บริติชราช (อังกฤษ: British Raj) เป็นการปกครองของพระมหากษัตริย์อังกฤษในอนุทวีปอินเดีย เรียกอีกอย่างว่า การปกครองส่วนพระองค์ในอินเดีย (อังกฤษ: Crown rule in India) หรือ การปกครองโดยตรงในอินเดีย (Direct rule in India) โดยดำรงอยู่ตั้งแต่ ค.ศ. 1858 จนถึง 1947 ภูมิภาคที่อยู่ภายใต้การปกครองของบริเตนแห่งนี้เรียกกันโดยทั่วไปว่า อินเดีย ตามการใช้งานในปัจจุบัน รวมถึงพื้นที่ในปกครองของสหราชอาณาจักรโดยตรง ซึ่งเรียกแบบโดยรวมว่าบริติชอินเดีย ตลอดจนรัฐในปกครองของเจ้าพื้นเมือง แต่เนื่องจากบรรดารัฐดังกล่าวอยู่ภายใต้อธิปไตยชั้นสูงสุดโดยบริเตน จึงทำให้พื้นที่ดังกล่าวเรียกว่ารัฐมหาราชา บางครั้งภูมิภาคแห่งนี้เรียกว่า บริติช-อินเดีย หรือ จักรวรรดิอินเดีย ถึงแม้ว่าจะเป็นชื่อเรียกอย่างไม่เป็นทางการก็ตาม
อินเดีย | |||||||||||||
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ค.ศ. 1858–ค.ศ. 1947 | |||||||||||||
แผนที่ของอินเดียใน ค.ศ. 1909 โดยสีชมพูแสดงถึงอินเดียของบริเตนในทั้งสองระดับสี และสีเหลืองแสดงถึงรัฐของเหล่ามหาราชา | |||||||||||||
สถานะ | โครงสร้างทางการเมืองของจักรวรรดิบริติช (ซึ่งประกอบด้วยอินเดียของบริเตน และรัฐมหาราชา) | ||||||||||||
เมืองหลวง | กัลกัตตา (ค.ศ. 1858–1911) นิวเดลี (ค.ศ. 1911/1931–1947) | ||||||||||||
ภาษาราชการ | อังกฤษและอูรดู | ||||||||||||
การปกครอง | รัฐบาลอาณานิคมของบริเตน | ||||||||||||
จักรพรรดิ | |||||||||||||
• ค.ศ. 1858–1901 | วิกตอเรีย | ||||||||||||
• ค.ศ. 1901–1910 | เอ็ดเวิร์ดที่ 7 | ||||||||||||
• ค.ศ. 1910–1936 | จอร์จที่ 5 | ||||||||||||
• ค.ศ. 1936 | เอ็ดเวิร์ดที่ 8 | ||||||||||||
• ค.ศ. 1936–1947 | จอร์จที่ 6 | ||||||||||||
• ค.ศ. 1858–1862 (คนแรก) | |||||||||||||
• ค.ศ. 1947 (คนสุดท้าย) | หลุยส์ เมานต์แบ็ตเทน | ||||||||||||
• ค.ศ. 1858–1859 (คนแรก) | |||||||||||||
• ค.ศ. 1947 (คนสุดท้าย) | |||||||||||||
สภานิติบัญญัติ | |||||||||||||
ประวัติศาสตร์ | |||||||||||||
10 พฤษภาคม ค.ศ. 1857 | |||||||||||||
2 สิงหาคม ค.ศ. 1858 | |||||||||||||
• | 18 กรกฎาคม ค.ศ. 1947 | ||||||||||||
14 และ 15 สิงหาคม ค.ศ. 1947 | |||||||||||||
สกุลเงิน | รูปีอินเดีย | ||||||||||||
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ก่อนหน้ายุคบริติชราช อังกฤษได้ปกครองบรรดาดินแดนในอนุทวีปอินเดียผ่านบริษัทอินเดียตะวันออกกว่าร้อยปี ซึ่งบริษัทนี้มีกองเรือและกองทหารเป็นของตนเอง การปกครองโดยบริษัทฯได้สิ้นสุดลงเมื่อมีการตราพระราชบัญญัติรัฐบาลอินเดีย ค.ศ. 1858 ในการนี้ สมเด็จพระราชินีนาถวิกตอเรียได้สถาปนาพระองค์เป็นจักรพรรดินีนาถแห่งอินเดีย ทรงส่งขุนนางไปปกครองอินเดียในตำแหน่งอุปราชและข้าหลวงต่างพระองค์ ต่อมาภายหลังสงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง ก็ได้มีการแบ่งอินเดียแบ่งออกเป็นสองประเทศในเครือจักรภพคืออินเดีย (ประเทศอินเดียในปัจจุบัน) และปากีสถาน (ประเทศปากีสถานและประเทศบังกลาเทศในปัจจุบัน) ส่วนพม่านั้นได้แยกตัวออกจากรัฐบาลบริติชอินเดียในปี ค.ศ. 1937 และรัฐบาลสหราชอาณาจักรปกครองโดยตรงตั้งแต่บัดนั้น
บริติชราชประกอบไปด้วยดินแดนที่เป็นประเทศอินเดียและบังกลาเทศในปัจจุบัน อีกทั้งยังมีเอเดน (1839-1937), พม่าตอนบน (1885-1937), และพม่าตอนล่าง (1853-1937), (1884-98), (1892-1947), บาห์เรน (1861-1947), กาตาร์ (1916-47), คูเวต (1899-1947), รัฐทรูเชียล (1820-1947), และ สเตรตส์เซตเทิลเมนต์ (1826-67) นอกจากนี้ บริติชราชยังมีเขตอำนาจถึงดินแดนในปกครองอังกฤษในตะวันออกกลาง เงินตรารูปีอินเดียใช้กันอย่างแพร่หลายในอนุทวีปอินเดีย อย่างไรก็ตาม ในบรรดาดินแดนในบังคับของอังกฤษเหล่านี้ บริติชซีลอน (ประเทศศรีลังกาในปัจจุบัน) มีฐานะเป็นคราวน์โคโลนีที่ไม่ขึ้นกับรัฐบาลอุปราชแห่งอินเดีย
ราชอาณาจักรเนปาลและภูฏาน แม้มีความขัดแย้งกับสหราชอาณาจักร แต่ก็ลงนามทำสนธิสัญญากันและได้รับการยอมรับในฐานะรัฐเอกราชและไม่ใช่ส่วนหนึ่งของบริติชราช ราชอาณาจักรสิกขิมได้รับการตั้งให้เป็นรัฐราชวงศ์หลังการลงนามในสนธิสัญญาอังกฤษ-สิกขิมในปี 1862 อย่างไรก็ตาม ไม่เคยมีการตกลงในประเด็นว่าด้วยความมีอธิปไตย มัลดีฟส์เป็นรัฐในอารักขาของบริเตนตั้งแต่ปี 1867 ถึงปี 1965 ซึ่งไม่ใช่ส่วนหนึ่งในบริติชราช
บริติชอินเดียและรัฐมหาราชา
อินเดียในยุคของบริติชราช ประกอบด้วยดินแดนสองประเภท คือ บริติชอินเดีย ปกครองและบริหารโดยรัฐบาลกลาง กับ รัฐพื้นเมือง (รัฐมหาราชา) ปกครองโดยเจ้าอินเดียแต่บริหารโดยรัฐบาลกลาง ทั้งนี้ในมาตรา 18 ของพระราชบัญญัติจำกัดความ ค.ศ. 1889 (Interpretation Act) บัญญัติไว้ว่า:
- (4.) คำว่า "บริติชอินเดีย" นั้นหมายถึงดินแดนและสถานที่ทั้งปวงในแผ่นดินแว่นแคว้นในสมเด็จฯ ซึ่งขณะนี้อยู่ในปกครองโดยสมเด็จฯผ่านทางข้าหลวงต่างพระองค์แห่งอินเดีย หรือผ่านข้าหลวงหรือเจ้าพนักงานอื่นใดอันขึ้นกับข้าหลวงต่างพระองค์แห่งอินเดีย
- (5.) คำว่า "อินเดีย" นั้นหมายถึงบริติชอินเดียพร้อมด้วยดินแดนของบรรดาเจ้าหรือผู้นำพื้นเมืองภายใต้พระราชอำนาจในสมเด็จฯ ซึ่งทรงบริหารผ่านข้าหลวงต่างพระองค์แห่งอินเดีย หรือผ่านข้าหลวงหรือเจ้าพนักงานอื่นใดอันขึ้นกับข้าหลวงต่างพระองค์แห่งอินเดีย
โดยทั่วไป คำว่า "บริติชอินเดีย" นั้นใช้เพื่อสื่อถึงอนุทวีปอินเดียภายใต้การปกครองของบริษัทอินเดียตะวันออกระหว่าง ค.ศ. 1600 ถึง 1858 นอกจากยังคำว่าบริติชอินเดีย ยังใช้สื่อถึงชาวอังกฤษในอินเดียด้วย ส่วนคำว่า "จักรวรรดิอินเดีย" นั้นเป็นคำที่ไม่ใช้ในสารบบกฎหมาย แต่เนื่องจากกษัตริย์อังกฤษทรงปกครองอินเดียในพระอิสริยยศ จักรพรรดิแห่งอินเดีย ดังนั้นเวลากษัตริย์อังกฤษมีพระราชดำรัสไปยังรัฐสภาจึงมักจะเรียกอินเดียว่า "จักรวรรดิอินเดีย" ทั้งนี้ หนังสือเดินทางที่ออกโดยรัฐบาลบริติชอินเดียนั้น ปรากฏคำว่า "Indian Empire" บนปก และปรากฏคำว่า "Empire of India" อยู่ด้านใน นอกจากนี้ยังมีการสถาปนาเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ที่มีชื่อว่า ด้วย
มณฑลขนาดใหญ่
ในช่วงเปลี่ยนผ่านสู่คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 20 บริติชอินเดียประกอบด้วยมณฑลทั้งสิ้น 8 มณฑล ซึ่งมณฑลเหล่านั้นได้รับการปกครองโดยผู้ว่าราชการ หรือรองผู้ว่าราชการ
มณฑล (และดินแดนในปัจจุบัน) | พื้นที่รวม | ประชากรปี 1901 (ล้านคน) |
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(รัฐอัสสัม, รัฐอรุณาจัลประเทศ, รัฐเมฆาลัย, รัฐมิโซรัม, รัฐนาคาแลนด์) | 130,000 ตารางกิโลเมตร 50,000 ตารางไมล์ | 6 |
(ประเทศบังกลาเทศ, รัฐเบงกอลตะวันตก, รัฐพิหาร, รัฐฌารขัณฑ์ และรัฐโอฑิศา) | 390,000 ตารางกิโลเมตร 150,000 ตารางไมล์ | 75 |
(แคว้นสินธ์ และบางส่วนของรัฐมหาราษฏระ, รัฐคุชราต และรัฐกรณาฏกะ) | 320,000 ตารางกิโลเมตร 120,000 ตารางไมล์ | 19 |
พม่า (ประเทศพม่า) | 440,000 ตารางกิโลเมตร 170,000 ตารางไมล์ | 9 |
(รัฐมัธยประเทศ และบางส่วนของรัฐมหาราษฏระ, รัฐฉัตตีสครห์ และรัฐโอฑิศา) | 270,000 ตารางกิโลเมตร 100,000 ตารางไมล์ | 13 |
(รัฐอานธรประเทศ, รัฐทมิฬนาฑู และบางส่วนของรัฐเกรละ, รัฐกรณาฏกะ, รัฐโอฑิศา และรัฐเตลังคานา) | 370,000 ตารางกิโลเมตร 140,000 ตารางไมล์ | 38 |
(แคว้นปัญจาบ, ดินแดนนครหลวงอิสลามาบาด, รัฐปัญจาบ, รัฐหรยาณา, รัฐหิมาจัลประเทศ, รัฐฉัตติสครห์ และดินแดนนครหลวงแห่งชาติเดลี) | 250,000 ตารางกิโลเมตร 97,000 ตารางไมล์ | 20 |
(รัฐอุตตรประเทศและรัฐอุตตราขัณฑ์) | 280,000 ตารางกิโลเมตร 110,000 ตารางไมล์ | 48 |
ในช่วงของการแบ่งเบงกอล (ค.ศ. 1905–1913) มณฑลอัสสัมและเบงกอลตะวันออกได้รับการก่อตั้งขึ้นในฐานะเขตผู้แทนพระองค์ ใน ค.ศ. 1911 มณฑลเบงกอลตะวันออก ถูกรวมกับมณฑลเบงกอลอีกครั้ง และมณฑลใหม่ทางตะวันออกได้กลายไปเป็นมณฑลอัสสัม, เบงกอล, พิหาร และโอฑิศา
ธงที่เกี่ยวข้อง
- ธงจักรวรรดิอินเดีย เป็นธงอย่างไม่เป็นทางการ
- ธงนาวี
- ธงข้าหลวงต่างพระองค์
หมายเหตุ
อ้างอิง
- Interpretation Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c. 63), s. 18.
- "Calcutta (Kalikata)", The Imperial Gazetteer of India, vol. IX Bomjur to Central India, Published under the Authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1908, p. 260,
—Capital of the Indian Empire, situated in 22° 34' N and 88° 22' E, on the east or left bank of the Hooghly river, within the Twenty-four Parganas District, Bengal
- "Simla Town", The Imperial Gazetteer of India, vol. XXII Samadhiāla to Singhāna, Published under the Authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1908, p. 260,
—Head-quarters of Simla District, Punjab, and the summer capital of the Government of India, situated on a transverse spur of the Central Himālayan system system, in 31° 6' N and 77° 10' E, at a mean elevation above sea-level of 7,084 feet.
- Vejdani, Farzin (2015), Making History in Iran: Education, Nationalism, and Print Culture, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 24–25, ISBN ,
Although the official languages of administration in India shifted from Persian to English and Urdu in 1837, Persian continued to be taught and read there through the early twentieth century.
- Everaert, Christine (2010), Tracing the Boundaries between Hindi and Urdu, Leiden and Boston: BRILL, pp. 253–254, ISBN ,
It was only in 1837 that Persian lost its position as official language of India to Urdu and to English in the higher levels of administration.
-
- Hirst, Jacqueline Suthren; Zavros, John (2011), Religious Traditions in Modern South Asia, London and New York: Routledge, ISBN ,
As the (Mughal) empire began to decline in the mid-eighteenth century, some of these regional administrations assumed a greater degree of power. Amongst these ... was the East India Company, a British trading company established by Royal Charter of Elizabeth I of England in 1600. The Company gradually expanded its influence in South Asia, in the first instance through coastal trading posts at Surat, Madras and Calcutta. (The British) expanded their influence, winning political control of Bengal and Bihar after the Battle of Plassey in 1757. From here, the Company expanded its influence dramatically across the subcontinent. By 1857, it had direct control over much of the region. The great rebellion of that year, however, demonstrated the limitations of this commercial company's ability to administer these vast territories, and in 1858 the Company was effectively nationalized, with the British Crown assuming administrative control. Hence began the period known as the British Raj, which ended in 1947 with the partition of the subcontinent into the independent nation-states of India and Pakistan.
- Salomone, Rosemary (2022), The Rise of English: Global Politics and the Power of Language, Oxford University Press, p. 236, ISBN ,
Between 1858, when the British East India Company transferred power to British Crown rule (the "British Raj"), and 1947, when India gained independence, English gradually developed into the language of government and education. It allowed the Raj to maintain control by creating an elite gentry schooled in British mores, primed to participate in public life, and loyal to the Crown.
- Hirst, Jacqueline Suthren; Zavros, John (2011), Religious Traditions in Modern South Asia, London and New York: Routledge, ISBN ,
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- Steinback, Susie L. (2012), Understanding the Victorians: Politics, Culture and Society in Nineteenth-Century Britain, London and New York: Routledge, p. 68, ISBN ,
The rebellion was put down by the end of 1858. The British government passed the Government of India Act, and began direct Crown rule. This era was referred to as the British Raj (though in practice much remained the same).
- Ahmed, Omar (2015), Studying Indian Cinema, Auteur (now an imprint of Liverpool University Press), p. 221, ISBN ,
The film opens with what is a lengthy prologue, contextualising the time and place through a detailed voice-over by Amitabh Bachchan. We are told that the year is 1893. This is significant as it was the height of the British Raj, a period of crown rule lasting from 1858 to 1947.
- Wright, Edmund (2015), A Dictionary of World History, Oxford University Press, p. 537, ISBN ,
More than 500 Indian kingdoms and principalities […] existed during the 'British Raj' period (1858–1947) The rule is also called Crown rule in India
- Fair, C. Christine (2014), Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army's Way of War, Oxford University Press, p. 61, ISBN ,
[…] by 1909 the Government of India, reflecting on 50 years of Crown rule after the rebellion, could boast that […]
- Steinback, Susie L. (2012), Understanding the Victorians: Politics, Culture and Society in Nineteenth-Century Britain, London and New York: Routledge, p. 68, ISBN ,
-
- Glanville, Luke (2013), Sovereignty and the Responsibility to Protect: A New History, University of Chicago Press, p. 120, ISBN Quote: "Mill, who was himself employed by the British East India company from the age of seventeen until the British government assumed direct rule over India in 1858."
- Pykett, Lyn (2006), Wilkie Collins, Oxford World's Classics: Authors in Context, Oxford University Press, p. 160, ISBN ,
In part, the Mutiny was a reaction against this upheavel of traditional Indian society. The suppression of the Mutiny after a year of fighting was followed by the break-up of the East India Company, the exile of the deposed emperor and the establishment of the British Raj, and direct rule of the Indian subcontinent by the British.
- Lowe, Lisa (2015), The Intimacies of Four Continents, Duke University Press, p. 71, ISBN ,
Company rule in India lasted effectively from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 until 1858, when following the 1857 Indian Rebellion, the British Crown assumed direct colonial rule of India in the new British Raj.
-
- Vanderven, Elizabeth (2019), "National Education Systems: Asia", ใน Rury, John L.; Tamura, Eileen H. (บ.ก.), The Oxford Handbook of the History of Education, Oxford University Press, p. 213-227, 222, ISBN ,
During the British East India Company's domination of the Indian subcontinent (1757-1858) and the subsequent British Raj (1858-1947), it was Western-style education that came to be promoted by many as the base upon which a national and uniform education system should be built.
- Lapidus, Ira M. (2014), A History of Islamic Societies (3 ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 393, ISBN ,
Table 14. Muslim India: outline chronology
Mughal Empire ... 1526-1858
Akbar I ... 1556-1605
Aurengzeb ... 1658-1707
British victory at Plassey ... 1757
Britain becomes paramount power ... 1818
British Raj ... 1858-1947
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บรรณานุกรม
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แหล่งอ้างอิงที่ได้รับการศึกษาเป็นพิเศษ
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- Bosma, Ulbe (2011), Emigration: Colonial circuits between Europe and Asia in the 19th and early 20th century, EGO - European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, retrieved: March 25, 2021 (pdf).
- Brown, Judith M. Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope (1991), scholarly biography
- Brown, Judith M.; Louis, Wm. Roger, บ.ก. (2001), Oxford History of the British Empire: The Twentieth Century, Oxford University Press. pp. 800, ISBN
- Buckland, C.E. Dictionary of Indian Biography (1906) 495 pp. full text
- Carrington, Michael (May 2013), "Officers, Gentlemen, and Murderers: Lord Curzon's campaign against "collisions" between Indians and Europeans, 1899–1905", Modern Asian Studies, 47 (3): 780–819, doi:10.1017/S0026749X12000686, S2CID 147335168
- (1998), Imperial Power and Popular Politics: Class, Resistance and the State in India, 1850–1950, (Cambridge Studies in Indian History & Society). Cambridge University Press. Pp. 400, ISBN .
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- Ewing, Ann. "Administering India: The Indian Civil Service", History Today, June 1982, 32#6 pp. 43–48, covers 1858–1947
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- (2007), "The Great El Nino of 1789–93 and its Global Consequences: Reconstructing an Extreme Climate Even in World Environmental History", The Medieval History Journal, 10 (1&2): 75–98, doi:10.1177/097194580701000203, :1885/51009, S2CID 162783898
- Hall-Matthews, David (November 2008), "Inaccurate Conceptions: Disputed Measures of Nutritional Needs and Famine Deaths in Colonial India", Modern Asian Studies, 42 (6): 1189–1212, doi:10.1017/S0026749X07002892, S2CID 146232991
- Headrick, Daniel R. (1988), The tentacles of progress: technology transfer in the age of imperialism, 1850–1940
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- The Imperial Gazetteer of India, vol. IV: The Indian Empire, Administrative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909
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แหล่งอ้างอิงเกี่ยวกับประวัติศาสตร์นิพนธ์และความทรงจำ
- Andrews, C.F. (2017). India and the Simon Report. Routledge reprint of 1930 first edition. p. 11. ISBN .
- Durant, Will (2011, reprint). The case for India. New York: Simon and Schuster.
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- Gilmartin, David (2015). "The Historiography of India's Partition: Between Civilization and Modernity". The Journal of Asian Studies. 74 (1): 23–41. doi:10.1017/s0021911814001685. S2CID 67841003.
- Major, Andrea (2011). "Tall tales and true: India, historiography and British imperial imaginings". Contemporary South Asia. 19 (3): 331–32. doi:10.1080/09584935.2011.594257. S2CID 145802033.
- Mantena, Rama Sundari. The Origins of Modern Historiography in India: Antiquarianism and Philology (2012)
- Moor-Gilbert, Bart. Writing India, 1757–1990: The Literature of British India (1996) on fiction written in English
- Mukherjee, Soumyen. "Origins of Indian Nationalism: Some Questions on the Historiography of Modern India." Sydney Studies in Society and Culture 13 (2014). online
- Nawaz, Rafida, and Syed Hussain Murtaza. "Impact of Imperial Discourses on Changing Subjectivities in Core and Periphery: A Study of British India and British Nigeria." Perennial Journal of History 2.2 (2021): 114-130. online
- Nayak, Bhabani Shankar. "Colonial world of postcolonial historians: reification, theoreticism, and the neoliberal reinvention of tribal identity in India." Journal of Asian and African Studies 56.3 (2021): 511-532 online.
- Parkash, Jai. "Major trends of historiography of revolutionary movement in India – Phase II." (PhD dissertation, Maharshi Dayanand University, 2013). online
- Philips, Cyril H. ed. Historians of India, Pakistan and Ceylon (1961), reviews the older scholarship
- Stern, Philip J (2009). "History and Historiography of the English East India Company: Past, Present, and Future". History Compass. 7 (4): 1146–80. doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00617.x.
- Stern, Philip J. "Early Eighteenth-Century British India: Antimeridian or antemeridiem?." 'Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 21.2 (2020) pp 1–26, focus on C.A. Bayly, Imperial Meridian online.
- Whitehead, Clive (2005). "The historiography of British imperial education policy, Part I: India". History of Education. 34 (3): 315–329. doi:10.1080/00467600500065340. S2CID 144515505.
- Winks, Robin, ed. Historiography (1999) vol. 5 in William Roger Louis, eds. The Oxford History of the British Empire
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- Young, Richard Fox, ed. (2009). Indian Christian Historiography from Below, from Above, and in Between India and the Indianness of Christianity: Essays on Understanding – Historical, Theological, and Bibliographical – in Honor of Robert Eric Frykenberg
หนังสืออ่านเพิ่ม
- Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy (2015) excerpt pp 55–79.
- Simon Report (1930) vol 1, wide-ranging survey of conditions
- Editors, Charles Rivers (2016). The British Raj: The History and Legacy of Great Britain's Imperialism in India and the Indian subcontinent.
- Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1912). Responsible government in the dominions. The Clarendon press., major primary source
หนังสือประจำรายปีและการบันทึกทางสถิติ
- Indian Year-book for 1862: A review of social, intellectual, and religious progress in India and Ceylon (1863), ed. by John Murdoch online edition 1861 edition
- The Year-book of the Imperial Institute of the United Kingdom, the colonies and India: a statistical record of the resources and trade of the colonial and Indian possessions of the British Empire (2nd ed.), India, 1893, pp. 375–462 – โดยทาง Google Books
- The Imperial Gazetteer of India (26 vol, 1908–31), highly detailed description of all of India in 1901. online edition
- Statistical abstract relating to British India, from 1895–96 to 1904–05 (London, 1906) full text online,
- The Cyclopedia of India: biographical, historical, administrative, commercial (1908) business history, biographies, illustrations
- The Indian Year Book: 1914 (1914)
- The Indian Annual Register: A digest of public affairs of India regarding the nation's activities in the matters, political, economic, industrial, educational, etc. during the period 1919–1947 online
- 1930 edition
- 1921 edition
- 1919–1947 editions
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was inaugurated as the capital of the Raj in February 1931 kxnhnayukhbritichrach xngkvsidpkkhrxngbrrdadinaedninxnuthwipxinediyphanbristhxinediytawnxxkkwarxypi sungbristhnimikxngeruxaelakxngthharepnkhxngtnexng karpkkhrxngodybristhidsinsudlngemuxmikartraphrarachbyytirthbalxinediy kh s 1858 inkarni smedcphrarachininathwiktxeriyidsthapnaphraxngkhepnckrphrrdininathaehngxinediy thrngsngkhunnangippkkhrxngxinediyintaaehnngxuprachaelakhahlwngtangphraxngkh txmaphayhlngsngkhramolkkhrngthisxng kidmikaraebngxinediyaebngxxkepnsxngpraethsinekhruxckrphphkhuxxinediy praethsxinediyinpccubn aelapakisthan praethspakisthanaelapraethsbngklaethsinpccubn swnphmannidaeyktwxxkcakrthbalbritichxinediyinpi kh s 1937 aelarthbalshrachxanackrpkkhrxngodytrngtngaetbdnn britichrachprakxbipdwydinaednthiepnpraethsxinediyaelabngklaethsinpccubn xikthngyngmiexedn 1839 1937 phmatxnbn 1885 1937 aelaphmatxnlang 1853 1937 1884 98 1892 1947 bahern 1861 1947 katar 1916 47 khuewt 1899 1947 rththruechiyl 1820 1947 aela setrtsestethilemnt 1826 67 nxkcakni britichrachyngmiekhtxanacthungdinaedninpkkhrxngxngkvsintawnxxkklang engintrarupixinediyichknxyangaephrhlayinxnuthwipxinediy xyangirktam inbrrdadinaedninbngkhbkhxngxngkvsehlani britichsilxn praethssrilngkainpccubn mithanaepnkhrawnokholnithiimkhunkbrthbalxuprachaehngxinediy rachxanackrenpalaelaphutan aemmikhwamkhdaeyngkbshrachxanackr aetklngnamthasnthisyyaknaelaidrbkaryxmrbinthanarthexkrachaelaimichswnhnungkhxngbritichrach rachxanackrsikkhimidrbkartngihepnrthrachwngshlngkarlngnaminsnthisyyaxngkvs sikkhiminpi 1862 xyangirktam imekhymikartklnginpraednwadwykhwammixthipity mldifsepnrthinxarkkhakhxngbrietntngaetpi 1867 thungpi 1965 sungimichswnhnunginbritichrach ehriyythxnghnungomxur ethakb 15 ehriyyenginrupi epnengintrathiichinbritichrachtlxdcninenpalaelaxfkanisthanbritichxinediyaelarthmharachaxinediyinyukhkhxngbritichrach prakxbdwydinaednsxngpraephth khux britichxinediy pkkhrxngaelabriharodyrthbalklang kb rthphunemuxng rthmharacha pkkhrxngodyecaxinediyaetbriharodyrthbalklang thngniinmatra 18 khxngphrarachbyyticakdkhwam kh s 1889 Interpretation Act byytiiwwa 4 khawa britichxinediy nnhmaythungdinaednaelasthanthithngpwnginaephndinaewnaekhwninsmedc sungkhnanixyuinpkkhrxngodysmedcphanthangkhahlwngtangphraxngkhaehngxinediy hruxphankhahlwnghruxecaphnknganxunidxnkhunkbkhahlwngtangphraxngkhaehngxinediy 5 khawa xinediy nnhmaythungbritichxinediyphrxmdwydinaednkhxngbrrdaecahruxphunaphunemuxngphayitphrarachxanacinsmedc sungthrngbriharphankhahlwngtangphraxngkhaehngxinediy hruxphankhahlwnghruxecaphnknganxunidxnkhunkbkhahlwngtangphraxngkhaehngxinediy odythwip khawa britichxinediy nnichephuxsuxthungxnuthwipxinediyphayitkarpkkhrxngkhxngbristhxinediytawnxxkrahwang kh s 1600 thung 1858 nxkcakyngkhawabritichxinediy yngichsuxthungchawxngkvsinxinediydwy swnkhawa ckrwrrdixinediy nnepnkhathiimichinsarbbkdhmay aetenuxngcakkstriyxngkvsthrngpkkhrxngxinediyinphraxisriyys ckrphrrdiaehngxinediy dngnnewlakstriyxngkvsmiphrarachdarsipyngrthsphacungmkcaeriykxinediywa ckrwrrdixinediy thngni hnngsuxedinthangthixxkodyrthbalbritichxinediynn praktkhawa Indian Empire bnpk aelapraktkhawa Empire of India xyudanin nxkcakniyngmikarsthapnaekhruxngrachxisriyaphrnthimichuxwa dwy mnthlkhnadihy inchwngepliynphansukhriststwrrsthi 20 britichxinediyprakxbdwymnthlthngsin 8 mnthl sungmnthlehlannidrbkarpkkhrxngodyphuwarachkar hruxrxngphuwarachkar ekhtkarpkkhrxngaelaprachakr imrwmrthphunemuxng inpraman kh s 1907 mnthl aeladinaedninpccubn phunthirwm prachakrpi 1901 lankhn rthxssm rthxrunaclpraeths rthemkhaly rthmiosrm rthnakhaaelnd 130 000 tarangkiolemtr 50 000 tarangiml 6 praethsbngklaeths rthebngkxltawntk rthphihar rthcharkhnth aelarthoxthisa 390 000 tarangkiolemtr 150 000 tarangiml 75 aekhwnsinth aelabangswnkhxngrthmharastra rthkhuchrat aelarthkrnatka 320 000 tarangkiolemtr 120 000 tarangiml 19phma praethsphma 440 000 tarangkiolemtr 170 000 tarangiml 9 rthmthypraeths aelabangswnkhxngrthmharastra rthchttiskhrh aelarthoxthisa 270 000 tarangkiolemtr 100 000 tarangiml 13 rthxanthrpraeths rththmilnathu aelabangswnkhxngrthekrla rthkrnatka rthoxthisa aelarthetlngkhana 370 000 tarangkiolemtr 140 000 tarangiml 38 aekhwnpycab dinaednnkhrhlwngxislamabad rthpycab rthhryana rthhimaclpraeths rthchttiskhrh aeladinaednnkhrhlwngaehngchatiedli 250 000 tarangkiolemtr 97 000 tarangiml 20 rthxuttrpraethsaelarthxuttrakhnth 280 000 tarangkiolemtr 110 000 tarangiml 48 inchwngkhxngkaraebngebngkxl kh s 1905 1913 mnthlxssmaelaebngkxltawnxxkidrbkarkxtngkhuninthanaekhtphuaethnphraxngkh in kh s 1911 mnthlebngkxltawnxxk thukrwmkbmnthlebngkxlxikkhrng aelamnthlihmthangtawnxxkidklayipepnmnthlxssm ebngkxl phihar aelaoxthisathngthiekiywkhxngthngckrwrrdixinediy epnthngxyangimepnthangkar thngnawi thngkhahlwngtangphraxngkhhmayehtuxangxingInterpretation Act 1889 52 amp 53 Vict c 63 s 18 Calcutta Kalikata The Imperial Gazetteer of India vol IX Bomjur to Central India Published under the Authority of His Majesty s Secretary of State for India in Council Oxford at the Clarendon Press 1908 p 260 Capital of the Indian Empire situated in 22 34 N and 88 22 E on the east or left bank of the Hooghly river within the Twenty four Parganas District Bengal Simla Town The Imperial Gazetteer of India vol XXII Samadhiala to Singhana Published under the Authority of His Majesty s Secretary of State for India in Council Oxford at the Clarendon Press 1908 p 260 Head quarters of Simla District Punjab and the summer capital of the Government of India situated on a transverse spur of the Central Himalayan system system in 31 6 N and 77 10 E at a mean elevation above sea level of 7 084 feet Vejdani Farzin 2015 Making History in Iran Education Nationalism and Print Culture Stanford CA Stanford University Press pp 24 25 ISBN 978 0 8047 9153 3 Although the official languages of administration in India shifted from Persian to English and Urdu in 1837 Persian continued to be taught and read there through the early twentieth century Everaert Christine 2010 Tracing the Boundaries between Hindi and Urdu Leiden and Boston BRILL pp 253 254 ISBN 978 90 04 17731 4 It was only in 1837 that Persian lost its position as official language of India to Urdu and to English in the higher levels of administration Hirst Jacqueline Suthren Zavros John 2011 Religious Traditions in Modern South Asia London and New York Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 44787 4 As the Mughal empire began to decline in the mid eighteenth century some of these regional administrations assumed a greater degree of power Amongst these was the East India Company a British trading company established by Royal Charter of Elizabeth I of England in 1600 The Company gradually expanded its influence in South Asia in the first instance through coastal trading posts at Surat Madras and Calcutta The British expanded their influence winning political control of Bengal and Bihar after the Battle of Plassey in 1757 From here the Company expanded its influence dramatically across the subcontinent By 1857 it had direct control over much of the region The great rebellion of that year however demonstrated the limitations of this commercial company s ability to administer these vast territories and in 1858 the Company was effectively nationalized with the British Crown assuming administrative control Hence began the period known as the British Raj which ended in 1947 with the partition of the subcontinent into the independent nation states of India and Pakistan Salomone Rosemary 2022 The Rise of English Global Politics and the Power of Language Oxford University Press p 236 ISBN 978 0 19 062561 0 Between 1858 when the British East India Company transferred power to British Crown rule the British Raj and 1947 when India gained independence English gradually developed into the language of government and education It allowed the Raj to maintain control by creating an elite gentry schooled in British mores primed to participate in public life and loyal to the Crown Steinback Susie L 2012 Understanding the Victorians Politics Culture and Society in Nineteenth Century Britain London and New York Routledge p 68 ISBN 978 0 415 77408 6 The rebellion was put down by the end of 1858 The British government passed the Government of India Act and began direct Crown rule This era was referred to as the British Raj though in practice much remained the same Ahmed Omar 2015 Studying Indian Cinema Auteur now an imprint of Liverpool University Press p 221 ISBN 9781800347380 The film opens with what is a lengthy prologue contextualising the time and place through a detailed voice over by Amitabh Bachchan We are told that the year is 1893 This is significant as it was the height of the British Raj a period of crown rule lasting from 1858 to 1947 Wright Edmund 2015 A Dictionary of World History Oxford University Press p 537 ISBN 978 0 19 968569 1 More than 500 Indian kingdoms and principalities existed during the British Raj period 1858 1947 The rule is also called Crown rule in India Fair C Christine 2014 Fighting to the End The Pakistan Army s Way of War Oxford University Press p 61 ISBN 978 0 19 989270 9 by 1909 the Government of India reflecting on 50 years of Crown rule after the rebellion could boast that Glanville Luke 2013 Sovereignty and the Responsibility to Protect A New History University of Chicago Press p 120 ISBN 978 0 226 07708 6 Quote Mill who was himself employed by the British East India company from the age of seventeen until the British government assumed direct rule over India in 1858 Pykett Lyn 2006 Wilkie Collins Oxford World s Classics Authors in Context Oxford University Press p 160 ISBN 978 0 19 284034 9 In part the Mutiny was a reaction against this upheavel of traditional Indian society The suppression of the Mutiny after a year of fighting was followed by the break up of the East India Company the exile of the deposed emperor and the establishment of the British Raj and direct rule of the Indian subcontinent by the British Lowe Lisa 2015 The Intimacies of Four Continents Duke University Press p 71 ISBN 978 0 8223 7564 7 Company rule in India lasted effectively from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 until 1858 when following the 1857 Indian Rebellion the British Crown assumed direct colonial rule of India in the new British Raj Vanderven Elizabeth 2019 National Education Systems Asia in Rury John L Tamura Eileen H b k The Oxford Handbook of the History of Education Oxford University Press p 213 227 222 ISBN 978 0 19 934003 3 During the British East India Company s domination of the Indian subcontinent 1757 1858 and the subsequent British Raj 1858 1947 it was Western style education that came to be promoted by many as the base upon which a national and uniform education system should be built Lapidus Ira M 2014 A History of Islamic Societies 3 ed Cambridge University Press p 393 ISBN 978 0 521 51430 9 Table 14 Muslim India outline chronology Mughal Empire 1526 1858 Akbar I 1556 1605 Aurengzeb 1658 1707 British victory at Plassey 1757 Britain becomes paramount power 1818 British Raj 1858 1947 Bowen H V Mancke Elizabeth Reid John G 2012 Britain s Oceanic Empire Atlantic and Indian Ocean Worlds C 1550 1850 Cambridge University Press p 106 ISBN 978 1 107 02014 6 Quote British India meanwhile was itself the powerful metropolis of its own colonial empire the Indian empire British Empire Relations with Bhutan British Empire Relations with Nepal khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 2013 02 10 subkhnemux 2016 12 23 Imperial Gazetteer of India vol IV 1909 p 46brrnanukrmaehlngxangxingekiywkbdankarsarwc Allan J T Wolseley Haig H H Dodwell The Cambridge Shorter History of India 1934 996 pp Bandhu Deep Chand History of Indian National Congress 2003 405pp Bandyopadhyay Sekhar 2004 From Plassey to Partition A History of Modern India Orient Longman Pp xx 548 ISBN 978 81 250 2596 2 1990 Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire The New Cambridge History of India Cambridge and London Cambridge University Press Pp 248 ISBN 978 0 521 38650 0 2003 Modern South Asia History Culture Political Economy 2nd ed Routledge ISBN 0 415 30787 2 1994 First published 1984 Modern India The Origins of an Asian Democracy Oxford University Press Pp xiii 474 ISBN 978 0 19 873113 9 2004 Modern South Asia History Culture Political Economy 2nd ed Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 30787 1 Chhabra G S 2005 First published 1971 Advanced Study in the History of Modern India vol III 1920 1947 Revised ed New Delhi Lotus Press p 2 ISBN 978 81 89093 08 2 Copland Ian 2001 India 1885 1947 The Unmaking of an Empire Seminar Studies in History Series Harlow and London Pearson Longmans Pp 160 ISBN 978 0 582 38173 5 Coupland Reginald India A Re Statement Oxford University Press 1945 Dodwell H H ed The Cambridge History of India Volume 6 The Indian Empire 1858 1918 With Chapters on the Development of Administration 1818 1858 1932 660 pp online edition also published as vol 5 of the Cambridge History of the British Empire Gilmour David The British in India A Social History of the Raj 2018 expanded edition of The Ruling Caste Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj 2007 Excerpt and text search Herbertson A J and O J R Howarth eds The Oxford Survey Of The British Empire 6 vol 1914 online vol 2 on Asia pp 1 328 on India James Lawrence Raj The Making and Unmaking of British India 2000 Judd Denis 2004 The Lion and the Tiger The Rise and Fall of the British Raj 1600 1947 Oxford and New York Oxford University Press Pp xiii 280 ISBN 978 0 19 280358 0 Louis William Roger and Judith M Brown eds The Oxford History of the British Empire 5 vol 1999 2001 with numerous articles on the Raj 1993 Eclipse of Empire Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 45754 5 Ludden David E 2002 India And South Asia A Short History Oxford Oneworld ISBN 978 1 85168 237 9 Majumdar Ramesh Chandra Raychaudhuri Hemchandra Datta Kalikinkar 1950 An advanced history of India Majumdar R C ed 1970 British paramountcy and Indian renaissance Bombay Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Mansingh Surjit The A to Z of India 2010 a concise historical encyclopaedia 2001 The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire 400 pp Cambridge and London Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 00254 7 Markovits Claude 2004 A History of Modern India 1480 1950 Anthem Press ISBN 978 1 84331 004 4 2006 A Concise History of Modern India Cambridge Concise Histories Cambridge and New York Cambridge University Press Pp xxxiii 372 ISBN 978 0 521 68225 1 Moon Penderel The British Conquest and Dominion of India 2 vol 1989 1235pp the fullest scholarly history of political and military events from a British top down perspective Oldenburg Philip 2007 India Movement for Freedom Encarta Encyclopedia khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 31 October 2009 1953 Asia and Western dominance 1498 1945 by K M Panikkar London G Allen and Unwin Peers Douglas M 2006 India under Colonial Rule 1700 1885 Harlow and London Pearson Longmans Pp xvi 163 ISBN 978 0 582 31738 3 Riddick John F The history of British India a chronology 2006 excerpt and text search covers 1599 1947 Riddick John F Who Was Who in British India 1998 covers 1599 1947 Robb Peter 2002 A History of India Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 0 230 34549 2 2004 First published 1983 Modern India 1885 1947 Delhi Macmillan ISBN 978 0 333 90425 1 Smith Vincent A 1958 The Oxford History of India 3rd ed the Raj section was written by Somervell D C The Reign of King George V 1936 covers Raj 1910 35 pp 80 84 282 91 455 64 online free 1990 First published 1965 A History of India Volume 2 New Delhi and London Penguin Books Pp 298 ISBN 978 0 14 013836 8 2001 First published 1998 A History of India Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 565446 2 2010 First published 1998 A History of India 2nd ed John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 1 4443 2351 1 Thompson Edward and G T Garratt Rise and Fulfilment of British Rule in India 1934 690 pages scholarly survey 1599 1933 excerpt and text search 2004 A New History of India 7th ed Oxford and New York Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 516677 4 Wolpert Stanley ed Encyclopedia of India 4 vol 2005 comprehensive coverage by scholars Wolpert Stanley A 2006 Shameful Flight The Last Years of the British Empire in India Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 539394 1 aehlngxangxingthiidrbkarsuksaepnphiess Baker David 1993 Colonialism in an Indian Hinterland The Central Provinces 1820 1920 Delhi Oxford University Press Pp xiii 374 ISBN 978 0 19 563049 7 2000 Empire and Information Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India 1780 1870 Cambridge Studies in Indian History and Society Cambridge University Press Pp 426 ISBN 978 0 521 66360 1 Harper Timothy 2005 Forgotten Armies The Fall of British Asia 1941 1945 Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 01748 1 subkhnemux 22 September 2013 Harper Timothy 2007 Forgotten Wars Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 02153 2 subkhnemux 21 September 2013 Bayly Christopher Alan Imperial Meridian The British Empire and the World 1780 1830 Routledge 2016 1916 Some Aspects of British Rule in India Studies in the Social Sciences vol V Iowa City The University pp 79 81 Bosma Ulbe 2011 Emigration Colonial circuits between Europe and Asia in the 19th and early 20th century EGO European History Online Mainz Institute of European History retrieved March 25 2021 pdf Brown Judith M Gandhi Prisoner of Hope 1991 scholarly biography Brown Judith M Louis Wm Roger b k 2001 Oxford History of the British Empire The Twentieth Century Oxford University Press pp 800 ISBN 978 0 19 924679 3 Buckland C E Dictionary of Indian Biography 1906 495 pp full text Carrington Michael May 2013 Officers Gentlemen and Murderers Lord Curzon s campaign against collisions between Indians and Europeans 1899 1905 Modern Asian Studies 47 3 780 819 doi 10 1017 S0026749X12000686 S2CID 147335168 1998 Imperial Power and Popular Politics Class Resistance and the State in India 1850 1950 Cambridge Studies in Indian History amp Society Cambridge University Press Pp 400 ISBN 978 0 521 59692 3 Chatterji Joya 1993 Bengal Divided Hindu Communalism and Partition 1932 1947 Cambridge University Press Pp 323 ISBN 978 0 521 52328 8 Copland Ian 2002 Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire 1917 1947 Cambridge Studies in Indian History amp Society Cambridge University Press Pp 316 ISBN 978 0 521 89436 4 Das Manmath Nath 1964 India under Morley and Minto politics behind revolution repression and reforms G Allen and Unwin ISBN 9780049540026 2001 Verso Books ISBN 978 1 85984 739 8 Dewey Clive Anglo Indian Attitudes The Mind of the Indian Civil Service 2003 Ewing Ann Administering India The Indian Civil Service History Today June 1982 32 6 pp 43 48 covers 1858 1947 Fieldhouse David 1996 For Richer for Poorer in Marshall P J b k The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire Cambridge Cambridge University Press Pp 400 pp 108 146 ISBN 978 0 521 00254 7 Gilmartin David 1988 Empire and Islam Punjab and the Making of Pakistan University of California Press 258 pages ISBN 978 0 520 06249 8 Gilmour David Curzon Imperial Statesman 2006 excerpt and text search Gopal Sarvepalli British Policy in India 1858 1905 2008 Gopal Sarvepalli 1976 Jawaharlal Nehru A Biography Harvard U Press ISBN 978 0 674 47310 2 subkhnemux 21 February 2012 Gopal Sarvepalli Viceroyalty of Lord Irwin 1926 1931 1957 Gopal Sarvepalli 1953 The Viceroyalty of Lord Ripon 1880 1884 Oxford U Press subkhnemux 21 February 2012 Gould William 2004 Hindu Nationalism and the Language of Politics in Late Colonial India Cambridge U Press Pp 320 2007 The Great El Nino of 1789 93 and its Global Consequences Reconstructing an Extreme Climate Even in World Environmental History The Medieval History Journal 10 1 amp 2 75 98 doi 10 1177 097194580701000203 1885 51009 S2CID 162783898 Hall Matthews David November 2008 Inaccurate Conceptions Disputed Measures of Nutritional Needs and Famine Deaths in Colonial India Modern Asian Studies 42 6 1189 1212 doi 10 1017 S0026749X07002892 S2CID 146232991 Headrick Daniel R 1988 The tentacles of progress technology transfer in the age of imperialism 1850 1940 Hyam Ronald 2007 Britain s Declining Empire The Road to Decolonisation 1918 1968 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 86649 1 Imperial Gazetteer of India vol III 1907 The Indian Empire Economic Chapter X Famine pp 475 502 Published under the authority of His Majesty s Secretary of State for India in Council Oxford at the Clarendon Press Pp xxx 1 map 552 The Imperial Gazetteer of India vol IV The Indian Empire Administrative Oxford Clarendon Press 1909 1993 The Sole Spokesman Jinnah the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan Cambridge U Press 334 pages Kaminsky Arnold P The India Office 1880 1910 1986 excerpt and text search focus on officials in London Khan Yasmin 2007 The Great Partition The Making of India and Pakistan Yale U Press 250 pages ISBN 978 0 300 12078 3 Khan Yasmin India At War The Subcontinent and the Second World War 2015 wide ranging scholarly survey excerpt also published as Khan Yasmin The Raj At War A People s History Of India s Second World War 2015 a major comprehensive scholarly study Klein Ira July 2000 Materialism Mutiny and Modernization in British India Modern Asian Studies 34 3 545 80 doi 10 1017 S0026749X00003656 JSTOR 313141 S2CID 143348610 Koomar Roy Basanta 2009 The Labor Revolt in India BiblioBazaar LLC pp 13 14 ISBN 978 1 113 34966 8 Kumar Deepak Science and the Raj A Study of British India 2006 Lipsett Chaldwell Lord Curzon in India 1898 1903 1903 excerpt and text search 128pp 2002 Britain and Indian Nationalism The Imprint of Ambiguity 1929 1942 Cambridge University Press Pp 374 ISBN 978 0 521 89261 2 MacMillan Margaret Women of the Raj The Mothers Wives and Daughters of the British Empire in India 2007 1991 The Aftermath of Revolt India 1857 1870 Riverdale Co Pub Pp 352 ISBN 978 81 85054 99 5 1997 Ideologies of the Raj Cambridge University Press Pp 256 ISBN 978 0 521 58937 6 Moore Robin J 2001a Imperial India 1858 1914 in Porter Andrew N b k Oxford History of the British Empire vol III The Nineteenth Century pp 422 46 ISBN 978 0 19 924678 6 Moore Robin J India in the 1940s in Robin Winks ed Oxford History of the British Empire Historiography 2001b pp 231 42 Nehru Jawaharlal 1946 Discovery of India Delhi Oxford University Press Porter Andrew b k 2001 Oxford History of the British Empire Nineteenth Century Oxford University Press Pp 800 ISBN 978 0 19 924678 6 Raghavan Srinath India s War World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia 2016 wide ranging scholarly survey excerpt 2008 England s Debt to India A Historical Narrative of Britain s Fiscal Policy in India BiblioBazaar LLC pp 263 281 ISBN 978 0 559 80001 6 2010 Constructing Pakistan Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity 1857 1947 Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 547811 2 Ramusack Barbara 2004 The Indian Princes and their States The New Cambridge History of India Cambridge University Press Pp 324 ISBN 978 0 521 03989 5 Read Anthony and David Fisher The Proudest Day India s Long Road to Independence W W Norton 1999 Archive org borrowable Riddick John F The History of British India A Chronology 2006 excerpt Riddick John F Who Was Who in British India 1998 5000 entries excerpt Shaikh Farzana 1989 Community and Consensus in Islam Muslim Representation in Colonial India 1860 1947 Cambridge University Press Pp 272 ISBN 978 0 521 36328 0 Talbot Ian Singh Gurharpal b k 1999 Region and Partition Bengal Punjab and the Partition of the Subcontinent Oxford University Press Pp 420 ISBN 978 0 19 579051 1 Thatcher Mary Respected Memsahibs an Anthology Hardinge Simpole 2008 Tinker Hugh October 1968 India in the First World War and after Journal of Contemporary History 3 4 1918 19 From War to Peace 89 107 doi 10 1177 002200946800300407 JSTOR 259853 S2CID 150456443 Voigt Johannes India in The Second World War 1988 Wainwright A Martin 1993 Inheritance of Empire Britain India and the Balance of Power in Asia 1938 55 Praeger Publishers Pp xvi 256 ISBN 978 0 275 94733 0 Wolpert Stanley A 2007 India British Imperial Power 1858 1947 Indian nationalism and the British response 1885 1920 Prelude to Independence 1920 1947 Encyclopaedia Britannica Wolpert Stanley A Jinnah of Pakistan 2005 Wolpert Stanley A Tilak and Gokhale revolution and reform in the making of modern India 1962 full text online aehlngxangxingekiywkbdanesrsthkicaelaprawtisastrsngkhm Anstey Vera The economic development of India 4th ed 1952 677pp thorough scholarly coverage focus on 20th century down to 1939 Ballhatchet Kenneth Race Sex and Class under the Raj Imperial Attitudes and Policies and Their Critics 1793 1905 1980 Chaudhary Latika et al eds A New Economic History of Colonial India 2015 Derbyshire I D 1987 Economic Change and the Railways in North India 1860 1914 Population Studies 21 3 521 45 doi 10 1017 s0026749x00009197 JSTOR 312641 S2CID 146480332 Chaudhuri Nupur Imperialism and Gender in Encyclopedia of European Social History edited by Peter N Stearns vol 1 2001 pp 515 521 online emphasis on Raj Dutt Romesh C The Economic History of India under early British Rule 1901 The Economic History of India in the Victorian Age 1906 online Gupta Charu ed Gendering Colonial India Reforms Print Caste and Communalism 2012 Hyam Ronald Empire and Sexuality The British Experience 1990 Kumar Dharma Desai Meghnad 1983 The Cambridge Economic History of India vol 2 c 1757 c 1970 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 22802 2 Lockwood David The Indian Bourgeoisie A Political History of the Indian Capitalist Class in the Early Twentieth Century I B Tauris 2012 315 pages focus on Indian entrepreneurs who benefited from the Raj but ultimately sided with the Indian National Congress O Dell Benjamin D 2014 Beyond Bengal Gender Education And The Writing Of Colonial Indian History PDF Victorian Literature and Culture 42 3 535 551 doi 10 1017 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