustani Delhlavi hrux epnphasaaem aedng aenwkhidphasahindustaniinthana phasathirwmkn hrux phasaphsm idrbkarrbrxngcakmhatma khanthi karsnthnarahwanghindikbxurdu hruxxun mkichwithi aethnthicaekhiyndwyxksrkhxngtnexngkhasphthphasahindustaniekidcakkarnaphasahindiaelaphasaxurdurwmkn khasphthaelaiwyakrnkhxngsxngphasannaetktangknmak enuxngcakphasahindiidrbxiththiphlmacakphasasnskvtaelaphasaprakvt aetphasaxurduidrbxiththiphlmacakphasaepxresiyaelaphasaxahrb inthangphasasastrcungimthuxwaepnphasaihm pccubnyngkhngaeykepnphasahindisungepnphasathangkarkhxngxinediy aelaphasaxurdusungepnphasathangkarkhxngpakisthanrabbkarekhiyninxdit phasahindustaniekhiyndwyxksrikthi ethwnakhri aelaxurdu pccubn inpraethspakisthanekhiynphasahindustanidwyxksrxurdu swnxinediyekhiyndwyxksrethwnakhri xksrethwnakhri अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ए ऐ ओ औक क ख ख ग ग घ ङk kʰ ɡʱच छ ज ज झ झ ञt ʃʰ d ʒʱट ठ ड ड ढ ढ णʈʰ ɖʱ ɽʱत थ द ध नt ʰ d ʱप फ फ ब भ मp pʰ f b bʱय र ल व श ष स हsxksrxurdu xksr chux thbsphth sthxksrsaklا alif a a i hrux u hruxب be b bپ pe p pت te tٹ ṭe ṭث se s sج jim jچ che cح baṛi he h h خ khe k hد dal dڈ ḍal ḍذ zal zر re r ڑ ṛe ṛز ze zژ zhe zس sin s sش shin shص su ad s sض zu ad zط to e t tظ zo e ẓع ain غ ghain ġف fe f fق qaf qک kaf k kگ gaf gل lam lم mim mن nun nں nun ghunna ṁ hrux m و wa o w v ō hrux u hruxہ choṭi he h h ھ do chashmi he h hruxء hamza ی ye y hrux i hruxے baṛi ye ai hrux e hruxduephimsthaniyxypraethsxinediysthaniyxyphasahindusthan xnuthwipxinediy phasathangkarkhxngxinediyhmayehtubangkhrngekhiynepn ह न द स त न a Nastaliq fonts thakhundawnohldfxnttwxksrcaaesdngepnfxntni imechnnnmnxaccaaesdngepnsmyihminaebbthwip echn thakhani پاکستان aelakhani پاکستان duehmuxnxnni پاکستان nnhmaykhwamwakhunyngimmifxntnixangxing Hindi L1 322 million 2011 Indian census including perhaps 150 million speakers of other languages that reported their language as Hindi on the census L2 274 million 2016 source unknown Urdu L1 67 million 2011 amp 2017 censuses L2 102 million 1999 Pakistan source unknown and 2001 Indian census Ethnologue 21 Hindi thi Ethnologue 21st ed 2018 Urdu thi Ethnologue 21st ed 2018 Grierson vol 9 1 p 47 We may now define the three main varieties of Hindōstani as follows Hindōstani is primarily the language of the Upper Gangetic Doab and is also thelingua francaof India capable of being written in both Persian and Deva nagari characters and without purism avoiding alike the excessive use of either Persian or Sanskrit words when employed for literature The name Urdu can then be confined to that special variety of Hindōstani in which Persian words are of frequent occurrence and which hence can only be written in the Persian character and similarly Hindi can be confined to the form of Hindōstani in which Sanskrit words abound and which hence can only be written in the Deva nagari character Ray Aniruddha 2011 The Varied Facets of History Essays in Honour of Aniruddha Ray phasaxngkvs Primus Books ISBN 978 93 80607 16 0 There was the Hindustani Dictionary of Fallon published in 1879 and two years later 1881 John J Platts produced his Dictionary of Urdu Classical Hindi and English which implied that Hindi and Urdu were literary forms of a single language More recently Christopher R King in his One Language Two Scripts 1994 has presented the late history of the single spoken language in two forms with the clarity and detail that the subject deserves Gangopadhyay Avik 2020 Glimpses of Indian Languages Evincepub publishing p 43 ISBN 9789390197828 The Central Hindi Directorate regulates the use of Devanagari and Hindi spelling in India Source Central Hindi Directorate Introduction 15 emsayn 2010 thi ewyaebkaemchchin National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language www urducouncil nic in Zia K 1999 Standard Code Table for Urdu 2019 04 08 thi ewyaebkaemchchin 4th Symposium on Multilingual Information Processing MLIT 4 Yangon Myanmar CICC Japan Retrieved on 28 May 2008 1993 ह द स त न The Oxford Hindi English Dictionary Oxford University Press p 1071 2 hindustani P hindustani f Hindustani a mixed Hindi dialect of the Delhi region which came to be used as a lingua franca widely throughout India and what is now Pakistan a href wiki E0 B9 81 E0 B8 A1 E0 B9 88 E0 B9 81 E0 B8 9A E0 B8 9A Citation title aemaebb Citation citation a first michuxeriykthwip help ह द स त न ब हत ह द क श ख ड 2 Large Hindi Dictionary Volume 2 क न द र य ह द न द श लय भ रत सरक र Central Hindi Directorate Government of India p 1458 subkhnemux October 17 2021 Das Shyamasundar 1975 Hindi Shabda Sagar Hindi dictionary in 11 volumes revised edition Kashi Varanasi p 5505 ह द स त न hindustani३ स ज ञ स त र १ ह द स त न क भ ष २ ब लच ल य व यवह र क वह ह द ज सम न त बह त अरब फ रस क शब द ह न स स क त क उ स ह ब ल ग न इस द श क भ ष क एक नय न म ह द स त न रख Translation Hindustani hindustani3 noun feminine 1 The language of Hindustan 2 That version of Hindi employed for common speech or business in which neither many Arabic or Persian words nor Sanskrit words are present Context The British gave the new name Hindustani to the language of this country Chaturvedi Mahendra 1970 ह द स त न A Practical Hindi English Dictionary Delhi National Publishing House hindustani hindusta ni a theoretically existent style of the Hindi language which is supposed to consist of current and simple words of any sources whatever and is neither too much biassed in favour of Perso Arabic elements nor has any place for too much high flown Sanskritized vocabulary khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 15 singhakhm 2009 subkhnemux 9 singhakhm 2009 Mohammad Tahsin Siddiqi 1994 Hindustani English code mixing in modern literary texts University of Wisconsin Hindustani is the lingua franca of both India and Pakistan Britannica Editors 1 November 2018 Hindustani language Encyclopedia Britannica subkhnemux 18 October 2021 subscription required lingua franca of northern India and Pakistan Two variants of Hindustani Urdu and Hindi are official languages in Pakistan and India respectively Hindustani began to develop during the 13th century CE in and around the Indian cities of Delhi and Meerut in response to the increasing linguistic diversity that resulted from Muslim hegemony In the 19th century its use was widely promoted by the British who initiated an effort at standardization Hindustani is widely recognized as India s most common lingua franca but its status as a vernacular renders it difficult to measure precisely its number of speakers a href wiki E0 B9 81 E0 B8 A1 E0 B9 88 E0 B9 81 E0 B8 9A E0 B8 9A Cite web title aemaebb Cite web cite web a first michuxeriykthwip help Trask R L Hindi Urdu Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics Edinburgh University Press pp 149 150 Hindi Urdu The most important modern Indo Aryan language spoken by well over 250 million people mainly in India and Pakistan At the spoken level Hindi and Urdu are the same language called Hindustani before the political partition but the two varieties are written in different alphabets and differ substantially in their abstract and technical vocabularies 2001 A Dictionary of Language Chicago p 115 Figure A family of languages the Indo European family tree reflecting geographical distribution Proto Indo European gt Indo Iranian gt Indo Aryan Sanskrit gt Midland Rajasthani Bihari Hindi Urdu p 149 Hindi There is little structural difference between Hindi and Urdu and the two are often grouped together under the single label Hindi Urdu sometimes abbreviated to Hirdu and formerly often called Hindustani p 160 India With such linguistic diversity Hindi Urdu has come to be widely used as a lingua franca Gandhi M K Suhrud Tridip annotation 2018 An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments with Truth A Critical Edition New Haven and London p 737 I was handicapped for want of suitable Hindi or Urdu words This was my first occasion for delivering an argumentative speech before an audience especially composed of Mussalmans of the North I had spoken in Urdu at the Muslim League at Calcutta but it was only for a few minutes and the speech was intended only to be a feeling appeal to the audience Here on the contrary I was faced with a critical if not hostile audience to whom I had to explain and bring home my view point But I had cast aside all shyness I was not there to deliver an address in the faultless polished Urdu of the Delhi Muslims but to place before the gathering my views in such broken Hindi as I could command And in this I was successful This meeting afforded me a direct proof of the fact that Hindi Urdu alone could become the lingua franca lt Footnote M8 gt of India M8 national language in the Gujarati original a href wiki E0 B9 81 E0 B8 A1 E0 B9 88 E0 B9 81 E0 B8 9A E0 B8 9A Citation title aemaebb Citation citation a first2 michuxeriykthwip help bangkhrngekhiynepn ह न द उर द After experiments with Hindi as national language how Gandhi changed his mind Prabhu Mallikarjunan The Feral 3 October 2019 Bhat Riyaz Ahmad Bhat Irshad Ahmad Jain Naman Sharma Dipti Misra 2016 A House United Bridging the Script and Lexical Barrier between Hindi and Urdu PDF phasaxngkvs Proceedings of COLING 2016 the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics subkhnemux 18 October 2021 Hindi and Urdu transliteration has received a lot of attention from the NLP research community of South Asia Malik et al 2008 Lehal and Saini 2012 Lehal and Saini 2014 It has been seen to break the barrier that makes the two look different 2003 Literary Cultures in History Reconstructions from South Asia University of California Press p 912 ISBN 978 0 520 22821 4 2006 Hindi John Benjamins Publishing p 17 ISBN 90 272 3812 XbrrnanukrmAsher R E 1994 Hindi Pp 1547 49 in The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics edited by R E Asher Oxford Pergamon Press ISBN 0 08 035943 4 Bailey Thomas G 1950 Teach yourself Hindustani London English Universities Press Chatterji Suniti K 1960 Indo Aryan and Hindi rev 2nd ed Calcutta Firma K L Mukhopadhyay Dua Hans R 1992 Hindi Urdu as a pluricentric language In Pluricentric languages Differing norms in different nations edited by M G Clyne Berlin Mouton de Gruyter ISBN 3 11 012855 1 Dua Hans R 1994a Hindustani Pp 1554 in The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics edited by R E Asher Oxford Pergamon Press 1994b Urdu Pp 4863 64 in The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics edited by R E Asher Oxford Pergamon Press Rai Amrit 1984 A house divided The origin and development of Hindi Hindustani Delhi Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 561643 Xxanephim 1877 English and Urdu dictionary romanized 8 ed Calcutta Printed at the Baptist mission press for the Calcutta school book society p 215 subkhnemux 6 July 2011 the University of Michigan John Dowson 1908 A grammar of the Urdu or Hindustani language 3 ed London K Paul Trench Trubner amp Co ltd p 264 subkhnemux 6 July 2011 the University of Michigan 1857 A dictionary Hindustani and English accompanied by a reversed dictionary English and Hindustani archive org 2nd ed London Sampson Low Marston amp Company p 1144 OCLC 1043011501 ekbcakaehlngedimemux 19 October 2018 subkhnemux 18 October 2018 John Thompson Platts 1874 A grammar of the Hindustani or Urdu language Vol Volume 6423 of Harvard College Library preservation microfilm program London W H Allen p 399 subkhnemux 6 July 2011 a href wiki E0 B9 81 E0 B8 A1 E0 B9 88 E0 B9 81 E0 B8 9A E0 B8 9A Cite book title aemaebb Cite book cite book a volume has extra text help Oxford University 1892 A grammar of the Hindustani or Urdu language London W H Allen p 399 subkhnemux 6 July 2011 the New York Public Library 1884 A dictionary of Urdu classical Hindi and English reprint ed London H Milford p 1259 subkhnemux 6 July 2011 Oxford University Shakespear John A Dictionary Hindustani and English 3rd ed much enl London Printed for the author by J L Cox and Son Sold by Parbury Allen amp Co 1834 Taylor Joseph A dictionary Hindoostanee and English Available at A dictionary Hindoostanee and English abridged from the quarto edition of Major Joseph Taylor as edited by the late W Hunter by William Carmichael Smyth aehlngkhxmulxunwikithxngethiyw mikhaaenanakarthxngethiywsahrb Hindi Urdu phrasebook wikisxrs mibthkhwamcak ekiywkb Hindostani Bolti Dictionary Hindustani Khan Academy Hindi Urdu academic lessons taught in Hindi Urdu Hindi Urdu Hindustani khaRi boli thi ewyaebkaemchchin ekbthawr 27 tulakhm 2009 Hindustani as an anxiety between Hindi Urdu Commitment Hindi Urdu English Kalasha Khowar Nuristani Pashtu Comparative Word List GRN Report for Hindustani