ในศาสนาฮินดู ลัทธิไศวะ หรือ ไศวนิกาย (อังกฤษ: Shaivism) เป็นลัทธินิกายที่นับถือพระศิวะเป็นพระเป็นเจ้าหรือพรหมัน ศาสนิกชนในลัทธินี้เรียกว่าชาวไศวะ ซึ่งมีรูปแบบความเชื่อและการปฏิบัติแตกต่างกันไปเป็นหลายกลุ่ม เช่น ที่มีแนวคิดว่าบุคคลจะหลุดพ้นได้โดยการภักดีต่อพระศิวะ แต่ลัทธิโยคะถือว่าทุกสิ่งเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของพรหมันอยู่แล้ว ลัทธินี้ถือพระเวทและอาคมเป็นคัมภีร์สำคัญ
ลัทธิไศวะมีที่มาจากการนับถือพระรุทรในสมัยพระเวท (ราวสองพันปีก่อนคริสต์ศักราช) คัมภีร์ซึ่งแต่งขึ้นราวหนึ่งพันปีก่อนคริสต์ศักราชปรากฏคำว่า รุทร ศิวะ มเหศวร แต่การตีความคำเหล่านี้ยังเป็นที่ถกเถียงอยู่ จนถึงคริสต์สหัสวรรษที่ 1 ลัทธิไศวะทั้งสายภักตินิยมและสายโยคะก็เริ่มแพร่หลายในหลายอาณาจักร รวมทั้งในภูมิภาคเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ที่พบโบสถ์พราหมณ์ลัทธิไศวะหลายพันแห่งในประเทศอินโดนีเซีย กัมพูชา และเวียดนาม
ความเชื่อของลัทธิไศวะมีหลายรูปแบบ บางกลุ่มถือว่าพระศิวะคือมหาเทพพระผู้สร้าง รักษา และทำลายล้างโลก บางกลุ่มมองว่าพระศิวะหมายถึงอาตมันอันเป็นภาวะแก่นสารของสรรพสิ่ง ในด้านการปฏิบัติ มีการบูชาพระศิวะรวมถึงพระปารวตีผู้เป็นศักติ (ซึ่งแบบขนบของลัทธิศักติ) ตามโบสถ์พราหมณ์ต่าง ๆ บางกลุ่มเน้นการถือพรตฝึกโยคะเพื่อให้เข้าถึงพระศิวะที่เป็นอาตมันภายในตนเอง
อ้างอิง
- P. T. Raju (1985). Structural Depths of Indian Thought. State University of New York Press. pp. 10–14, 509–516. ISBN .
- Ganesh Tagare (2002), The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, , pages 16–19
- Flood 2003, pp. 202–204.
- David Smith (1996), The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India, Cambridge University Press, , page 116
- Mariasusai Dhavamony (1999), Hindu Spirituality, Gregorian University and Biblical Press, , pages 31–34 with footnotes
- Mark Dyczkowski (1989), The Canon of the Śaivāgama, Motilal Banarsidass, , pages 43–44
- Peter Bisschop (2011), Shaivism, Oxford University Press
- [a] Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, , pages 301-304;
[b] R G Bhandarkar (2001), Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems, Routledge, , pages 106-111 - Robert Hume (1921), Shvetashvatara Upanishad, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 400-406 with footnotes
- A Kunst, Some notes on the interpretation of the Ṥvetāṥvatara Upaniṣad, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 31, Issue 02, June 1968, pages 309-314; doi:10.1017/S0041977X00146531
- D Srinivasan (1997), Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes, Brill, , pages 96-97 and Chapter 9
- Flood 2003, pp. 208–214.
- (1975). Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions. BRILL Academic. pp. 3–20, 35–36, 49–51. ISBN .
- Flood 1996, pp. 162–167.
- "Introduction to Hinduism". Himalayan Academy. 2009. สืบค้นเมื่อ February 2014.
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แหล่งข้อมูล
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- Bisschop, Peter C. (2018), Universal Śaivism: The Appeasement of All Gods and Powers in the Śāntyadhyāya of the Śivadharmaśāstra, Gonda Indological Studies, vol. 18, Leiden: , doi:10.1163/9789004384361, ISBN , S2CID 158081966.
- Bisschop, Peter C. (2011), Shaivism, Oxford University Press
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- Chakravarti, Mahadev (1986), The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through The Ages (first ed.), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
- Chakravarti, Mahadev (1994), The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through The Ages (Second Revised ed.), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN
- Courtright, Paul B. (1985). Gaṇeśa: Lord of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN .
- (2017) [1964]. The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism. Delhi: . ISBN . OCLC 24247413. S2CID 169604069.
- Daniélou, Alain (1984) [1979]. Gods of Love and Ecstasy: The Traditions of Shiva and Dionysus. : . ISBN . OCLC 25281659. S2CID 191033152.
- Daniélou, Alain (1987). While the Gods Play: Shaiva Oracles and Predictions on the Cycles of History and the Destiny of Mankind. : . ISBN . OCLC 15696932.
- Dasgupta, Surendranath (1955). A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 5: The Southern Schools of Śaivism. Cambridge University Press.
- Mariasusai Dhavamony (1971). Love of God according to Śaiva Siddhānta: a study in the mysticism and theology of Śaivism. Clarendon Press. ISBN .
- Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
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- Gray, David B. (2016). "Tantra and the Tantric Traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.59. ISBN .
- Grimes, John A. (1995). Ganapati: Song of the Self. SUNY Series in Religious Studies. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN .
- Harper, Katherine Anne; Brown, Robert L. (2002). The Roots of Tantra. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN .
- Ariel Glucklich (2008). The Strides of Vishnu : Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective. Oxford University Press. ISBN .
- Kulke, Hermann; Kesavapany, K.; Sakhuja, Vijay (2010). Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN .
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- Stella Kramrisch (1993). The Presence of Siva. Princeton University Press. ISBN .
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- Rigopoulos, Antonio (1998). Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara: A Study of the Transformative and Inclusive Character of a Multi-faceted Hindu Deity. State University of New York Press. ISBN .
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- Pathak, V. S. (1960). History of Śaiva Cults in Northern India from Inscriptions, 700 A.D. to 1200 A.D. Motilal Banarsidass.
- Indira Viswanathan Peterson (2014). Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints. Princeton University Press. ISBN .
- A. K. Ramanujan (1973). Speaking of Śiva. Penguin. ISBN .
- Velcheru Narayana Rao; Gene H. Roghair (2014). Siva's Warriors: The Basava Purana of Palkuriki Somanatha. Princeton University Press. ISBN .
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- Alexis Sanderson (2004). "The Śaiva Religion among the Khmers Part I". Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient. 90/91: 349–462. JSTOR 43732654.
- Alexis Sanderson (2010). Dominic Goodall & Andre Padoux (บ.ก.). Mélanges tantriques à la mémoire d'Hélène Brunner: Tantric Studies in Memory of Hélène Brunner. Institut Français de Pondichéry. ISBN .
- Hilko Wiardo Schomerus (2000). Śaiva Siddhānta: An Indian School of Mystical Thought : Presented as a System and Documented from the Original Tamil Sources. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN .
- Sharma, Ram Karan (1988). Elements of Poetry in the Mahābhārata. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN . Second edition.
- Tattwananda, Swami (1984), Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship (First Revised ed.), Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd.
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- * Kramrisch, Stella (1994a), The Presence of Śiva, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, ISBN
- Winternitz, Maurice (1972). History of Indian Literature. New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. Second revised reprint edition. Two volumes. First published 1927 by the University of Calcutta.
แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น
- Encyclopædia Britannica, "Shaivism"
- Saivism.Net
- , scholarly studies in Shaivism
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insasnahindu lththiiswa hrux iswnikay xngkvs Shaivism epnlththinikaythinbthuxphrasiwaepnphraepnecahruxphrhmn sasnikchninlththinieriykwachawiswa sungmirupaebbkhwamechuxaelakarptibtiaetktangknipepnhlayklum echn thimiaenwkhidwabukhkhlcahludphnidodykarphkditxphrasiwa aetlththioykhathuxwathuksingepnswnhnungkhxngphrhmnxyuaelw lththinithuxphraewthaelaxakhmepnkhmphirsakhykarbuchaphrasiwa lththiiswamithimacakkarnbthuxphraruthrinsmyphraewth rawsxngphnpikxnkhristskrach khmphirsungaetngkhunrawhnungphnpikxnkhristskrachpraktkhawa ruthr siwa mehswr aetkartikhwamkhaehlaniyngepnthithkethiyngxyu cnthungkhristshswrrsthi 1 lththiiswathngsayphktiniymaelasayoykhakerimaephrhlayinhlayxanackr rwmthnginphumiphakhexechiytawnxxkechiyngitthiphbobsthphrahmnlththiiswahlayphnaehnginpraethsxinodniesiy kmphucha aelaewiydnam khwamechuxkhxnglththiiswamihlayrupaebb bangklumthuxwaphrasiwakhuxmhaethphphraphusrang rksa aelathalaylangolk bangklummxngwaphrasiwahmaythungxatmnxnepnphawaaeknsarkhxngsrrphsing indankarptibti mikarbuchaphrasiwarwmthungphraparwtiphuepnskti sungaebbkhnbkhxnglththiskti tamobsthphrahmntang bangklumennkarthuxphrtfukoykhaephuxihekhathungphrasiwathiepnxatmnphayintnexngxangxingP T Raju 1985 Structural Depths of Indian Thought State University of New York Press pp 10 14 509 516 ISBN 978 0 88706 139 4 Ganesh Tagare 2002 The Pratyabhijna Philosophy Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 1892 7 pages 16 19 Flood 2003 pp 202 204 David Smith 1996 The Dance of Siva Religion Art and Poetry in South India Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 48234 9 page 116 Mariasusai Dhavamony 1999 Hindu Spirituality Gregorian University and Biblical Press ISBN 978 88 7652 818 7 pages 31 34 with footnotes Mark Dyczkowski 1989 The Canon of the Saivagama Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 0595 8 pages 43 44 Peter Bisschop 2011 Shaivism Oxford University Press a Paul Deussen Sixty Upanishads of the Veda Volume 1 Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 8120814684 pages 301 304 b R G Bhandarkar 2001 Vaisnavism Saivism and Minor Religious Systems Routledge ISBN 978 8121509992 pages 106 111 Robert Hume 1921 Shvetashvatara Upanishad The Thirteen Principal Upanishads Oxford University Press pages 400 406 with footnotes A Kunst Some notes on the interpretation of the Ṥvetaṥvatara Upaniṣad Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies Vol 31 Issue 02 June 1968 pages 309 314 doi 10 1017 S0041977X00146531 D Srinivasan 1997 Many Heads Arms and Eyes Brill ISBN 978 9004107588 pages 96 97 and Chapter 9 Flood 2003 pp 208 214 1975 Handbook of Oriental Studies Section 3 Southeast Asia Religions BRILL Academic pp 3 20 35 36 49 51 ISBN 90 04 04330 6 Flood 1996 pp 162 167 Introduction to Hinduism Himalayan Academy 2009 subkhnemux February 2014 a href wiki E0 B9 81 E0 B8 A1 E0 B9 88 E0 B9 81 E0 B8 9A E0 B8 9A Cite web title aemaebb Cite web cite web a trwcsxbkhawnthiin accessdate help aehlngkhxmulApte Vaman Shivram 1965 The Practical Sanskrit Dictionary Delhi Motilal Banarsidass Publishers ISBN 978 81 208 0567 5 fourth revised amp enlarged edition Basham A L 1989 Zysk Kenneth b k The Origins and Development of Classical Hinduism New York Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 507349 2 Bhandarkar Ramakrishna Gopal 1913 Vaisnavism Saivism and Minor Religious Systems New Delhi Asian Educational Services ISBN 978 81 206 0122 2 Third AES reprint edition 1995 Bhattacharyya Haridas b k 1956 The Cultural Heritage of India Calcutta The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture Four volumes Bisschop Peter C 2020 Early Saivism From Mantramarga Back to Atimarga Atimarga as a Self referential Term in Goodall Dominic Hatley Shaman Isaacson Harunaga Raman Srilata b k Saivism and the Tantric Traditions Essays in Honour of Alexis G J S Sanderson Gonda Indological Studies vol 22 Leiden pp 14 32 doi 10 1163 9789004432802 003 ISBN 978 90 04 43266 6 S2CID 229212351 Bisschop Peter C 2018 Universal Saivism The Appeasement of All Gods and Powers in the Santyadhyaya of the Sivadharmasastra Gonda Indological Studies vol 18 Leiden doi 10 1163 9789004384361 ISBN 978 90 04 38246 6 S2CID 158081966 Bisschop Peter C 2011 Shaivism Oxford University Press Briggs Lawrence Palmer 1951 The Syncretism of Religions in Southeast Asia Especially in the Khmer Empire Journal of the American Oriental Society 71 4 230 249 doi 10 2307 596106 JSTOR 596106 Chakravarti Mahadev 1986 The Concept of Rudra Siva Through The Ages first ed Delhi Motilal Banarsidass Chakravarti Mahadev 1994 The Concept of Rudra Siva Through The Ages Second Revised ed Delhi Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 0053 3 Courtright Paul B 1985 Gaṇesa Lord of Obstacles Lord of Beginnings New York Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 505742 3 2017 1964 The Myths and Gods of India The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism Delhi ISBN 978 81 208 3638 9 OCLC 24247413 S2CID 169604069 Danielou Alain 1984 1979 Gods of Love and Ecstasy The Traditions of Shiva and Dionysus ISBN 0 89281 374 1 OCLC 25281659 S2CID 191033152 Danielou Alain 1987 While the Gods Play Shaiva Oracles and Predictions on the Cycles of History and the Destiny of Mankind ISBN 978 1 59477 736 3 OCLC 15696932 Dasgupta Surendranath 1955 A History of Indian Philosophy Vol 5 The Southern Schools of Saivism Cambridge University Press Mariasusai Dhavamony 1971 Love of God according to Saiva Siddhanta a study in the mysticism and theology of Saivism Clarendon Press ISBN 978 0 19 826523 8 Flood Gavin 1996 An Introduction to Hinduism Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 43878 0 Flood Gavin b k 2003 The Saiva Traditions The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism Malden MA Wiley Blackwell ISBN 978 1405132510 Gray David B 2016 Tantra and the Tantric Traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 acrefore 9780199340378 013 59 ISBN 9780199340378 Grimes John A 1995 Ganapati Song of the Self SUNY Series in Religious Studies Albany State University of New York Press ISBN 978 0 7914 2440 7 Harper Katherine Anne Brown Robert L 2002 The Roots of Tantra Albany New York State University of New York Press ISBN 978 0 7914 5306 3 Ariel Glucklich 2008 The Strides of Vishnu Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 971825 2 Kulke Hermann Kesavapany K Sakhuja Vijay 2010 Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia Institute of Southeast Asian Studies ISBN 978 9 8123 0937 2 Gonda Jan 1977 10 13 Medieval Religious Literature in Sanskrit A History of Indian Literature 2 1 Harrassowitz Verlag Keay John 2000 India A History New York Grove Press ISBN 978 0 8021 3797 5 Ann R Kinney Marijke J Klokke Lydia Kieven 2003 Worshiping Siva and Buddha The Temple Art of East Java University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 2779 3 Stella Kramrisch 1993 The Presence of Siva Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 01930 7 Lorenzen David N 1987 Saivism An Overview in Mircea Eliade b k The Encyclopedia of Religion Vol 13 Collier Macmillan Jones Constance Ryan James D 2006 Encyclopedia of Hinduism Infobase Publishing ISBN 978 0 8160 7564 5 Lipner Julius 2012 Hindus Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Routledge ISBN 978 1 135 24061 5 2012 Nath Sampradaya in Knut A Jacobsen Helene Basu Angelika Malinar Vasudha Narayanan b k Brill s Encyclopedia of Hinduism Vol 3 Brill Academic Mate M S 1988 Temples and Legends of Maharashtra Bombay Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Michaels Axel 2004 Hinduism Past and Present Princeton New Jersey Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 08953 9 R Blake Michael 1992 The Origins of Virasaiva Sects A Typological Analysis of Ritual and Associational Patterns in the Sunyasaṃpadane Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 0776 1 Muller Ortega Paul E 2010 Triadic Heart of Siva The Kaula Tantricism of Abhinavagupta in the Non dual Shaivism of Kashmir State University of New York Press ISBN 978 1 4384 1385 3 Rigopoulos Antonio 1998 Dattatreya The Immortal Guru Yogin and Avatara A Study of the Transformative and Inclusive Character of a Multi faceted Hindu Deity State University of New York Press ISBN 978 0 7914 3696 7 Nath Vijay March April 2001 From Brahmanism to Hinduism Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition Social Scientist 29 3 4 19 50 doi 10 2307 3518337 JSTOR 3518337 Oberlies T 1998 Die Religion des Rgveda Vienna Parmeshwaranand S 2004 Encyclopaedia of the Saivism Sarup amp Sons ISBN 978 81 7625 427 4 Pathak V S 1960 History of Saiva Cults in Northern India from Inscriptions 700 A D to 1200 A D Motilal Banarsidass Indira Viswanathan Peterson 2014 Poems to Siva The Hymns of the Tamil Saints Princeton University Press ISBN 978 1 4008 6006 7 A K Ramanujan 1973 Speaking of Siva Penguin ISBN 978 0 14 044270 0 Velcheru Narayana Rao Gene H Roghair 2014 Siva s Warriors The Basava Purana of Palkuriki Somanatha Princeton University Press ISBN 978 1 4008 6090 6 1986 The Puranas Otto Harrassowitz Verlag ISBN 978 3447025225 Samuel Geoffrey 2008 The Origins of Yoga and Tantra Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 69534 3 Sanderson Alexis 2009 The Saiva Age The Rise and Dominance of Saivism during the Early Medieval Period in Shingo Einoo b k Genesis and Development of Tantrism Tokyo Institute of Oriental Culture Sanderson Alexis 1988 Saivism and the Tantric Traditions in S Sutherland aelakhna b k The World s Religions Routledge Sanderson Alexis 1995 Meaning of a Tantric Ritual in AM Blondeau K Schipper b k Essais sur le Rituel Louvain Peeters Alexis Sanderson 2004 The Saiva Religion among the Khmers Part I Bulletin de l Ecole Francaise d Extreme Orient 90 91 349 462 JSTOR 43732654 Alexis Sanderson 2010 Dominic Goodall amp Andre Padoux b k Melanges tantriques a la memoire d Helene Brunner Tantric Studies in Memory of Helene Brunner Institut Francais de Pondichery ISBN 978 2855396668 Hilko Wiardo Schomerus 2000 Saiva Siddhanta An Indian School of Mystical Thought Presented as a System and Documented from the Original Tamil Sources Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 1569 8 Sharma Ram Karan 1988 Elements of Poetry in the Mahabharata Delhi Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 0544 6 Second edition Tattwananda Swami 1984 Vaisnava Sects Saiva Sects Mother Worship First Revised ed Calcutta Firma KLM Private Ltd Vasugupta 1992 The Aphorisms of Siva The Siva Sutra with Bhaskara s Commentary the Varttika Mark Dyczkowski translator State University of New York Press ISBN 978 0 7914 1264 0 Kramrisch Stella 1994a The Presence of Siva Princeton New Jersey Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0691019307 Winternitz Maurice 1972 History of Indian Literature New Delhi Oriental Books Reprint Corporation Second revised reprint edition Two volumes First published 1927 by the University of Calcutta aehlngkhxmulxunwikimiediykhxmmxnsmisuxthiekiywkhxngkb lththiiswa Encyclopaedia Britannica Shaivism Saivism Net scholarly studies in Shaivism sthaniyxy praethsxinediy sasna