ยุทธการที่แม่น้ำซอม หรือที่รู้จักในชื่อ การรุกซอม เป็นหนึ่งในสมรภูมิสำคัญของแนวรบด้านตะวันตกในสงครามโลกครั้งที่หนึ่งเมื่อกองทัพของเครือจักรภพอังกฤษและฝรั่งเศสปะทะกับกองทัพจักรวรรดิเยอรมันที่บริเวณโดยในระยะเวลาเพียง 5 เดือนของยุทธการนี้ ยุทธการที่แม่น้ำซอมจัตเป็นหนึ่งในสมรภูมิที่นองเลือดที่สุดในประวัติศาสตร์มนุษยชาติเนื่องจากในยุทธการนี้ทหารจากทั้งสองฝ่ายกว่าหนึ่งล้านนายเสียชีวิต
ยุทธการที่แม่น้ำซอม | |||||||||
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ส่วนหนึ่งของ แนวรบด้านตะวันตกในสงครามโลกครั้งที่หนึ่ง | |||||||||
ยุทธการที่แม่น้ำซอมในวันที่ 1 กรกฎาคม – 18 พฤศจิกายน ค.ศ. 1916 | |||||||||
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คู่สงคราม | |||||||||
| เยอรมนี | ||||||||
ผู้บังคับบัญชาและผู้นำ | |||||||||
ดักลาส เฮก โฌแซ็ฟ ฌ็อฟร์ แฟร์ดีน็อง ฟ็อช | | ||||||||
กำลัง | |||||||||
รวม 2,500,000 นาย 1 กรกฎาคม 13 หน่วย 11 หน่วย กรกฎาคม–พฤศจิกายน 50 หน่วย 48 หน่วย | รวม 1,000,000 นาย 1 กรกฎาคม 10 12 หน่วย กรกฎาคม–พฤศจิกายน 50 นาย | ||||||||
ความสูญเสีย | |||||||||
ป. 420,000 นาย ป. 200,000 นาย | 434,000-445,000 นาย |
อ้างอิง
- The Battle of the Somme 1916
- Sheldon 2006, p. 398.
- Sheffield 2011, pp. 194, 197.
- Philpott 2009, pp. 602–603.
- Doughty 2005, p. 309.
- Harris 2009, p. 271.
- Wendt 1931, p. 246.
- (July 1, 2016). "The Lessons of the Somme". .
ข้อมูล
หนังสือ
- Bond, B. (2002). The Unquiet Western Front: Britain's Role in Literature and History. London: CUP. ISBN .
- Boraston, J. H. (1920) [1919]. Sir Douglas Haig's Despatches (repr. ed.). London: Dent. OCLC 633614212.
- Brown, J. (2004). A Good Idea of Hell: Letters from a Chasseur a Pied. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN .
- Churchill, W. S. (1938). The World Crisis (Odhams 1938 ed.). London. OCLC 4945014.
- Chickering, R. (2004) [1998]. Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918 (2nd ed.). London: CUP. ISBN .
- (2005). Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operation in the Great War. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University. ISBN .
- Dowling, T. (2008). The Brusilov Offensive. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN .
- Duffy, C. (2006). Through German Eyes: The British and the Somme 1916 (Phoenix 2007 ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN .
- Edmonds, J. E. (1993) [1932]. Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916: Sir Douglas Haig's Command to the 1st July: Battle of the Somme. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. ISBN .
- Falls, C. (1992) [1940]. Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: . ISBN .
- Foley, R. T. (2007) [2005]. German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916 (pbk. ed.). Cambridge: CUP. ISBN .
- Harris, J. P. (2009) [2008]. Douglas Haig and the First World War (repr. ed.). Cambridge: CUP. ISBN .
- Hart, P. (2006). The Somme. London: Cassell. ISBN .
- Henniker, A. M. (2009) [1937]. Transportation on the Western Front 1914–1918. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN .
- Herwig, H. (1996). The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914–1918. London: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN .
- McCarthy, C. (1995) [1993]. The Somme: The Day-by-Day Account (Arms & Armour Press ed.). London: Weidenfeld Military. ISBN .
- Miles, W. (1992) [1938]. Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916: 2nd July 1916 to the End of the Battles of the Somme. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. ISBN .
- Philpott, W. (2009). Bloody Victory: The Sacrifice on the Somme and the Making of the Twentieth Century. London: Little, Brown. ISBN .
- Prior, R.; Wilson, T. (2005). The Somme. Yale University Press. ISBN .
- Sheffield, G. (2002) [2001]. Forgotten Victory, The First World War: Myths and Realities (Review ed.). London: Hodder Headline. ISBN .
- Sheffield, G. (2003). The Somme. London: Cassell. ISBN .
- Sheffield, G. (2011). The Chief: Douglas Haig and the British Army. London: Aurum Press. ISBN .}
- Sheldon, J. (2006) [2005]. The German Army on the Somme 1914–1916 (Pen & Sword Military ed.). London: Leo Cooper. ISBN .
- Sheldon, J. (2009). The German Army at Cambrai. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books. ISBN .
- Simkins, P.; Jukes, G.; Hickey, M. (2003). The First World War: The War to End All Wars. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN .
- Simpson, A. (2001). The Operational Role of British Corps Command on the Western Front 1914–18 (2005 ed.). London: Spellmount. ISBN . สืบค้นเมื่อ 19 July 2014.
- Steele, O. W. (2003). Facey-Crowther, D. R. (บ.ก.). Lieutenant Owen William Steele of the Newfoundland Regiment: Diary and Letters. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN . สืบค้นเมื่อ 8 August 2014.
- Terraine, J. (2005) [1963]. Douglas Haig: The Educated Soldier (repr. ed.). London: Cassell. ISBN .
- Wendt, H. L. (1931). Verdun 1916 Die Angriffe Falkenhayns im Maasgebiet mit Richtung auf Verdun als strategisches Problem [Verdun 1916 The attacks by Falkenhayn in the Meuse area towards Verdun as a strategic question] (ภาษาเยอรมัน). Berlin: Mittler. OCLC 503838028.
- Wynne, G. C. (1976) [1939]. If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West (Greenwood Press, NY ed.). London: Faber. ISBN .
วารสาร
- Robinson, H. (2010). "Remembering War in the Midst of Conflict: First World War Commemorations in the Northern Irish Troubles". 20th Century British History. XXI (1): 80–101. doi:10.1093/tcbh/hwp047. ISSN 1477-4674.
เว็บไซต์
- McMullin, R. (2006). . Wartime Magazine. AU: . ISSN 1328-2727. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 9 June 2007. สืบค้นเมื่อ 14 April 2007.
- . Military History Journal (S Afr MHJ). The South African Military History Society. ISSN 0026-4016. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 20 April 2009. สืบค้นเมื่อ 23 July 2009.
- . Ottawa: . OCLC 439730254. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 6 May 2019. สืบค้นเมื่อ 9 September 2009.
อ่านเพิ่ม
- Ball, S. (2004). The Guardsmen: Harold Macmillan, Three Friends, and The World They Made. London: HarperCollins. ISBN .
- (1917). The Battle of the Somme. New York: George H. Doran. OCLC 699175025. สืบค้นเมื่อ 15 December 2014.
- Dugmore, A. R. (2014). Blood in the Trenches: A Memoir of the Battle of the Somme. Pen & Sword Military. ISBN .
- (2006) [1994]. The Somme: Heroism and Horror in the First World War (repr. ed.). Henry Holt and Company. ISBN .
- Green, A. (2003). Writing the Great War: Sir James Edmonds and the Official Histories 1915–1948. London: Frank Cass. ISBN .
- Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-One Divisions of the German Army which Participated in the War (1914–1918). Washington: United States Army, American Expeditionary Forces, Intelligence Section. 1920. ISBN . สืบค้นเมื่อ 13 September 2013.
- James, E. A. (1990) [1924]. A Record of the Battles and Engagements of the British Armies in France and Flanders 1914–1918 (London Stamp Exchange ed.). Aldershot: Gale & Polden. ISBN .
- Jones, H. A. (2002) [1928]. The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part Played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force. Vol. II (N & M Press ed.). London: Clarendon Press. ISBN . สืบค้นเมื่อ 9 August 2014.
- (1998). The First World War. London: Random House. ISBN .
- (1932). Foch: The Man of Orleans. Boston, Little, Brown. OCLC 16161900.
- Liddell Hart, B. H. (1973) [1970]. History of the First World War (3rd ed.). London: Book Club Associates. OCLC 819218074.
- (1917). The Old Front Line. New York City: Macmillan. OCLC 1183536. สืบค้นเมื่อ 27 June 2013.
- (1983). . London: Penguin Books. ISBN .
- (1980). Ragtime Soldiers: the Rhodesian Experience in the First World War. Bulawayo: Books of Zimbabwe. ISBN .
- (1971). . London: Penguin. ISBN .
- (2004). The Great War Generals on the Western Front 1914–1918. Magpie Books. ISBN .
- Mitchell, S. B. T. (2013). An Inter-Disciplinary Study of Learning in the 32nd Division on the Western Front, 1916–1918 (pdf) (PhD). University of Birmingham. OCLC 894593861. สืบค้นเมื่อ 1 December 2014.
- (1962). (PDF). Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War. Ottawa: Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery. OCLC 557523890. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 2011-08-26. สืบค้นเมื่อ 27 December 2012.
- Report of the Battles of the Somme (Cmnd 1138) (N & M Press ed.). London: . 1994 [1922]. ISBN .
- Prior, R. (1999). The First World War (1st ed.). London: Cassel. ISBN .
- Prior, R.; Wilson, T. (2005). The Somme (1st ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN .
- Recouly, R. (1920). Foch, The Winner of The War. แปลโดย Jones, Mary Cadwalader. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. OCLC 2036520.
- (1993). The Guinness Book of More Military Blunders. London: Guinness Publishing. ISBN .
- (2006). Somme 1 July 1916: Tragedy and Triumph. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN .
- (2013). The Great War: July 1, 1916: The First Day of the Battle of the Somme. W. W. Norton. ISBN .
- Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920 (1st ed.). London: . 1922. OCLC 1318955. สืบค้นเมื่อ 27 June 2013.
- (2008). Enduring the Great War: Combat, Morale and Collapse in the German and British Armies, 1914–1918. Cambridge Military Histories. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
- Wilkinson, R. (2006). Pals on the Somme 1916. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. ISBN . OCLC 64746633.
- van Hartsveldt, Fred R. (1996). The Battles of the Somme: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography. London and Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN .
แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น
- Battle of the Somme Personnel Records 2016-11-13 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน
- Records and images from the UK Parliament Collections
- Battle of the Somme, maps and photo essay
- The British Army in the Great War: The Battles of the Somme, 1916
- New Zealand and the Battle of the Somme
- Peronne Great War Historial
- Official website of Delville Wood
- Experience of the German First Army in the Somme Battle, 24 June – 26 November 1916, Below F., pp. 77–143 (1917)
- CWGC: 1916: The Somme 2020-04-30 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน
- Nicholas Hiley: The Battle of the Somme (film), in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
- William Philpott: Somme, Battles of, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
- Battle of the Somme (WW1 Documentary) | History Documentary | Reel Truth History
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krkdakhm phvscikayn 50 hnwy 48 hnwyrwm 1 000 000 nay 1 krkdakhm 10 1 2 hnwy krkdakhm phvscikayn 50 naykhwamsuyesiyp 420 000 nay p 200 000 nay434 000 445 000 nayxangxingThe Battle of the Somme 1916 Sheldon 2006 p 398 Sheffield 2011 pp 194 197 Philpott 2009 pp 602 603 Doughty 2005 p 309 Harris 2009 p 271 Wendt 1931 p 246 July 1 2016 The Lessons of the Somme khxmulhnngsux Bond B 2002 The Unquiet Western Front Britain s Role in Literature and History London CUP ISBN 0 52180 995 9 Boraston J H 1920 1919 Sir Douglas Haig s Despatches repr ed London Dent OCLC 633614212 Brown J 2004 A Good Idea of Hell Letters from a Chasseur a Pied College Station Texas A amp M University Press ISBN 1585442100 Churchill W S 1938 The World Crisis Odhams 1938 ed London OCLC 4945014 Chickering R 2004 1998 Imperial Germany and the Great War 1914 1918 2nd ed London CUP ISBN 0 52154 780 6 2005 Pyrrhic Victory French Strategy and Operation in the Great War Cambridge Massachusetts The Belknap Press of Harvard University ISBN 0 67401 880 X Dowling T 2008 The Brusilov Offensive Bloomington IN Indiana University Press ISBN 978 0 253 35130 2 Duffy C 2006 Through German Eyes The British and the Somme 1916 Phoenix 2007 ed London Weidenfeld amp Nicolson ISBN 978 0 7538 2202 9 Edmonds J E 1993 1932 Military Operations France and Belgium 1916 Sir Douglas Haig s Command to the 1st July Battle of the Somme History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence Vol I Imperial War Museum amp Battery Press ed London Macmillan ISBN 0 89839 185 7 Falls C 1992 1940 Military Operations France and Belgium 1917 The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence Vol I Imperial War Museum amp Battery Press ed London ISBN 0 89839 180 6 Foley R T 2007 2005 German Strategy and the Path to Verdun Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition 1870 1916 pbk ed Cambridge CUP ISBN 978 0 521 04436 3 Harris J P 2009 2008 Douglas Haig and the First World War repr ed Cambridge CUP ISBN 978 0 521 89802 7 Hart P 2006 The Somme London Cassell ISBN 978 0 304 36735 1 Henniker A M 2009 1937 Transportation on the Western Front 1914 1918 History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed London HMSO ISBN 978 1 84574 765 7 Herwig H 1996 The First World War Germany and Austria Hungary 1914 1918 London Bloomsbury Academic ISBN 0 34057 348 1 McCarthy C 1995 1993 The Somme The Day by Day Account Arms amp Armour Press ed London Weidenfeld Military ISBN 1 85409 330 4 Miles W 1992 1938 Military Operations France and Belgium 1916 2nd July 1916 to the End of the Battles of the Somme History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence Vol II Imperial War Museum amp Battery Press ed London Macmillan ISBN 0 901627 76 3 Philpott W 2009 Bloody Victory The Sacrifice on the Somme and the Making of the Twentieth Century London Little Brown ISBN 978 1 4087 0108 9 Prior R Wilson T 2005 The Somme Yale University Press ISBN 0 300 10694 7 Sheffield G 2002 2001 Forgotten Victory The First World War Myths and Realities Review ed London Hodder Headline ISBN 0 7472 6460 0 Sheffield G 2003 The Somme London Cassell ISBN 0 304 36649 8 Sheffield G 2011 The Chief Douglas Haig and the British Army London Aurum Press ISBN 978 1 84513 691 8 Sheldon J 2006 2005 The German Army on the Somme 1914 1916 Pen amp Sword Military ed London Leo Cooper ISBN 1 84415 269 3 Sheldon J 2009 The German Army at Cambrai Barnsley Pen amp Sword Books ISBN 978 1 84415 944 4 Simkins P Jukes G Hickey M 2003 The First World War The War to End All Wars Oxford Osprey ISBN 978 1 84176 738 3 Simpson A 2001 The Operational Role of British Corps Command on the Western Front 1914 18 2005 ed London Spellmount ISBN 1 86227 292 1 subkhnemux 19 July 2014 Steele O W 2003 Facey Crowther D R b k Lieutenant Owen William Steele of the Newfoundland Regiment Diary and Letters Montreal McGill Queen s University Press ISBN 0 7735 2428 2 subkhnemux 8 August 2014 Terraine J 2005 1963 Douglas Haig The Educated Soldier repr ed London Cassell ISBN 0 304 35319 1 Wendt H L 1931 Verdun 1916 Die Angriffe Falkenhayns im Maasgebiet mit Richtung auf Verdun als strategisches Problem Verdun 1916 The attacks by Falkenhayn in the Meuse area towards Verdun as a strategic question phasaeyxrmn Berlin Mittler OCLC 503838028 Wynne G C 1976 1939 If Germany Attacks The Battle in Depth in the West Greenwood Press NY ed London Faber ISBN 0 8371 5029 9 warsar Robinson H 2010 Remembering War in the Midst of Conflict First World War Commemorations in the Northern Irish Troubles 20th Century British History XXI 1 80 101 doi 10 1093 tcbh hwp047 ISSN 1477 4674 ewbist McMullin R 2006 Wartime Magazine AU ISSN 1328 2727 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 9 June 2007 subkhnemux 14 April 2007 Military History Journal S Afr MHJ The South African Military History Society ISSN 0026 4016 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 20 April 2009 subkhnemux 23 July 2009 Ottawa OCLC 439730254 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 6 May 2019 subkhnemux 9 September 2009 xanephimBall S 2004 The Guardsmen Harold Macmillan Three Friends and The World They Made London HarperCollins ISBN 978 0 00 653163 0 1917 The Battle of the Somme New York George H Doran OCLC 699175025 subkhnemux 15 December 2014 Dugmore A R 2014 Blood in the Trenches A Memoir of the Battle of the Somme Pen amp Sword Military ISBN 978 1 78346 311 4 2006 1994 The Somme Heroism and Horror in the First World War repr ed Henry Holt and Company ISBN 0 8050 8127 5 Green A 2003 Writing the Great War Sir James Edmonds and the Official Histories 1915 1948 London Frank Cass ISBN 0 7146 8430 9 Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty One Divisions of the German Army which Participated in the War 1914 1918 Washington United States Army American Expeditionary Forces Intelligence Section 1920 ISBN 5 87296 917 1 subkhnemux 13 September 2013 James E A 1990 1924 A Record of the Battles and Engagements of the British Armies in France and Flanders 1914 1918 London Stamp Exchange ed Aldershot Gale amp Polden ISBN 978 0 948130 18 2 Jones H A 2002 1928 The War in the Air Being the Story of the Part Played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force Vol II N amp M Press ed London Clarendon Press ISBN 1 84342 413 4 subkhnemux 9 August 2014 1998 The First World War London Random House ISBN 0 09 180178 8 1932 Foch The Man of Orleans Boston Little Brown OCLC 16161900 Liddell Hart B H 1973 1970 History of the First World War 3rd ed London Book Club Associates OCLC 819218074 1917 The Old Front Line New York City Macmillan OCLC 1183536 subkhnemux 27 June 2013 1983 London Penguin Books ISBN 0 14 017867 8 1980 Ragtime Soldiers the Rhodesian Experience in the First World War Bulawayo Books of Zimbabwe ISBN 0 86920 232 4 1971 London Penguin ISBN 0 14 139071 9 2004 The Great War Generals on the Western Front 1914 1918 Magpie Books ISBN 1 84119 863 3 Mitchell S B T 2013 An Inter Disciplinary Study of Learning in the 32nd Division on the Western Front 1916 1918 pdf PhD University of Birmingham OCLC 894593861 subkhnemux 1 December 2014 1962 PDF Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War Ottawa Queen s Printer and Controller of Stationery OCLC 557523890 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedim PDF emux 2011 08 26 subkhnemux 27 December 2012 Report of the Battles of the Somme Cmnd 1138 N amp M Press ed London 1994 1922 ISBN 1 84342 196 8 Prior R 1999 The First World War 1st ed London Cassel ISBN 0 304 35984 X Prior R Wilson T 2005 The Somme 1st ed New Haven Yale University Press ISBN 0 300 10694 7 Recouly R 1920 Foch The Winner of The War aeplody Jones Mary Cadwalader New York Charles Scribner s Sons OCLC 2036520 1993 The Guinness Book of More Military Blunders London Guinness Publishing ISBN 0 85112 728 2 2006 Somme 1 July 1916 Tragedy and Triumph Oxford Osprey ISBN 1 84603 038 2 2013 The Great War July 1 1916 The First Day of the Battle of the Somme W W Norton ISBN 978 0 393 08880 9 Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 1920 1st ed London 1922 OCLC 1318955 subkhnemux 27 June 2013 2008 Enduring the Great War Combat Morale and Collapse in the German and British Armies 1914 1918 Cambridge Military Histories New York Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 52188 101 2 Wilkinson R 2006 Pals on the Somme 1916 Barnsley Pen amp Sword ISBN 1 84415 393 2 OCLC 64746633 van Hartsveldt Fred R 1996 The Battles of the Somme Historiography and Annotated Bibliography London and Westport CT Greenwood Press ISBN 0 313 29386 4 aehlngkhxmulxunwikimiediykhxmmxnsmisuxthiekiywkhxngkb yuththkarthiaemnasxm wikikhakhmmikhakhmekiywkb yuththkarthiaemnasxm Battle of the Somme Personnel Records 2016 11 13 thi ewyaebkaemchchin Records and images from the UK Parliament Collections Battle of the Somme maps and photo essay The British Army in the Great War The Battles of the Somme 1916 New Zealand and the Battle of the Somme Peronne Great War Historial Official website of Delville Wood Experience of the German First Army in the Somme Battle 24 June 26 November 1916 Below F pp 77 143 1917 CWGC 1916 The Somme 2020 04 30 thi ewyaebkaemchchin Nicholas Hiley The Battle of the Somme film in 1914 1918 online International Encyclopedia of the First World War William Philpott Somme Battles of in 1914 1918 online International Encyclopedia of the First World War Battle of the Somme WW1 Documentary History Documentary Reel Truth History