จักรวรรดิเตมือร์ (อังกฤษ: Timurid Empire; เปอร์เซีย: تیموریان) เรียกตนเป็น กูร์คอนี (เปอร์เซีย: گورکانیان Gūrkāniyān) เป็นจักรวรรดิสมัยกลางตอนปลายที่มีวัฒนธรรมที่ปกครองทั่วในช่วงต้นคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 15 ในบริเวณที่ปัจจุบันคืออิหร่าน, อิรัก, อัฟกานิสถาน, เอเชียกลางส่วนใหญ่, และปากีสถานส่วนใหญ่กับอินเดียเหนือกับตุรกีบางสว่น
กูรคอนี گورکانیان Gūrkāniyān | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1370–1507 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ธงจักรวรรดิเตมือร์ตาม, ป. 1375. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
แผนที่จักรวรรดิเตมือร์ในช่วงสูงสุดในสมัยเตมือร์ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
สถานะ | เอมิเรต | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
เมืองหลวง |
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ภาษาทั่วไป |
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ศาสนา |
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การปกครอง | สมบูรณาญาสิทธิราชย์ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
อะมีร | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1370–1405 | เตมือร์ (องค์แรก) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1506–1507 | (องค์สุดท้าย) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ยุคประวัติศาสตร์ | สมัยกลาง | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• เตมือร์เริ่ม | 1363 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• จัดตั้งจักรวรรดิเตมือร์ | 1370 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• เริ่มต้นการขยายไปทางตะวันตก | 1380 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• | 20 กรกฎาคม 1402 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• ซามาร์กันต์ล่มสลาย | 1505 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• เฮราตล่มสลาย | 1507 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• จัดตั้งจักรวรรดิโมกุล | 1526 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
พื้นที่ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• รวม | 4,400,000 ตารางกิโลเมตร (1,700,000 ตารางไมล์) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ประมาณ ค.ศ. 1405 | 4,400,000 ตารางกิโลเมตร (1,700,000 ตารางไมล์) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
สกุลเงิน | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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จักรวรรดิเตมือร์ก่อตั้งขึ้นโดยเตมือร์ (แทเมอร์เลน) ขุนศึกเชื้อสายเติร์ก-มองโกลในคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 14
ในคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 16 เจ้าแห่งราชวงศ์เตมือร์ บาบูร์ (Babur) ผู้ครอง (Ferghana) ก็เข้ารุกรานอินเดียและทำการก่อตั้งจักรวรรดิโมกุลที่ปกครองดินแดนส่วนใหญ่ของอนุทวีปอินเดียจนกระทั่งมาเสื่อมโทรมลงในสมัยของจักรพรรดิออรังเซพ (Aurangzeb) เมื่อต้นคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 18 และถูกยุบอย่างเป็นทางการโดยสหราชอาณาจักรหลังกบฏอินเดีย ค.ศ. 1857
ประวัติศาสตร์
ส่วนนี้รอเพิ่มเติมข้อมูล คุณสามารถช่วยเพิ่มข้อมูลส่วนนี้ได้ |
ดูเพิ่ม
อ้างอิง
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- Manz, Beatrice Forbes (1999). The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane. , p.109. ISBN . Limited preview ที่. p.109. "In almost all the territories which Temür incorporated into his realm Persian was the primary language of administration and literary culture. Thus the language of the settled '' was Persian."
- B.F. Manz, W.M. Thackston, D.J. Roxburgh, L. Golombek, L. Komaroff, R.E. Darley-Doran. "Timurids" 2007; "During the Timurid period, three languages, Persian, Turkish, and Arabic were in use. The major language of the period was Persian, the native language of the Tajik (Persian) component of society and the language of learning acquired by all literate and/or urban Turks. Persian served as the language of administration, history, belles lettres, and poetry."
- Bertold Spuler. "CENTRAL ASIA v. In the Mongol and Timurid Periodse". . สืบค้นเมื่อ 2017-09-14. "Like his father, Olōğ Beg was entirely integrated into the Persian Islamic cultural circles, and during his reign Persian predominated as the language of high culture, a status that it retained in the region of Samarqand until the Russian revolution 1917 ... Ḥoseyn Bāyqarā encouraged the development of Persian literature and literary talent in every way possible ...
- Robert Devereux (ed.) "Muhakamat Al-Lughatain (Judgment of Two Languages)" Mir 'Ali Shir Nawāi; Leiden, 1966: "Nawa'i also employs the curious argument that most Turks also spoke Persian but only a few Persians ever achieved fluency in Turkic. It is difficult to understand why he was impressed by this phenomenon, since the most obvious explanation is that Turks found it necessary, or at least advisable, to learn Persian – it was, after all, the official state language – while Persians saw no reason to bother learning which was, in their eyes, merely the uncivilized tongue of uncivilized nomadic tribesmen.
- David J. Roxburgh. The Persian Album, 1400–1600: From Dispersal to Collection. Yale University Press, 2005. pg 130: "Persian literature, especially poetry, occupied a central in the process of assimilation of Timurid elite to the Perso-Islamicate courtly culture, and so it is not surprising to find Baysanghur commissioned a new edition of Firdawsi's Shanama."
- B. F. Manz; W. M. Thackston; D. J. Roxburgh; L. Golombek; L. Komaroff; R. E. Darley-Doran (2007). "Timurids". (Online ed.). .
What is now called Chaghatay Turkish, which was then called simply türki, was the native and 'home' language of the Timurids ...
- B. F. Manz; W. M. Thackston; D. J. Roxburgh; L. Golombek; L. Komaroff; R. E. Darley-Doran (2007). "Timurids". (Online ed.). .
As it had been prior to the Timurids and continued to be after them, Arabic was the language par excellence of science, philosophy, theology and the religious sciences. Much of the astronomical work of Ulugh Beg and his co-workers ... is in Arabic, although they also wrote in Persian. Theological works ... are generally in Arabic.
- Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2016-09-14.
- (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". . 41 (3). p. 500. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793.
- Green, Nile (2019-04-09). The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca. Univ of California Press. ISBN .
- Spengler, Robert N. (2020-09-22). Fruit from the Sands: The Silk Road Origins of the Foods We Eat. Univ of California Press. ISBN .
- Subtelny 2007, pp. 40–41. "Nevertheless, in the complex process of transition, members of the Timurid dynasty and their Turko-Mongolian supporters became acculturated by the surrounding Persianate millieu adopting Persian cultural models and tastes and acting as patrons of Persian language, culture, painting, architecture and music. [...] The last members of the dynasty, notably Sultan-Abu Sa'id and Sultan-Husain, in fact came to be regarded as ideal Perso-Islamic rulers who devoted as much attention to agricultural development as they did to fostering Persianate court culture."
- B.F. Manz, "Tīmūr Lang", in , Online Edition, 2006
อ่านเพิ่ม
- BĀYSONḠORĪ ŠĀH-NĀMA in
- Aka, Ismail (1996). "The Agricultural and Commercial Activities of the Timurids in the First Half of the 15th Century". Oriente Moderno. Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino. 15 (76/2): 9–21. doi:10.1163/22138617-07602003. JSTOR 25817400.
- Ashraf, Ahmad (2006). "Iranian identity iii. Medieval Islamic Period". ใน (บ.ก.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XIII/5: Iran X. Religions in Iran–Iraq V. Safavid period. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 507–522. ISBN .
- Elliot, Sir H. M.; edited by Dowson, John. ; published by London Trubner Company 1867–77. (Online Copy: — This online copy has been posted by: )
- Green, Nile (2019). The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca. University of California Press.
- Manz, Beatrice Forbes (1989). The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane. Cambridge University Press.
- (2020). "The Local and the Universal in Turko-Iranian Ideology". ใน Melville, Charles (บ.ก.). The Timurid Century: The Idea of Iran Vol. 9. . ISBN .
- Subtelny, Maria Eva (1988). "Centralizing Reform and Its Opponents in the Late Timurid Period". Iranian Studies. 21 (1/2): 123–51. doi:10.1080/00210868808701712. JSTOR 4310597.
- Paul, Juergen (2020). "Armies, lords, and subjects in medieval Iran". The Cambridge World History of Violence, Vol. 2, Edited by Matthew Gordon, Richard Kaeuper, Harriet Zurndorfer: 58–78.
- Subtelny, Maria E. (2007). Timurids in Transition: Turko-Persian Politics and Acculturation in Medieval Iran. Brill.
- Ruggles, D. Fairchild (2011). Islamic Gardens and Landscapes. University of Pennsylvania Press.
แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น
- Timurid Empire 1370–1506
- Timurid Art
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cdtngckrwrrdiomkul1526phunthi rwm4 400 000 tarangkiolemtr 1 700 000 tarangiml praman kh s 14054 400 000 tarangkiolemtr 1 700 000 tarangiml skulenginkxnhna thdipckrwrrdikhanchakathay ckrwrrdiomkulbthkhwamnixangxingkhristskrach khristthswrrs khriststwrrs sungepnsarasakhykhxngenuxha ckrwrrdietmuxrkxtngkhunodyetmuxr aethemxreln khunsukechuxsayetirk mxngoklinkhriststwrrsthi 14 inkhriststwrrsthi 16 ecaaehngrachwngsetmuxr babur Babur phukhrxng Ferghana kekharukranxinediyaelathakarkxtngckrwrrdiomkulthipkkhrxngdinaednswnihykhxngxnuthwipxinediycnkrathngmaesuxmothrmlnginsmykhxngckrphrrdixxrngesph Aurangzeb emuxtnkhriststwrrsthi 18 aelathukyubxyangepnthangkarodyshrachxanackrhlngkbtxinediy kh s 1857prawtisastrswnnirxephimetimkhxmul khunsamarthchwyephimkhxmulswnniidduephimchawaehsxer klumchnetxrkikxangxingManz Beatrice Forbes 1999 The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane p 109 ISBN 0 521 63384 2 Limited preview thi p 109 In almost all the territories which Temur incorporated into his realm Persian was the primary language of administration and literary culture Thus the language of the settled was Persian B F Manz W M Thackston D J Roxburgh L Golombek L Komaroff R E Darley Doran Timurids 2007 During the Timurid period three languages Persian Turkish and Arabic were in use The major language of the period was Persian the native language of the Tajik Persian component of society and the language of learning acquired by all literate and or urban Turks Persian served as the language of administration history belles lettres and poetry Bertold Spuler CENTRAL ASIA v In the Mongol and Timurid Periodse subkhnemux 2017 09 14 Like his father Olōg Beg was entirely integrated into the Persian Islamic cultural circles and during his reign Persian predominated as the language of high culture a status that it retained in the region of Samarqand until the Russian revolution 1917 Ḥoseyn Bayqara encouraged the development of Persian literature and literary talent in every way possible Robert Devereux ed Muhakamat Al Lughatain Judgment of Two Languages Mir Ali Shir Nawai Leiden 1966 Nawa i also employs the curious argument that most Turks also spoke Persian but only a few Persians ever achieved fluency in Turkic It is difficult to understand why he was impressed by this phenomenon since the most obvious explanation is that Turks found it necessary or at least advisable to learn Persian it was after all the official state language while Persians saw no reason to bother learning which was in their eyes merely the uncivilized tongue of uncivilized nomadic tribesmen David J Roxburgh The Persian Album 1400 1600 From Dispersal to Collection Yale University Press 2005 pg 130 Persian literature especially poetry occupied a central in the process of assimilation of Timurid elite to the Perso Islamicate courtly culture and so it is not surprising to find Baysanghur commissioned a new edition of Firdawsi s Shanama B F Manz W M Thackston D J Roxburgh L Golombek L Komaroff R E Darley Doran 2007 Timurids Online ed What is now called Chaghatay Turkish which was then called simply turki was the native and home language of the Timurids B F Manz W M Thackston D J Roxburgh L Golombek L Komaroff R E Darley Doran 2007 Timurids Online ed As it had been prior to the Timurids and continued to be after them Arabic was the language par excellence of science philosophy theology and the religious sciences Much of the astronomical work of Ulugh Beg and his co workers is in Arabic although they also wrote in Persian Theological works are generally in Arabic Turchin Peter Adams Jonathan M Hall Thomas D December 2006 East West Orientation of Historical Empires Journal of World Systems Research 12 2 222 ISSN 1076 156X subkhnemux 2016 09 14 September 1997 Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities Context for Russia 41 3 p 500 doi 10 1111 0020 8833 00053 JSTOR 2600793 Green Nile 2019 04 09 The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca Univ of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 97210 0 Spengler Robert N 2020 09 22 Fruit from the Sands The Silk Road Origins of the Foods We Eat Univ of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 37926 8 Subtelny 2007 pp 40 41 Nevertheless in the complex process of transition members of the Timurid dynasty and their Turko Mongolian supporters became acculturated by the surrounding Persianate millieu adopting Persian cultural models and tastes and acting as patrons of Persian language culture painting architecture and music The last members of the dynasty notably Sultan Abu Sa id and Sultan Husain in fact came to be regarded as ideal Perso Islamic rulers who devoted as much attention to agricultural development as they did to fostering Persianate court culture B F Manz Timur Lang in Online Edition 2006xanephimBAYSONḠORi SAH NAMA in Aka Ismail 1996 The Agricultural and Commercial Activities of the Timurids in the First Half of the 15th Century Oriente Moderno Istituto per l Oriente C A Nallino 15 76 2 9 21 doi 10 1163 22138617 07602003 JSTOR 25817400 Ashraf Ahmad 2006 Iranian identity iii Medieval Islamic Period in b k Encyclopaedia Iranica Volume XIII 5 Iran X Religions in Iran Iraq V Safavid period London and New York Routledge amp Kegan Paul pp 507 522 ISBN 978 0 933273 93 1 Elliot Sir H M edited by Dowson John published by London Trubner Company 1867 77 Online Copy This online copy has been posted by Green Nile 2019 The Persianate World The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca University of California Press Manz Beatrice Forbes 1989 The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane Cambridge University Press 2020 The Local and the Universal in Turko Iranian Ideology in Melville Charles b k The Timurid Century The Idea of Iran Vol 9 ISBN 978 1838606886 Subtelny Maria Eva 1988 Centralizing Reform and Its Opponents in the Late Timurid Period Iranian Studies 21 1 2 123 51 doi 10 1080 00210868808701712 JSTOR 4310597 Paul Juergen 2020 Armies lords and subjects in medieval Iran The Cambridge World History of Violence Vol 2 Edited by 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