มหาจักรวรรดิเซลจุค (อังกฤษ: Great Seljuk Empire) หรือ จักรวรรดิเซลจุค (Seljuk Empire) เป็นจักรวรรดิอิสลามนิกายซุนนีในสมัยกลางตอนกลาง ที่มีวัฒนธรรมของ ก่อตั้งและปกครองโดย สาขา มีพื้นที่รวม 3.9 ล้าน ตารางกิโลเมตร (1.5 ล้าน ตารางไมล์) จากอานาโตเลียกับลิแวนต์ทางตะวันตกถึงฮินดูกูชทางตะวันออก และจากเอเชียกลางทางตอนเหนือถึงอ่าวเปอร์เซียทางตอนใต้
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จักรวรรดิเซลจุคในสมัยที่รุ่งเรืองที่สุดใน ค.ศ. 1092 เมื่อสุลต่าน เสด็จสวรรคต | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
สถานะ | จักรวรรดิ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
เมืองหลวง | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ภาษาทั่วไป |
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ศาสนา | อิสลามนิกายซุนนี (มัซฮับ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
การปกครอง | รัฐบริวารในรัฐเคาะลีฟะฮ์ (โดยนิตินัย) รัฐสุลต่านอิสระ (โดยพฤตินัย) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
เคาะลีฟะฮ์ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1031–1075 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1180–1225 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(สุลต่าน) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1037–1063 | (องค์แรก) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1174–1194 | (องค์สุดท้าย) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ประวัติศาสตร์ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• จัดตั้งโดยทูฆรีล | 1037 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• | 1040 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• | 1071 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1095–1099 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• | 1141 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• จักรวรรดิฆวอแรซม์เข้ามาแทนที่ | 1194 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
พื้นที่ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ประมาณ ค.ศ. 1080 | 3,900,000 ตารางกิโลเมตร (1,500,000 ตารางไมล์) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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ในคริสต์ทศวรรษ 1140 อำนาจและอิทธิพลของจักรวรรดิเซลจุคเริ่มเสื่อมถอยก่อนแทนที่ด้วยจักรวรรดิฆวอแรซม์ใน ค.ศ. 1194
ประวัติ
ก่อตั้งราชวงศ์
ผู้ก่อตั้งราชวงศ์เซลจุคคือขุนศึกชาวเติร์กโอคุซนาม เขามีชื่อเสียงจากการรับใช้ในกองทัพ พวกเซลจุคอพยพไปที่ ใกล้กับเมือง โดยพวกเขาเข้ารับอิสลามใน ค.ศ. 985 ฆวอแรซม์ในเวลานั้นอยู่ในการควบคุมของ แห่ง ใน ค.ศ. 999 จักรวรรดิซอมอนีดตกอยู่ใต้อำนาจของแห่ง แต่พวก Ghaznavids ครอบครองดินแดนทางใต้ของ Oxus พวกเซลจุคจึงมีส่วนร่วม โดยสนับสนุนเอมีร์ซอมอนีดองค์สุดท้าย ก่อนที่จะจัดตั้งฐานอำนาจอิสระของตนเอง
ดูเพิ่ม
หมายเหตุ
- สีอ่อนข้างบนขวาคือ รัฐบริวาร
- เพื่อแยกจากรัฐสุลต่านรูมที่ครองโดยราชวงศ์เซลจุคสาขาอานาโตเลีย
เชิงอรรถ
อ้างอิง
- Savory, R. M., บ.ก. (1976). Introduction to Islamic Civilisation. Cambridge University Press. p. 82. ISBN .
- Black, Edwin (2004). Banking on Baghdad: Inside Iraq's 7,000-year History of War, Profit and Conflict. John Wiley and Sons. p. 38. ISBN .
- C.E. Bosworth, "Turkish Expansion towards the west" in UNESCO History of Humanity, Volume IV, titled "From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century", UNESCO Publishing / Routledge, p. 391: "While the Arabic language retained its primacy in such spheres as law, theology and science, the culture of the Seljuk court and secular literature within the sultanate became largely Persianized; this is seen in the early adoption of Persian epic names by the Seljuk rulers (Qubād, Kay Khusraw and so on) and in the use of Persian as a literary language (Turkish must have been essentially a vehicle for everyday speech at this time)."
- Stokes 2008, p. 615.
- Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World, Ed. Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie, (Elsevier Ltd., 2009), 1110; "Oghuz Turkic is first represented by Old Anatolian Turkish which was a subordinate written medium until the end of the Seljuk rule."
- (1984). "Some Observations on the 'Abbāsid Caliphate of Cairo". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. University of London. 47 (3): 501–507. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00113710. S2CID 161092185.
- Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes, (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1988), 167.
- Grousset, Rene (1988). The Empire of the Steppes. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. pp. 159, 161. ISBN .
In 1194, Togrul III would succumb to the onslaught of the Khwarizmian Turks, who were destined at last to succeed the Seljuks to the empire of the Middle East.
- Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 223. ISSN 1076-156X. สืบค้นเมื่อ 13 September 2016.
- (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". . 41 (3): 496. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793.
- * Peacock 2015
- Christian Lange; Songül Mecit, eds., Seljuqs: Politics, Society and Culture (Edinburgh University Press, 2012), 1–328
- P.M. Holt; Ann K.S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis, The Cambridge History of Islam (Volume IA): The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War, (Cambridge University Press, 1977), 151, 231–234.
- Mecit 2014, p. 128.
- Peacock & Yıldız 2013, p. 6.
- * "Aḥmad of Niǧde's al-Walad al-Shafīq and the Seljuk Past", A. C. S. Peacock, Anatolian Studies, Vol. 54, (2004), 97; "With the growth of Seljuk power in Rum, a more highly developed Muslim cultural life, based on the Persianate culture of the Seljuk court, was able to take root in Anatolia."
- Meisami, Julie Scott, Persian Historiography to the End of the Twelfth Century, (Edinburgh University Press, 1999), 143; "Nizam al-Mulk also attempted to organise the Saljuq administration according to the Persianate Ghaznavid model k..."
- , "Šahrbānu", Online Edition: "here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..."
- (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Psychology Press. p. 399. ISBN .
(Isfahan) has served as the political and cultural center of the Persianate world: during the reign of the Seljuks (1038-1194) and that of the Safavids (1501–1722)
. - Mandelbaum, Michael (1994). Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Council on Foreign Relations. p. 79. ISBN .
Persianate zone (...) The rise of Persianized Turks to administrative control (...) The Turko-Persian tradition developed during the Seljuk period (1040-1118) (...) In the Persianate zone, Turkophones ruled and Iranians administered
- Jonathan Dewald, Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 24: "Turcoman armies coming from the East had driven the Byzantines out of much of Asia Minor and established the Persianized sultanate of the Seljuks."
- , The Empire of the Steppes, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 161, 164; "renewed the Seljuk attempt to found a great Turko-Persian empire in eastern Iran.."," "It is to be noted that the Seljuks, those Turkomans who became sultans of Persia, did not Turkify Persia-no doubt because they did not wish to do so. On the contrary, it was they who voluntarily became Persians and who, in the manner of the great old Sassanid kings, strove to protect the Iranian populations from the plundering of Ghuzz bands and save Iranian culture from the Turkoman menace."
- Shaw, Wendy (12 June 2003). Possessors and Possessed: Museums, Archaeology, and the Visualization of History in the Late Ottoman Empire (ภาษาอังกฤษ). University of California Press. p. 5. ISBN .
In the tenth century, these and other nomadic tribes, often collectively referred to as Turkomans, migrated out of Central Asia and into Iran. Turkish tribes initially served as mercenary soldiers for local rulers but soon set up their own kingdoms in Iran, some of which grew into Empires – most notably the Great Seljuk Empire. In the meantime, many Turkic rulers and tribespeople eventually converted to Islam.
- Gencer, A. Yunus (2017). Thomas, David; Chesworth, John A. (บ.ก.). Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. Volume 10 Ottoman and Safavid Empires (1600–1700). Brill. ISBN .
Turkish music completed its transformation into completely makam-based music in the early 11th-century, in the period of the Turko-Persian Seljuk Empire.
- Calmard, Jean (22 May 2003). (บ.ก.). Society and Culture in the Early Modern Middle East: Studies on Iran in the Safavid Period. BRILL. p. 318. ISBN .
A particularly interesting text, which reveals the socio-religious mood of the Turco-Persian world from Seljuk times, is the Abù Muslim romance.
- Pfeifer, Helen (2022). Empire of Salons: Conquest and Community in Early Modern Ottoman Lands. Princeton University Press. p. 46. ISBN .
The cultural influence of the Turco-Persian Seljuks long outlasted their political control of Anatolia, and the Turkish principalities that succeeded them starting in the late thirteenth cetury continued to look to that tradition for models of refinement and sociability.
- (April 9, 2015). "Pastoral nomadic migrations and conquests". ใน ; (บ.ก.). The Cambridge World History, Volume 5. Cambridge University Press. p. 373. ISBN .
The Seljuk Empire was another Turco-Iranian state, and its creation was unexpected even by the Seljuks themselves.
- (July 3, 2018). High Culture: Drugs, Mysticism, and the Pursuit of Transcendence in the Modern World. Oxford University Press. p. 96. ISBN .
Under his leadership, the Nezāris mounted a decentralized revolutionary effort against the militarily superior Turko-Persian Saljuq empire.
- ; Wigen, Einar (June 2018). The Steppe Tradition in International Relations. Cambridge University Press. p. 135. ISBN .
The Seljuq Empire is nevertheless the foremost example of a Turko-Persian Islamic empire.
- Hathaway, Jane (October 2003). A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen. State University of New York Press. p. 98. ISBN .
Farther east, medieval Turco-Iranian military patronage states, such as those of the Ghaznavids, Seljuks, Timurids, and early Ottomans, appear to have been more directly affected by the banner traditions of the nomadic Turkic and Mongol populations of the Central Asian steppes, who in turn were influenced by the traditions of the various empires and kingdoms that ruled China, Japan, and Korea.
- Cupane, Carolina; Krönung, Bettina (27 Sep 2016). Fictional Storytelling in the Medieval Eastern Mediterranean and Beyond. BRILL. p. 532. ISBN .
Seljuk(s) medieval Turko-Persian dynasty
- • Jackson, P. (2002). "Review: The History of the Seljuq Turkmens: The History of the Seljuq Turkmens". Journal of Islamic Studies. . 13 (1): 75–76. doi:10.1093/jis/13.1.75.
• Bosworth, C. E. (2001). 0Notes on Some Turkish Names in Abu 'l-Fadl Bayhaqi's Tarikh-i Mas'udi". Oriens, Vol. 36, 2001 (2001), pp. 299–313.
• Dani, A. H., Masson, V. M. (Eds), Asimova, M. S. (Eds), Litvinsky, B. A. (Eds), Boaworth, C. E. (Eds). (1999). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. (Pvt. Ltd).
• (2006). On Romani origins and identity. The Romani Archives and Documentation Center. .
• Asimov, M. S., Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). (1998). History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. IV: "The Age of Achievement: AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century", Part One: "The Historical, Social and Economic Setting". Multiple History Series. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
• Dani, A. H., Masson, V. M. (Eds), Asimova, M. S. (Eds), Litvinsky, B. A. (Eds), Boaworth, C. E. (Eds). (1999). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (Pvt. Ltd).
• Lars Johanson, Éva Ágnes Csató Johanson (2015). The Turkic Languages. p. 25.The name 'Seljuk is a political rather than ethnic name. It derives from Selčiik, born Toqaq Temir Yally, a war-lord (sil-baši), from the Qiniq tribal grouping of the Oghuz. Seljuk, in the rough and tumble of internal Oghuz politics, fled to Jand, c.985, after falling out with his overlord.
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: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter () - Peacock 2015, p. 25.
- Peacock 2015, p. 26.
- Frye 1975, p. 159.
- Peacock 2015, p. 27.
แหล่งข้อมูล
- Arjomand, Said Amir (1999). "The Law, Agency, and Policy in Medieval Islamic Society: Development of the Institutions of Learning from the Tenth to the Fifteenth Century". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 41, No. 2 (Apr.) (2): 263–293. doi:10.1017/S001041759900208X. S2CID 144129603.
- Basan, Osman Aziz (2010). The Great Seljuqs: A History. Taylor & Francis.
- Berkey, Jonathan P. (2003). The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600–1800. Cambridge University Press.
- Bosworth, C.E. (1968). "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)". ใน Boyle, J.A. (บ.ก.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge University Press.
- Bosworth, C.E., บ.ก. (2010). The History of the Seljuq Turks: The Saljuq-nama of Zahir al-Din Nishpuri. แปลโดย Luther, Kenneth Allin. Routledge.
- Bulliet, Richard W. (1994). Islam: The View from the Edge. Columbia University Press.
- Canby, Sheila R.; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Martina; Peacock, A.C.S. (2016). Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
- Frye, R.N. (1975). "The Samanids". ใน Frye, R.N. (บ.ก.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 4:The Period from the Arab invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge University Press.
- Gardet, Louis (1970). "Religion and Culture". ใน Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (บ.ก.). The Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 2B. Cambridge University Press. pp. 569–603.
- Herzig, Edmund; Stewart, Sarah (2014). The Age of the Seljuqs: The Idea of Iran Vol.6. I.B. Tauris. ISBN .
- Hillenbrand, Robert (1994). Islamic Architecture: Form, Function, and Meaning. Columbia University Press.
- Korobeinikov, Dimitri (2015). "The Kings of the East and the West: The Seljuk Dynastic Concept and Titles in the Muslim and Christian sources". ใน Peacock, A.C.S.; Yildiz, Sara Nur (บ.ก.). The Seljuks of Anatolia. I.B. Tauris.
- Kuru, Ahmet T. (2019). Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment: A Global and Historical Underdevelopment. Cambridge University Press.
- Lambton, A.K.S. (1968). "The Internal Structure of the Saljuq Empire". ใน Boyle, J.A. (บ.ก.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge University Press.
- Minorsky, V. (1953). Studies in Caucasian History I. New Light on the Shaddadids of Ganja II. The Shaddadids of Ani III. Prehistory of Saladin. Cambridge University Press.
- Mirbabaev, A.K. (1992). "The Islamic lands and their culture". ใน Bosworth, Clifford Edmund; Asimov, M. S. (บ.ก.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. IV: Part Two: The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century. Unesco.
- Christie, Niall (2014). Muslims and Crusaders: Christianity's Wars in the Middle East, 1095–1382: From the Islamic Sources. Routledge.
- Peacock, Andrew C. S. (2010). Early Seljūq History: A New Interpretation.
- Peacock, A.C.S.; Yıldız, Sara Nur, บ.ก. (2013). The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East. I.B.Tauris. ISBN .
- Peacock, Andrew (2015). The Great Seljuk Empire. Edinburgh University Press Ltd.
- Mecit, Songül (2014). The Rum Seljuqs: Evolution of a Dynasty. Routledge. ISBN .
- Safi, Omid (2006). The Politics of Knowledge in Premodern Islam: Negotiating Ideology and Religious Inquiry (Islamic Civilization and Muslim Networks). University of North Carolina Press.
- El-Azhari, Taef (2021). Queens, Eunuchs and Concubines in Islamic History, 661–1257. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN .
- Green, Nile (2019). Green, Nile (บ.ก.). The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca. University of California Press.
- Spuler, Bertold (2014). Iran in the Early Islamic Period: Politics, Culture, Administration and Public Life between the Arab and the Seljuk Conquests, 633–1055. Brill. ISBN .
- Stokes, Jamie, บ.ก. (2008). . New York: Facts On File. ISBN . คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2017-02-14.
- Tor, D.G. (2011). "'Sovereign and Pious': The Religious Life of the Great Seljuq Sultans". ใน Lange, Christian; Mecit, Songul (บ.ก.). The Seljuqs: Politics, Society, and Culture. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 39–62.
- Tor, Deborah (2012). "The Long Shadow of Pre-Islamic Iranian Rulership: Antagonism or Assimilation?". ใน Bernheimer, Teresa; Silverstein, Adam J. (บ.ก.). Late Antiquity: Eastern Perspectives. Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 145–163. ISBN .
- Van Renterghem, Vanessa (2015). "Baghdad: A View from the Edge on the Seljuk Empire". ใน Herzig, Edmund; Stewart, Sarah (บ.ก.). The Age of the Seljuqs: The Idea of Iran. Vol. VI. I.B. Tauris.
อ่านเพิ่ม
- (1971). The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Tetley, G. E. (2008). The Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks: Poetry as a Source for Iranian History. Abingdon. ISBN .
แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น
- http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/533602/Seljuq
- Houtsma, Martin Theodoor (1911). . สารานุกรมบริตานิกา ค.ศ. 1911 (11 ed.).
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ckrwrrdikhwxaersmekhamaaethnthi1194phunthipraman kh s 10803 900 000 tarangkiolemtr 1 500 000 tarangiml kxnhna thdipckrwrrdiibaesnithnrthekhaalifahfatimiyah rthsultanrumckrwrrdikhwxaersmrachxanackrisprsckrwrrdiibaesnithnkxnyukhihmkxnkxnkhristskrach3200 2800ckrwrrdiexlaimth 2800 5502200 1700stwrrsthi 10 7728 550ckrwrrdixkhiemniyah 550 330ckrwrrdisilusid 330 150250 125ckrwrrdipharethiy 248 kh s 224hlngkhristskrachckrwrrdikusana 30 275ckrwrrdisassaniyah 224 651425 557565 670hlng637 651ckrwrrdixumyyah 661 750ckrwrrdixbbasiyah 750 1258821 873864 928ckrwrrdisffariyah 861 1003819 999928 1043934 1055ckrwrrdikasnawiyah 975 11871149 1212ckrwrrdieslcukh 1037 11941077 12311231 1389ckrwrrdikhanxil 1256 13531314 13931337 13571339 1432rachwngsetmuxr 1370 15061407 14681378 1508ckrwrrdisafawiyah 1501 1722 ckrwrrdiomkul 1526 18571722 17381736 1750 hrux 1736yukhihm sss xfkanisthan1747 1823exmiertxfkanisthan 1823 19291826 19191919 1929smypkkhrxngkhxngmuhmmdemdis 1929 1973satharnrthxfkanisthan 1973 1978satharnrthprachathipityxfkanisthan 1978 1992tngaet 1992xaesxribcan1722 18281828 19171918 1920satharnrthsngkhmniymosewiyt 1920 1991satharnrthxaesxribcan tngaet 1991turkirthsultanrum 1077 1308ckrwrrdixxtotmn 1299 1923satharnrthturki tngaet 1923xihran1750 1794rachwngskxyr 1781 1925rachwngspahlawi 1925 1979karptiwtixihran 19791979tngaet 1979xirk1632 19191920 19581958 2003satharnrthxirk tngaet 2004thacikisthanexmiertbukhara 1785 1920 xusebk 1920 19291929satharnrthsngkhmniymosewiytthacik 1929 1991satharnrththacikisthan tngaet 1991xusebkisthanexmiertbukhara 1785 1920satharnrthsngkhmniymosewiytxusebk 1924 19911991satharnrthxusebkisthan tngaet 1991bthkhwamnixangxingkhristskrach khristthswrrs khriststwrrs sungepnsarasakhykhxngenuxha inkhristthswrrs 1140 xanacaelaxiththiphlkhxngckrwrrdieslcukherimesuxmthxykxnaethnthidwyckrwrrdikhwxaersmin kh s 1194prawtikxtngrachwngs phukxtngrachwngseslcukhkhuxkhunsukchawetirkoxkhusnam ekhamichuxesiyngcakkarrbichinkxngthph phwkeslcukhxphyphipthi iklkbemuxng odyphwkekhaekharbxislamin kh s 985 khwxaersminewlannxyuinkarkhwbkhumkhxng aehng in kh s 999 ckrwrrdisxmxnidtkxyuitxanackhxngaehng aetphwk Ghaznavids khrxbkhrxngdinaednthangitkhxng Oxus phwkeslcukhcungmiswnrwm odysnbsnunexmirsxmxnidxngkhsudthay kxnthicacdtngthanxanacxisrakhxngtnexngduephimsngkhramkhruesd rachwngseslcukhhmayehtusixxnkhangbnkhwakhux rthbriwar ephuxaeykcakrthsultanrumthikhrxngodyrachwngseslcukhsakhaxanaoteliyechingxrrthxangxingSavory R M b k 1976 Introduction to Islamic Civilisation Cambridge University Press p 82 ISBN 978 0 521 20777 5 Black Edwin 2004 Banking on Baghdad Inside Iraq s 7 000 year History of War Profit and Conflict John Wiley and Sons p 38 ISBN 978 0 471 67186 2 C E Bosworth Turkish Expansion towards the west in UNESCO History of Humanity Volume IV titled From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century UNESCO Publishing Routledge p 391 While the Arabic language retained its primacy in such spheres as law theology and science the culture of the Seljuk court and secular literature within the sultanate became largely Persianized this is seen in the early adoption of Persian epic names by the Seljuk rulers Qubad Kay Khusraw and so on and in the use of Persian as a literary language Turkish must have been essentially a vehicle for everyday speech at this time Stokes 2008 p 615 Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World Ed Keith Brown Sarah Ogilvie Elsevier Ltd 2009 1110 Oghuz Turkic is first represented by Old Anatolian Turkish which was a subordinate written medium until the end of the Seljuk rule 1984 Some Observations on the Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies University of London 47 3 501 507 doi 10 1017 s0041977x00113710 S2CID 161092185 Grousset Rene The Empire of the Steppes New Brunswick Rutgers University Press 1988 167 Grousset Rene 1988 The Empire of the Steppes New Brunswick Rutgers University Press pp 159 161 ISBN 978 0 8135 0627 2 In 1194 Togrul III would succumb to the onslaught of the Khwarizmian Turks who were destined at last to succeed the Seljuks to the empire of the Middle East Turchin Peter Adams Jonathan M Hall Thomas D December 2006 East West Orientation of Historical Empires Journal of World Systems Research 12 2 223 ISSN 1076 156X subkhnemux 13 September 2016 September 1997 Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities Context for Russia 41 3 496 doi 10 1111 0020 8833 00053 JSTOR 2600793 Peacock 2015 Christian Lange Songul Mecit eds Seljuqs Politics Society and Culture Edinburgh University Press 2012 1 328 P M Holt Ann K S Lambton Bernard Lewis The Cambridge History of Islam Volume IA The Central Islamic Lands from Pre Islamic Times to the First World War Cambridge University Press 1977 151 231 234 Mecit 2014 p 128 Peacock amp Yildiz 2013 p 6 Aḥmad of Niǧde s al Walad al Shafiq and the Seljuk Past A C S Peacock Anatolian Studies Vol 54 2004 97 With the growth of Seljuk power in Rum a more highly developed Muslim cultural life based on the Persianate culture of the Seljuk court was able to take root in Anatolia Meisami Julie Scott Persian Historiography to the End of the Twelfth Century Edinburgh University Press 1999 143 Nizam al Mulk also attempted to organise the Saljuq administration according to the Persianate Ghaznavid model k Sahrbanu Online Edition here one might bear in mind that non Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints 2006 Medieval Islamic Civilization An Encyclopedia phasaxngkvs Psychology Press p 399 ISBN 978 0 415 96690 0 Isfahan has served as the political and cultural center of the Persianate world during the reign of the Seljuks 1038 1194 and that of the Safavids 1501 1722 Mandelbaum Michael 1994 Central Asia and the World Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan phasaxngkvs Council on Foreign Relations p 79 ISBN 978 0 87609 167 8 Persianate zone The rise of Persianized Turks to administrative control The Turko Persian tradition developed during the Seljuk period 1040 1118 In the Persianate zone Turkophones ruled and Iranians administered Jonathan Dewald Europe 1450 to 1789 Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World Charles Scribner s Sons 2004 p 24 Turcoman armies coming from the East had driven the Byzantines out of much of Asia Minor and established the Persianized sultanate of the Seljuks The Empire of the Steppes Rutgers University Press 1991 161 164 renewed the Seljuk attempt to found a great Turko Persian empire in eastern Iran It is to be noted that the Seljuks those Turkomans who became sultans of Persia did not Turkify Persia no doubt because they did not wish to do so On the contrary it was they who voluntarily became Persians and who in the manner of the great old Sassanid kings strove to protect the Iranian populations from the plundering of Ghuzz bands and save Iranian culture from the Turkoman menace Shaw Wendy 12 June 2003 Possessors and Possessed Museums Archaeology and the Visualization of History in the Late Ottoman Empire phasaxngkvs University of California Press p 5 ISBN 978 0 520 92856 5 In the tenth century these and other nomadic tribes often collectively referred to as Turkomans migrated out of Central Asia and into Iran Turkish tribes initially served as mercenary soldiers for local rulers but soon set up their own kingdoms in Iran some of which grew into Empires most notably the Great Seljuk Empire In the meantime many Turkic rulers and tribespeople eventually converted to Islam Gencer A Yunus 2017 Thomas David Chesworth John A b k Christian Muslim Relations A Bibliographical History Volume 10 Ottoman and Safavid Empires 1600 1700 Brill ISBN 978 9004345652 Turkish music completed its transformation into completely makam based music in the early 11th century in the period of the Turko Persian Seljuk Empire Calmard Jean 22 May 2003 b k Society and Culture in the Early Modern Middle East Studies on Iran in the Safavid Period BRILL p 318 ISBN 978 90 47 40171 1 A particularly interesting text which reveals the socio religious mood of the Turco Persian world from Seljuk times is the Abu Muslim romance Pfeifer Helen 2022 Empire of Salons Conquest and Community in Early Modern Ottoman Lands Princeton University Press p 46 ISBN 9780691224954 The cultural influence of the Turco Persian Seljuks long outlasted their political control of Anatolia and the Turkish principalities that succeeded them starting in the late thirteenth cetury continued to look to that tradition for models of refinement and sociability April 9 2015 Pastoral nomadic migrations and conquests in b k The Cambridge World History Volume 5 Cambridge University Press p 373 ISBN 978 0521190749 The Seljuk Empire was another Turco Iranian state and its creation was unexpected even by the Seljuks themselves July 3 2018 High Culture Drugs Mysticism and the Pursuit of Transcendence in the Modern World Oxford University Press p 96 ISBN 978 0190459116 Under his leadership the Nezaris mounted a decentralized revolutionary effort against the militarily superior Turko Persian Saljuq empire Wigen Einar June 2018 The Steppe Tradition in International Relations Cambridge University Press p 135 ISBN 9781108355308 The Seljuq Empire is nevertheless the foremost example of a Turko Persian Islamic empire Hathaway Jane October 2003 A Tale of Two Factions Myth Memory and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen State University of New York Press p 98 ISBN 9780791458846 Farther east medieval Turco Iranian military patronage states such as those of the Ghaznavids Seljuks Timurids and early Ottomans appear to have been more directly affected by the banner traditions of the nomadic Turkic and Mongol populations of the Central Asian steppes who in turn were influenced by the traditions of the various empires and kingdoms that ruled China Japan and Korea Cupane Carolina Kronung Bettina 27 Sep 2016 Fictional Storytelling in the Medieval Eastern Mediterranean and Beyond BRILL p 532 ISBN 978 90 04 30772 8 Seljuk s medieval Turko Persian dynasty Jackson P 2002 Review The History of the Seljuq Turkmens The History of the Seljuq Turkmens Journal of Islamic Studies 13 1 75 76 doi 10 1093 jis 13 1 75 Bosworth C E 2001 0Notes on Some Turkish Names in Abu l Fadl Bayhaqi s Tarikh i Mas udi Oriens Vol 36 2001 2001 pp 299 313 Dani A H Masson V M Eds Asimova M S Eds Litvinsky B A Eds Boaworth C E Eds 1999 History of Civilizations of Central Asia Pvt Ltd 2006 On Romani origins and identity The Romani Archives and Documentation Center Asimov M S Bosworth C E eds 1998 History of Civilizations of Central Asia Vol IV The Age of Achievement AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century Part One The Historical Social and Economic Setting Multiple History Series Paris UNESCO Publishing Dani A H Masson V M Eds Asimova M S Eds Litvinsky B A Eds Boaworth C E Eds 1999 History of Civilizations of Central Asia Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt Ltd Lars Johanson Eva Agnes Csato Johanson 2015 The Turkic Languages p 25 The name Seljuk is a political rather than ethnic name It derives from Selciik born Toqaq Temir Yally a war lord sil basi from the Qiniq tribal grouping of the Oghuz Seljuk in the rough and tumble of internal Oghuz politics fled to Jand c 985 after falling out with his overlord a href wiki E0 B9 81 E0 B8 A1 E0 B9 88 E0 B9 81 E0 B8 9A E0 B8 9A Cite book title aemaebb Cite book cite book a CS1 maint uses authors parameter Peacock 2015 p 25 Peacock 2015 p 26 Frye 1975 p 159 Peacock 2015 p 27 aehlngkhxmul Arjomand Said Amir 1999 The Law Agency and Policy in Medieval Islamic Society Development of the Institutions of Learning from the Tenth to the Fifteenth Century Comparative Studies in Society and History 41 No 2 Apr 2 263 293 doi 10 1017 S001041759900208X S2CID 144129603 Basan Osman Aziz 2010 The Great Seljuqs A History Taylor amp Francis Berkey Jonathan P 2003 The Formation of Islam Religion and Society in the Near East 600 1800 Cambridge University Press Bosworth C E 1968 The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World A D 1000 1217 in Boyle J A b k The Cambridge History of Iran Vol 5 The Saljuq and Mongol Periods Cambridge University Press Bosworth C E b k 2010 The History of the Seljuq Turks The Saljuq nama of Zahir al Din Nishpuri aeplody Luther Kenneth Allin Routledge Bulliet Richard W 1994 Islam The View from the Edge Columbia University Press Canby Sheila R Beyazit Deniz Rugiadi Martina Peacock A C S 2016 Court and Cosmos The Great Age of the Seljuqs The Metropolitan Museum of Art Frye R N 1975 The Samanids in Frye R N b k The Cambridge History of Iran Vol 4 The Period from the Arab invasion to the Saljuqs Cambridge University Press Gardet Louis 1970 Religion and Culture in Holt P M Lambton Ann K S Lewis Bernard b k The Cambridge History of Islam Vol 2B Cambridge University Press pp 569 603 Herzig Edmund Stewart Sarah 2014 The Age of the Seljuqs The Idea of Iran Vol 6 I B Tauris ISBN 978 1780769479 Hillenbrand Robert 1994 Islamic Architecture Form Function and Meaning Columbia University Press Korobeinikov Dimitri 2015 The Kings of the East and the West The Seljuk Dynastic Concept and Titles in the Muslim and Christian sources in Peacock A C S Yildiz Sara Nur b k The Seljuks of Anatolia I B Tauris Kuru Ahmet T 2019 Islam Authoritarianism and Underdevelopment A Global and Historical Underdevelopment Cambridge University Press Lambton A K S 1968 The Internal Structure of the Saljuq Empire in Boyle J A b k The Cambridge History of Iran Vol 5 The Saljuq and Mongol Periods Cambridge University Press Minorsky V 1953 Studies in Caucasian History I New Light on the Shaddadids of Ganja II The Shaddadids of Ani III Prehistory of Saladin Cambridge University Press Mirbabaev A K 1992 The Islamic lands and their culture in Bosworth Clifford Edmund Asimov M S b k History of Civilizations of Central Asia Vol IV Part Two The age of achievement A D 750 to the end of the fifteenth century Unesco Christie Niall 2014 Muslims and Crusaders Christianity s Wars in the Middle East 1095 1382 From the Islamic Sources Routledge Peacock Andrew C S 2010 Early Seljuq History A New Interpretation Peacock A C S Yildiz Sara Nur b k 2013 The Seljuks of Anatolia Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East I B Tauris ISBN 978 1848858879 Peacock Andrew 2015 The Great Seljuk Empire Edinburgh University Press Ltd Mecit Songul 2014 The Rum Seljuqs Evolution of a Dynasty Routledge ISBN 978 1134508990 Safi Omid 2006 The Politics of Knowledge in Premodern Islam Negotiating Ideology and Religious Inquiry Islamic Civilization and Muslim Networks University of North Carolina Press El Azhari Taef 2021 Queens Eunuchs and Concubines in Islamic History 661 1257 Edinburgh University Press ISBN 978 1474423182 Green Nile 2019 Green Nile b k The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca University of California Press Spuler Bertold 2014 Iran in the Early Islamic Period Politics Culture Administration and Public Life between the Arab and the Seljuk Conquests 633 1055 Brill ISBN 978 90 04 28209 4 Stokes Jamie b k 2008 New York Facts On File ISBN 978 0 8160 7158 6 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 2017 02 14 Tor D G 2011 Sovereign and Pious The Religious Life of the Great Seljuq Sultans in Lange Christian Mecit Songul b k The Seljuqs Politics Society and Culture Edinburgh University Press pp 39 62 Tor Deborah 2012 The Long Shadow of Pre Islamic Iranian Rulership Antagonism or Assimilation in Bernheimer Teresa Silverstein Adam J b k Late Antiquity Eastern Perspectives Oxford Oxbow pp 145 163 ISBN 978 0 906094 53 2 Van Renterghem Vanessa 2015 Baghdad A View from the Edge on the Seljuk Empire in Herzig Edmund Stewart Sarah b k The Age of the Seljuqs The Idea of Iran Vol VI I B Tauris xanephim 1971 The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History Cambridge Cambridge University Press Tetley G E 2008 The Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks Poetry as a Source for Iranian History Abingdon ISBN 978 0 415 43119 4 aehlngkhxmulxunhttp global britannica com EBchecked topic 533602 Seljuq Houtsma Martin Theodoor 1911 Seljuks saranukrmbritanika kh s 1911 11 ed bthkhwamprawtisastrniyngepnokhrng khunsamarthchwywikiphiediyidodykarephimetimkhxmuldkhk