พระศิวะ (/ˈʃɪvə/; สันสกฤต: शिव, อักษรโรมัน: Śiva, แปลตรงตัว 'ผู้เป็นมงคลยิ่ง' [ɕɪʋɐ]) หรือ มหาเทพ (/məˈhɑː ˈdeɪvə/; สันสกฤต: महादेव:, อักษรโรมัน: Mahādevaḥ, แปลตรงตัว 'เทพเจ้าผู้ยิ่งใหญ่, มหาเทพ' ), หรือ หระ คนไทยนิยมเรียกพระองค์ว่า พระอิศวร เป็นเทพเจ้าฮินดูองค์สำคัญ ถือเป็นพระเป็นเจ้าสูงสุดในคติของลัทธิไศวะ
พระศิวะ | |
---|---|
พลังงานสูงสุด, การทำสมาธิ, ศิลปะวิทยาการ, โยคะ, กาลเวลา, การทำลาย, นาฏกรรม, เทวะแห่งเทวะ, เทพผู้ทรงทำลายล้างปีศาจ | |
ส่วนหนึ่งของ พระตรีมูรติ | |
พระศิวะปาง ที่บังกาลอร์ | |
ชื่ออื่น | มเหศะ, ศังกร, พลนาถ, นีลกัณฑ์ , มหาเทพ, ภูเตศวร |
ชื่อในอักษรเทวนาครี | शिव |
ชื่อในการทับศัพท์ภาษาสันสกฤต | Śiva |
ส่วนเกี่ยวข้อง | ปรพรหมัน (ไศวะ), ตรีมูรติ, , พระรุทร,พระสทาศิวะ, , พระปศุปติ, ชโยติรลึงค์, พระไภรวะ, ศิวนาฏราช |
ที่ประทับ | เขาไกรลาศ, |
มนตร์ | โอม นมัส ศิวายะ Om Namah Shivaya |
อาวุธ | , ตรีศูล, ขวาน, ธนู |
สัญลักษณ์ | ศิวลึงค์, ตรีศูล, , บัณเฑาะว์, มุขลึงค์, , |
วัน | วันจันทร์ |
พาหนะ | โคนนทิ |
เทศกาล | , มหาศิวราตรี, , ไภรวาษฏมี |
ข้อมูลส่วนบุคคล | |
คู่ครอง | พระปารวตี/พระสตี |
บุตร - ธิดา | พระพิฆเนศ, พระขันธกุมาร, ตามความเชื่อพื้นเมือง:พระสวามีอัยยัปปัน พระแม่มนสาเทวี(บุตรบุญธรรม) |
พี่น้อง | พระสุรัสวดี |
ในบรรดาตรีมูรติ (เทพเจ้าสูงสุดสามองค์ อีกสององค์คือพระพรหมและพระวิษณุ) ถือกันว่าพระศิวะเป็น "ผู้ทำลาย" ในขณะที่ตามคติไศวะถือว่าพระศิวะเป็นพระเป็นเจ้าสูงสุด ผู้สร้าง ผู้พิทักษ์ และผู้เปลี่ยนถ่ายจักรวาล ในคติลัทธิศักติถือว่าเทวีและอำนาจสูงสุดของศักติประดุจเป็นคู่ของพระศิวะ พระศิวะยังเป็นหนึ่งในห้าเทพเจ้าองค์สำคัญของในคติของศาสนาฮินดู
พระศิวะทรงมีหลายปาง ตั้งแต่เมตตาถึงน่ากลัว ในปางเมตตา ทรงมีลักษณะเป็นโยคีผู้ถือพรตนิยมประทับอยู่บนเขาไกรลาศ และในฐานะผู้ดูแลที่ประทับของพระปารวตีและบุตรทั้งสอง คือพระคเณศและพระขันธกุมาร ส่วนในปางดุร้าย ทรงมีลักษณะน่ายำเกรง ต่อสู้และกำจัดอสูร นอกจากนี้ยังมีรูปปางในฐานะอาทิโยคีศิวะ ซึ่งเป็นเทพเจ้าแห่งโยคะ, การทำสมาธิ และศิลปวิทยาการ
ประติมานวิทยาของพระศิวะประกอบด้วยงูใหญ่พันรอบพระศอ, ประดับเศียรด้วย, มีแม่น้ำคงคาอันศักดิ์สิทธิ์ไหลผ่านออกจากพระเกศา, มีตาที่สามบนพระนลาฏ ในพระหัตถ์อาจทรงตรีศูลและกลอง นอกจากนี้ยังนิยมบูชาพระศิวะในรูปศิวลึงค์เป็นแทนพระองค์
พระศิวะมีที่มาก่อนสมัยพระเวท และพัฒนาโดยผสมผสานระหว่างเทพเจ้ายุคก่อนพระเวท นอกพระเวท และเทพเจ้าในพระเวท เข้าด้วยกัน (เช่น พระรุทร ซึ่งเป็นเทพเจ้าพระเวท) จนกลายมาเป็นเทพเจ้าองค์สำคัญเดี่ยว ๆ พระองค์เดียวนี้ พระศิวะได้รับการบูชาทั่วไปในศาสนาฮินดูทุกธรรมเนียม ในทั้ง, , และ (โดยเฉพาะในเกาะชวาและบาหลี)
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แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น
- Shaivism, Peter Bisschop
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phrasiwa ˈ ʃ ɪ v e snskvt श व xksrormn Siva aepltrngtw phuepnmngkhlying ɕɪʋɐ hrux mhaethph m e ˈ h ɑː ˈ d eɪ v e snskvt मह द व xksrormn Mahadevaḥ aepltrngtw ethphecaphuyingihy mhaethph hrux hra khnithyniymeriykphraxngkhwa phraxiswr epnethphecahinduxngkhsakhy thuxepnphraepnecasungsudinkhtikhxnglththiiswaphrasiwaphlngngansungsud karthasmathi silpawithyakar oykha kalewla karthalay natkrrm ethwaaehngethwa ethphphuthrngthalaylangpisacswnhnungkhxng phratrimurtiphrasiwapang thibngkalxrchuxxunmehsa sngkr phlnath nilknth mhaethph phuetswrchuxinxksrethwnakhriश वchuxinkarthbsphthphasasnskvtSivaswnekiywkhxngprphrhmn iswa trimurti phraruthr phrasthasiwa phrapsupti choytirlungkh phraiphrwa siwnatrachthiprathbekhaikrlas mntroxm nms siwaya Om Namah Shivayaxawuth trisul khwan thnusylksnsiwlungkh trisul bnethaaw mukhlungkh wnwncnthrphahnaokhnnthiethskal mhasiwratri iphrwastmikhxmulswnbukhkhlkhukhrxngphraparwti phrastibutr thidaphraphikhens phrakhnthkumar tamkhwamechuxphunemuxng phraswamixyyppn phraaemmnsaethwi butrbuythrrm phinxngphrasurswdi inbrrdatrimurti ethphecasungsudsamxngkh xiksxngxngkhkhuxphraphrhmaelaphrawisnu thuxknwaphrasiwaepn phuthalay inkhnathitamkhtiiswathuxwaphrasiwaepnphraepnecasungsud phusrang phuphithks aelaphuepliynthayckrwal inkhtilththisktithuxwaethwiaelaxanacsungsudkhxngsktipraducepnkhukhxngphrasiwa phrasiwayngepnhnunginhaethphecaxngkhsakhykhxnginkhtikhxngsasnahindu phrasiwathrngmihlaypang tngaetemttathungnaklw inpangemtta thrngmilksnaepnoykhiphuthuxphrtniymprathbxyubnekhaikrlas aelainthanaphuduaelthiprathbkhxngphraparwtiaelabutrthngsxng khuxphrakhensaelaphrakhnthkumar swninpangduray thrngmilksnanayaekrng txsuaelakacdxsur nxkcakniyngmiruppanginthanaxathioykhisiwa sungepnethphecaaehngoykha karthasmathi aelasilpwithyakar pratimanwithyakhxngphrasiwaprakxbdwynguihyphnrxbphrasx pradbesiyrdwy miaemnakhngkhaxnskdisiththiihlphanxxkcakphraeksa mitathisambnphranlat inphrahtthxacthrngtrisulaelaklxng nxkcakniyngniymbuchaphrasiwainrupsiwlungkhepnaethnphraxngkh phrasiwamithimakxnsmyphraewth aelaphthnaodyphsmphsanrahwangethphecayukhkxnphraewth nxkphraewth aelaethphecainphraewth ekhadwykn echn phraruthr sungepnethphecaphraewth cnklaymaepnethphecaxngkhsakhyediyw phraxngkhediywni phrasiwaidrbkarbuchathwipinsasnahinduthukthrrmeniym inthng aela odyechphaainekaachwaaelabahli xangxingJoanna Gottfried Williams 1981 Kaladarsana American Studies in the Art of India BRILL Academic p 62 ISBN 90 04 06498 2 Denise Cush Catherine A Robinson Michael York 2008 Encyclopedia of Hinduism Routledge p 78 ISBN 978 0 7007 1267 0 Sharma 2000 p 65 Issitt amp Main 2014 pp 147 168 Flood 1996 p 151 Sharma 1996 p 314 Flood 1996 pp 17 153 Sivaraman 1973 p 131 Zimmer 1972 pp 124 126 Gonda 1969 Kinsley 1988 p 50 103 104 Pintchman 2015 pp 113 119 144 171 Flood 1996 pp 17 153 Shiva Samhita e g Mallinson 2007 Varenne 1976 p 82 Marchand 2007 for Jnana Yoga Fuller 2004 p 58 Sadasivan 2000 p 148 Sircar 1998 pp 3 with footnote 2 102 105 Flood 1996 p 152 Flood 1996 p 148 149 Keay 2000 p xxvii Granoff 2003 pp 95 114 Nath 2001 p 31 Keay 2000 p xxvii Flood 1996 p 17 brrnanukrm Chinmayananda Swami 2002 Vishnusahasranama phasaxngkvs Central Chinmaya Mission Trust ISBN 978 81 7597 245 2 Dutt Manmatha Nath 1905 A Prose English Translation of the Mahabharata translated Literally from the Original Sanskrit Text Anushasana Parva Volume 13 Beadon Street Calcutta Dass Elysium Press Ganguli Kisari Mohan 2004 Mahabharata of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa Munshirm Manoharlal Pub Pvt ISBN 81 215 0593 3 Sri Viṣṇu sahasranama with text transliteration translation and commentary of Sri Saṅkaracarya Mylapore Madras Sri Ramakrishna Math 1986 ISBN 978 81 7120 420 5 Anthony David W 2007 The Horse the Wheel and Language How Bronze Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World phasaxngkvs Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 05887 0 1965 The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary Fourth revised and enlarged ed Delhi Motilal Banarsidass Publishers ISBN 81 208 0567 4 Sayaṇa 2001 Arya Ravi Prakash Joshi K L b k Ṛgveda Saṃhita Sanskrit Text English Translation aeplody Horace Hayman Wilson 2 ed Delhi Parimal Publications ISBN 81 7110 140 2 Set of four volumes Parimal Sanskrit Series No 45 reprint ed 2003 ISBN 81 7020 070 9 Beckwith Christopher I 2009 Empires of the Silk Road Princeton University Press Berreman Gerald Duane 1963 Hindus of the Himalayas phasaxngkvs University of California Press Blurton T Richard 1993 Hindu Art Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 39189 5 Bongard Levin Grigoriĭ Maksimovich 1985 Ancient Indian Civilization Arnold Heinemann Boon James A 1977 The Anthropological Romance of Bali 1597 1972 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 21398 1 Brown Cheever Mackenzie 1998 The Devi Gita The Song of the Goddess A Translation Annotation and Commentary SUNY Press ISBN 978 0 7914 3939 5 Chakravarti Mahadev 1986 The Concept of Rudra Siva Through The Ages Second Revised ed Delhi Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 81 208 0053 2 Sitansu S Chakravarti 1991 Hinduism a Way of Life Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 0899 7 Suresh Chandra 1998 Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses Sarup amp Sons ISBN 978 81 7625 039 9 Chatterji J C 1986 Kashmir Shaivism Albany NY State University of New York Press ISBN 81 7625 427 4 Chidbhavananda Swami 1997 Siva Sahasranama Stotram With Navavali Introduction and English Rendering Sri Ramakrishna Tapovanam ISBN 81 208 0567 4 Third edition The version provided by Chidbhavananda is from chapter 17 of the Anusasana Parva of the Mahabharata Coburn Thomas B 1991 Encountering the Goddess A translation of the Devi Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation State University of New York Press ISBN 0 7914 0446 3 Coburn Thomas B 2002 Devi Mahatmya The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition South Asia Books ISBN 81 208 0557 7 Courtright Paul B 1985 Gaṇesa Lord of Obstacles Lord of Beginnings New York Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 505742 2 Cush Denise Robinson Catherine A York Michael 2008 Encyclopedia of Hinduism Routledge ISBN 978 0 7007 1267 0 Dalal Roshen 2010 Hinduism An Alphabetical Guide Penguin Books ISBN 978 0 14 341421 6 Davidson Ronald M 2004 Indian Esoteric Buddhism Social History of the Tantric Movement Motilal Banarsidass Davis Richard H 1992 Ritual in an Oscillating Universe Worshipping Siva in Medieval India Princeton New Jersey Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 07386 6 Debnath Sailen 2009 The Meanings of Hindu Gods Goddesses and Myths New Delhi Rupa amp Co ISBN 978 81 291 1481 5 Deussen Paul 1997 Sixty Upanishads of the Veda Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 1467 7 1996 An Introduction to Hinduism Cambridge ISBN 0 521 43878 0 2003 The Saiva Traditions in Flood Gavin b k The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism Malden MA ISBN 1 4051 3251 5 2015 Shiva the lord of yoga Twin Lakes WI Lotus Press Fuller Christopher John 2004 The Camphor Flame Popular Hinduism and society in India Princeton New Jersey Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 12048 5 Ghose Rajeshwari 1966 Saivism in Indonesia During the Hindu Javanese Period phasaxngkvs University of Hong Kong Goldberg Ellen 2002 The Lord Who is Half Woman Ardhanarisvara in Indian and Feminist Perspective Albany New York ISBN 0 7914 5326 X Gonda Jan 1969 The Hindu Trinity Anthropos 63 4 1 2 212 226 ISSN 0257 9774 JSTOR 40457085 1975 Handbook of Oriental Studies Section 3 Southeast Asia Religions BRILL Academic ISBN 90 04 04330 6 Granoff Phyllis 2003 Mahakala s Journey from Gana to God Rivista degli studi orientali 77 Fasc 1 4 95 114 JSTOR 41913237 Griffith T H 1973 The Hymns of the Ṛgveda New Revised ed Delhi Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 81 208 0046 X Gupta Shakti M 1988 Karttikeya The Son of Shiva Bombay Somaiya Publications Pvt ISBN 81 7039 186 5 Hiriyanna M 2000 The Essentials of Indian Philosophy Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 1330 4 Hopkins E Washburn 1969 Epic Mythology New York Biblo and Tannen Originally published in 1915 Hume Robert 1921 Shvetashvatara Upanishad The Thirteen Principal Upanishads Oxford University Press Issitt Micah Lee Main Carlyn 2014 Hidden Religion The Greatest Mysteries and Symbols of the World s Religious Beliefs ABC CLIO ISBN 978 1 61069 478 0 Jansen Eva Rudy 1993 The Book of Hindu Imagery Havelte Holland Binkey Kok Publications BV ISBN 90 74597 07 6 Javid Ali January 2008 World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India Algora Publishing ISBN 978 0 87586 484 6 Jones Constance Ryan James D 2006 Encyclopedia of Hinduism Infobase ISBN 978 0 8160 7564 5 2000 India A History New York USA Grove Press ISBN 0 8021 3797 0 Kenoyer Jonathan Mark 1998 Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization Karachi Oxford University Press Kinsley David 1988 Hindu Goddesses Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 90883 3 Kinsley David 1998 Hindu Goddesses Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition phasaxngkvs Motilal Banarsidass Publ ISBN 978 81 208 0394 7 Klostermaier Klaus K 1984 Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India Wilfrid Laurier University Press ISBN 978 0 88920 158 3 2007 A Survey of Hinduism 3rd Edition State University of University Press ISBN 978 0 7914 7082 4 Kramrisch Stella 1981 Manifestations of Shiva phasaxngkvs Philadelphia Museum of Art ISBN 978 0 87633 039 5 Kramrisch Stella 1994a The Presence of Siva Princeton New Jersey Princeton University Press ISBN 0 691 01930 4 Kunst Arnold June 1968 Some notes on the interpretation of the Ṥvetaṥvatara Upaniṣad Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 31 2 309 314 doi 10 1017 S0041977X00146531 S2CID 179086253 Lochtefeld James 2002 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism Vol 1 amp 2 Rosen Publishing ISBN 978 0 8239 3179 8 Long Bruce 1982 Guy Richard Welbon and Glenn E Yocum b k Religious Festivals in South India and Sri Lanka Chapter Mahasivaratri the Saiva festival of repentance Manohar Macdonell Arthur Anthony 1996 A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary New Delhi Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers ISBN 81 215 0715 4 Mahony William K 1998 The Artful Universe An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination State University of New York Press ISBN 978 0 7914 3579 3 Mallinson James 2007 The Shiva Samhita A critical edition and English translation by James Mallinson Woodstock NY YogVidya ISBN 978 0 9716466 5 0 Marchand Peter 2007 The Yoga of Truth Jnana The Ancient Path of Silent Knowledge Rochester VT Destiny Books ISBN 978 1 59477 165 1 Marshall John 1996 Mohenjo Daro and the Indus Civilization Asian Educational Services Facsimile of 1931 ed edition ISBN 81 206 1179 9 Mate M S 1988 Temples and Legends of Maharashtra Bombay Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan 1984 Prehistoric Rock Paintings of Bhimbetka Central India Abhinav Publications ISBN 978 81 7017 193 5 McDaniel June 9 July 2004 Offering Flowers Feeding Skulls Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal Oxford University Press USA ISBN 978 0 19 534713 5 Michaels Axel 2004 Hinduism Past and Present Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 08952 2 Nath Vijay March April 2001 From Brahmanism to Hinduism Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition Social Scientist 29 3 4 19 50 doi 10 2307 3518337 JSTOR 3518337 Neumayer Erwin 2013 Prehistoric Rock Art of India OUP India ISBN 978 0 19 806098 7 subkhnemux 1 March 2017 Owen Lisa 2012 Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora BRILL Academic ISBN 978 90 04 20629 8 Parmeshwaranand Swami 2004 Encyclopaedia of the Saivism in three volumes New Delhi Sarup amp Sons ISBN 81 7625 427 4 Pintchman Tracy 2015 The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition State University of New York Press ISBN 978 1 4384 1618 2 Pintchman Tracy 2014 Seeking Mahadevi Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess State University of New York Press ISBN 978 0 7914 9049 5 Powell Robert 15 April 2016 Himalayan Drawings phasaxngkvs Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 1 317 70909 1 Prentiss Karen Pechilis 2000 The Embodiment of Bhakti Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 535190 3 Rajarajan R K K 1996 Vṛṣabhavahanamurti in Literature and Art Annali del Istituto Orientale Naples 56 3 305 10 1986 The Puranas Otto Harrassowitz Verlag ISBN 978 3 447 02522 5 Rosen Steven Schweig Graham M 2006 Essential Hinduism Greenwood Publishing Group Sadasivan S N 2000 A Social History of India APH Publishing ISBN 978 81 7648 170 0 Radhakrishnan Sarvapalli 1953 The Principal Upanishads New Delhi HarperCollins Publishers India 1994 Reprint ISBN 81 7223 124 5 Sastri A Mahadeva 1898 Amritabindu and Kaivalya Upanishads with Commentaries Thomson amp Co Sarup Lakshman 1998 1927 The Nighaṇṭu and The Nirukta Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 81 208 1381 2 Scharf Peter M 1996 The Denotation of Generic Terms in Ancient Indian Philosophy Grammar Nyaya and Mimaṃsa American Philosophical Society ISBN 978 0 87169 863 6 Sharma Arvind 2000 Classical Hindu Thought An Introduction Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 564441 8 Sharma Ram Karan 1988 Elements of Poetry in the Mahabharata Second ed Delhi Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 81 208 0544 5 Sharma Debabrata Sen 1990 The philosophy of sadhana with special reference to the Trika philosophy of Kashmir Albany State University of New York Press ISBN 978 0 7914 0347 1 1996 Sivasahasranamaṣṭakam Eight Collections of Hymns Containing One Thousand and Eight Names of Siva Delhi Nag Publishers ISBN 81 7081 350 6 This work compares eight versions of the Sivasahasranamastotra with comparative analysis and Sivasahasranamakoṣa A Dictionary of Names The text of the eight versions is given in Sanskrit Singh S P 1989 Rgvedic Base of the Pasupati Seal of Mohenjo Daro Puratattva 19 19 26 Sircar Dineschandra 1998 The Sakta Piṭhas Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 0879 9 1976 Satarudriya Vibhuti of Siva s Iconography Delhi Abhinav Publications Sivaraman K 1973 Saivism in Philosophical Perspective A Study of the Formative Concepts Problems and Methods of Saiva Siddhanta Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 1771 5 Sivaramamurti C 2004 Satarudriya Vibhuti Or Shiva s Iconography Abhinav Publications ISBN 978 81 7017 038 9 Sontheimer Gunther Dietz 1976 Biroba Mhaskoba und Khandoba Ursprung Geschichte und Umwelt von pastoralen Gottheiten in Maharastra phasaeyxrmn Franz Steiner ISBN 3 515 01926 X Srinivasan Doris Meth 1997 Many Heads Arms and Eyes Origin Meaning and Form in Multiplicity in Indian Art Brill ISBN 978 90 04 10758 8 Srinivasan Sharada 2004 Shiva as cosmic dancer On Pallava origins for the Nataraja bronze World Archaeology Vol 36 The Journal of Modern Craft pp 432 450 doi 10 1080 1468936042000282726821 S2CID 26503807 Storl Wolf Dieter 2004 Shiva The Wild God of Power and Ecstasy Simon and Schuster Stutley Margaret 1985 The Illustrated Dictionary of Hindu Iconography First Indian Edition Munshiram Manoharlal 2003 ISBN 81 215 1087 2 Tagare G V 2002 The Pratyabhijna Philosophy Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 1892 7 Tattwananda Swami 1984 Vaisnava Sects Saiva Sects Mother Worship Calcutta Firma KLM Private First revised edition Thakur Upendra 1986 Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture Abhinav Publications ISBN 978 81 7017 207 9 Tulsidas Goswami 1985 Hanuman Chalisa Chennai India Sri Ramakrishna Math ISBN 81 7120 086 9 original text transliteration English translation and notes Varenne Jean 1976 Yoga and the Hindu Tradition Chicago Illinois The University of Chicago Press ISBN 0 226 85116 8 Vohra Ranbir 2000 The Making of India A Historical Survey M E Sharpe ISBN 978 0 7656 0711 9 Warrier AG Krishna 1967 Sakta Upaniṣads Adyar Library and Research Center ISBN 978 0 8356 7318 1 OCLC 2606086 Wayman Alex Singh Jaideva 1991 Review A Trident of Wisdom Translation of Paratrisika vivarana of Abhinavagupta Philosophy East and West 41 2 266 268 doi 10 2307 1399778 JSTOR 1399778 Williams Joanna Gottfried 1981 Kaladarsana American Studies in the Art of India BRILL Academic ISBN 90 04 06498 2 Winstedt Richard 2020 Shaman Saiva and Sufi A Study of the Evolution of Malay Magic Library of Alexandria Zimmer Heinrich 1972 1946 Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization Princeton New Jersey Princeton University Press ISBN 0 691 01778 6 Zimmer Heinrich 2000 Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization Motilal Banarsidass Publishers aehlngkhxmulxunwikimiediykhxmmxnsmisuxthiekiywkhxngkb phrasiwa Shaivism Peter Bisschop bthkhwamsasnahinduniyngepnokhrng khunsamarthchwywikiphiediyidodykarephimetimkhxmuldk