เอสเธอร์ (อังกฤษ: Esther, /ˈɛstər/; ฮีบรู: אֶסְתֵּר, อักษรโรมัน: 'Estēr; พระนามเดิม ฮาดาชาห์) เป็นวีรสตรีในหนังสือเอสเธอร์ซึ่งมีชื่อตามพระนามของพระองค์ เรื่องราวในหนังสือเอสเธอร์เล่าเรื่องราวที่ อาหสุเอรัสกษัตริย์ชาวเปอร์เซียแห่งจักรวรรดิอะคีเมนิดตกหลุมรักเอสเธอร์หญิงรูปงามชาวยิวแล้วตั้งให้เป็นราชินีฮามานขุนนางผู้ใหญ่ของกษัตริย์เปอร์เซียไม่พอใจโมรเดคัยที่เป็นลูกพี่ลูกน้องและผู้อุปถัมป์ของเอสเธอร์เพราะโมรเดคัยไม่ยอมกราบแสดงความเคารพฮามาน ฮามานวางแผนจะให้ชาวยิวทั้งหมดในเปอร์เซียถูกฆ่า จึงทูลโน้มน้าวอาหสุเอรัสให้ทรงออกพระราชกฤษฎีกาให้กวาดล้างชาวยิว แต่เอสเธอร์ขัดขวางแผนการของฮามานโดยเปิดเผยแผนของฮามานต่ออาหสุเอรัส อาหสุเอรัสจึงทรงสั่งประหารชีวิตฮามานและออกพระราชกฤษฎีกาใหม่อนุญาตให้ชาวยิวสามารถสังหารศัตรูเพื่อปกป้องตัวเองได้
เอสเธอร์ | |
---|---|
אֶסְתֵּר | |
ราชินีเอสเธอร์ (ค.ศ. 1879) โดย | |
เกิด | ฮาดาชาห์ (הדסה) จักรวรรดิอะคีเมนิด |
ตำแหน่ง | ราชินีแห่งเปอร์เซียและมีเดีย |
คู่สมรส | อาหสุเอรัสแห่งเปอร์เซีย |
บิดามารดา |
|
หนังสือเอสเธอร์ให้คำอธิบายเกี่ยวกับที่มาของธรรมเนียมการฉลองเทศกาล ซึ่งเฉลิมฉลองในวันเดียวกันกับที่พระราชกฤษฎีกาจากการทูลเสนอของฮามานมีผลบังคับใช้ ซึ่งในวันนั้นชาวยิวได้สังหารศัตรูของพวกเตนหลังแผนการของฮามานถูกเปิดเผย ตั้งแต่คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1890 นักวิชาการส่วนใหญ่ "เห็นพ้องกันที่จะเห็นว่า[หนังสือ]เอสเธอร์มีฐานะเป็นเรื่องปรัมปราหรือพิธีกรรมที่อิงประวัติศาสตร์" และโดยทั่วไปสรุปว่าเทศกาลปูริมมีต้นกำเนิดมาจากเรื่องปรัมปราหรือของหรือเปอร์เซีย (แม้ยังเป็นที่ถกเถียงว่ามาจากของบาบิโลเนียหรือของเปอร์เซีย)
หนังสือเอสเธอร์ปรากฏใน 2 รูปแบบ ได้แก่ รูปแบบขนาดสั้นจากคัมภีร์ในศาสนายูดาห์และคัมภีร์ไบเบิลของนิกายโปรเตสแตนต์ กับรูปแบบขนาดยาวจากคัมภีร์ภาษากรีกคอยนีในคัมภีร์ไบเบิลของนิกายและอีสเทิร์นออร์ทอดอกซ์
อ้างอิง
- Solle 2006, p. 107.
- "Esther 7:2". www.sefaria.org.
- Moore, Carey A. (1971). Esther. Doubleday. See section “The Non-Jewish Origins of Purim.” Pages 46-49. “Esther's canonical status may have been opposed by those Jews who saw the book as a defense for a Jewish festival which, as its very name suggests (*the pûr [that is, the lot]", iii 7; see also ix 26), was non-Jewish in origin. Certainly modern scholars have felt the explanation for Purim's name in ix 26 to be strained and unconvincing. Moreover, the ‘secular" character of the feast suggests a pagan origin, that is, no prayers or sacrifices are specified, but drinking to the point of excess is permitted in the Talmud, Megilla 7b… pûrim is a hebraized form of a Babylonian word...Efforts to identify Purim with an earlier Jewish or Greek festival have been neither common nor convincing, and ever since the 1890s, when Heinrich Zimmern and Peter Jensen equated Mordecai and Esther with the Babylonian gods and Ishtar, and Haman and with the gods Humman and Mashti, a Babylonian origin for Purim has been popular. Though scholars like Jensen, Zimmem, Hugo Winckler, Bruno Meissner and others have each picked a different Babylonian myth or festival as the prototype for Purim, namely, the , the Babylonian Creation Story, the -Ishtar Myth, and the Feast, respectively, they all agreed in seeing Esther as a historicized myth or ritual. More recently, however, a Persian origin for Purim has been gaining support among scholars.”
- Moore, Carey A. “Esther, Book of,” ed. David Noel Freedman, The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 637-638 “Certainly a pagan origin for Purim would also help to explain the "secular" way in which it was to be celebrated, i.e., with uninhibited and even inebriated behavior (cf. above Meg. 7b). Then too, a pagan origin for the festival would also help to explain the absence of various religious elements in the story…. But even more recently scholars are again looking to Palestine for the origin of the festival… Its Lack of Historicity: [R]are is the 20th-century scholar who accepts the story at face value.”
- Hahn & Mitch 2019, p. 71.
บรรณานุกรม
- Baskins, Cristelle L. (1995) [First published 1993]. "Typology, sexuality and the Renaissance Esther". ใน Turner, James (บ.ก.). Sexuality and Gender in Early Modern Europe: Institutions, Texts, Images. . pp. 31–54. ISBN .
- ; Pitre, Brant (2018). A Catholic Introduction to the Bible: The Old Testament. . ISBN .
- Browning, W. R. F., บ.ก. (2009). "Ahasuerus". A Dictionary of the Bible (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199543984.001.0001. ISBN .
- Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (2007). The New Oxford Annotated Bible. Oxford University Press. ISBN .
- (November 1996). "Has 'Esther' been found at Qumran? 4QProto-Esther and the 'Esther' corpus". Revue de Qumrân. 17 (1/4): 307–325. JSTOR 24610146.
- Crawford, Sidnie White (2003). "Esther". ใน Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (บ.ก.). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN .
- Dalley, Stephanie (2007). Esther's Revenge at Susa: From Sennacherib to Ahasuerus. . ISBN .
- "Esther", LXX, EC Marsh.
- "Esther Before Ahasuerus (Tintoretto)". Metropolitan Museum of Art. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 August 2019.
- Fox, Michael V. (2010). Character and Ideology in the Book of Esther (2nd ed.). . ISBN .
- Hahn, Scott; Mitch, Curtis (2019). Tobit, Judith, and Esther. . ISBN .
- Harris, Stephen; Platzner, Robert (2007). The Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible. McGraw-Hill Education. p. 375. ISBN .
- Hirsch, Emil G.; Prince, John Dyneley; Schechter, Solomon (1936). "Esther (Hebrew, אֶסְתֵּר; Greek, Εσθήρ)". Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Co.
- Howard, David M. Jr. (2007). An Introduction to the Old Testament Historical Books. . ISBN .
- (2008). "Appendix 1: Afro-Asiatic". ใน Woodard, Roger D. (บ.ก.). The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia. . pp. 225–246. ISBN .
- Johnson, Sara Raup (2005). Historical Fictions and Hellenistic Jewish Identity. University of California Press. ISBN .
- Kalimi, Isaac (2023). The Book of Esther between Judaism and Christianity. . ISBN .
- Koller, Aaron (2014). Esther in Ancient Jewish Thought. . ISBN .
- (2010). Women of the Old Testament. . pp. 175–176. ISBN .
- Leith, Mary Joan Winn (2011). "Esther". ใน (บ.ก.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Books of the Bible. . pp. 252–261. ISBN .
- Levenson, Jon D. (1997). Esther: A Commentary. Westminster John Knox. ISBN .
- Littman, Robert J. (January 1975). "The Religious Policy of Xerxes and the Book of Esther". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 65 (3): 145–155. doi:10.2307/1454354. JSTOR 1454354.
- Macchi, Jean-Daniel (2019). Esther. . ISBN .
- McDonald, Lee Martin (2006). The Biblical Canon: Its Origin, Transmission, and Authority. . ISBN .
- McKenzie, John L. (1995). The Dictionary Of The Bible. Simon and Schuster. ISBN .
- Meyers, Carol (2007). "Esther". ใน Barton, John; Muddiman, John (บ.ก.). The Oxford Bible Commentary. . pp. 324–330. ISBN .
- (1992). "Les modèles Araméens du Livre d'Esther dans la Grotte 4 de Qumrān". Revue de Qumrân. 15 (3/59): 321–406. JSTOR 24609021.
- Miller, Tricia (2015). Jews and Anti-Judaism in Esther and the Church. . ISBN .
- Polish, Daniel F. (1999-09-01). "Aspects of Esther: A Phenomenological Exploration of the Megillah of Esther and the Origins of Purim". Journal for the Study of the Old Testament (ภาษาอังกฤษแบบอเมริกัน). 24 (85): 85–106. doi:10.1177/030908929902408505. ISSN 0309-0892. S2CID 143019872.
- Phillips, E. A. (2008). "Esther 6: Person". ใน ; Enns, Peter (บ.ก.). Dictionary of the Old Testament: Wisdom, Poetry & Writings: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship. . pp. 188–193. ISBN .
- Schaalje, Jacqueline (June 2001). "Ancient synagogues in Bar'am and Capernaum". .
- Silverstein, Adam J. (2014). "The Samaritan Version of the Esther Story". ใน Ahmed, Asad Q.; Sadeghi, Behnam; Hoyland, Robert G.; Silverstein, Adam (บ.ก.). Islamic Cultures, Islamic Contexts: Essays in Honor of Professor Patricia Crone. . pp. 551–564. ISBN .
- Silverstein, Adam J. (2018). Veiling Esther, Unveiling Her Story: The Reception of a Biblical Book in Islamic Lands. . ISBN .
- Solle, Dorothee (2006). Great Women of the Bible: In Art and Literature. Fortress Press. p. 107. ISBN .
- Soomekh, Saba (2012). From the Shahs to Los Angeles: Three Generations of Iranian Jewish Women between Religion and Culture. . ISBN .
- Testen, David (October 1998). "Semitic Terms for 'Myrtle': A Study in Covert". . 57 (4): 281–290. doi:10.1086/468653. JSTOR 545452. S2CID 161499240.
- Tidball, Dianne (2001). Esther, a True First Lady: A Post-Feminist Icon in a Secular World. . ISBN .
- Tucker, Gene M. (2004) [First published 1993]. "Esther, The Book of". ใน Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (บ.ก.). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195046458.001.0001. ISBN .
- Vahidmanesh, Parvaneh (5 May 2010). . Payvand. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 29 June 2011. สืบค้นเมื่อ 1 January 2012.
- Vanderkam, James; Flint, Peter. The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls. p. 182.
- Whitaker, Lucy; Clayton, Martin (2007). The Art of Italy in the Royal Collection; Renaissance and Baroque. Royal Collection Publications. ISBN .
- (October 1940 – January 1941). "The Subject of Botticelli's 'Derelitta'". . 4 (1/2): 114–117. doi:10.2307/750127. JSTOR 750127. S2CID 192310493.
- (1946). "The Meaning of the Name Esther". . 78 (2): 174–178. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00100413. JSTOR 25222106. S2CID 163266181.
- ; Phillips, Elaine A. (2017). Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther. . ISBN .
- Yamauchi, Edwin (1997). Persia and the Bible. Baker Academic. ISBN .
- Zadok, Ran (1984). "Historical Background of the Book of Esther". Biblische Notizen. 24: 18–23.
- Zadok, Ran (1986). "Notes on Esther". . 98: 105–110.
- Zaeske, Susan (2000). "Unveiling Esther as a Pragmatic Radical Rhetoric". Philosophy and Rhetoric. 33 (3 On Feminizing the Philosophy of Rhetoric): 193–220. doi:10.1353/par.2000.0024. JSTOR 40231721. S2CID 171068760.
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hnngsuxexsethxrihkhaxthibayekiywkbthimakhxngthrrmeniymkarchlxngethskal sungechlimchlxnginwnediywknkbthiphrarachkvsdikacakkarthulesnxkhxnghamanmiphlbngkhbich sunginwnnnchawyiwidsngharstrukhxngphwketnhlngaephnkarkhxnghamanthukepidephy tngaetkhristthswrrs 1890 nkwichakarswnihy ehnphxngknthicaehnwa hnngsux exsethxrmithanaepneruxngprmprahruxphithikrrmthixingprawtisastr aelaodythwipsrupwaethskalpurimmitnkaenidmacakeruxngprmprahruxkhxnghruxepxresiy aemyngepnthithkethiyngwamacakkhxngbabioleniyhruxkhxngepxresiy hnngsuxexsethxrpraktin 2 rupaebb idaek rupaebbkhnadsncakkhmphirinsasnayudahaelakhmphiribebilkhxngnikayopretsaetnt kbrupaebbkhnadyawcakkhmphirphasakrikkhxyniinkhmphiribebilkhxngnikayaelaxisethirnxxrthxdxksxangxingSolle 2006 p 107 Esther 7 2 www sefaria org Moore Carey A 1971 Esther Doubleday See section The Non Jewish Origins of Purim Pages 46 49 Esther s canonical status may have been opposed by those Jews who saw the book as a defense for a Jewish festival which as its very name suggests the pur that is the lot iii 7 see also ix 26 was non Jewish in origin Certainly modern scholars have felt the explanation for Purim s name in ix 26 to be strained and unconvincing Moreover the secular character of the feast suggests a pagan origin that is no prayers or sacrifices are specified but drinking to the point of excess is permitted in the Talmud Megilla 7b purim is a hebraized form of a Babylonian word Efforts to identify Purim with an earlier Jewish or Greek festival have been neither common nor convincing and ever since the 1890s when Heinrich Zimmern and Peter Jensen equated Mordecai and Esther with the Babylonian gods and Ishtar and Haman and with the gods Humman and Mashti a Babylonian origin for Purim has been popular Though scholars like Jensen Zimmem Hugo Winckler Bruno Meissner and others have each picked a different Babylonian myth or festival as the prototype for Purim namely the the Babylonian Creation Story the Ishtar Myth and the Feast respectively they all agreed in seeing Esther as a historicized myth or ritual More recently however a Persian origin for Purim has been gaining support among scholars Moore Carey A Esther Book of ed David Noel Freedman The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary New York Doubleday 1992 637 638 Certainly a pagan origin for Purim would also help to explain the secular way in which it was to be celebrated i e with uninhibited and even inebriated behavior cf above Meg 7b Then too a pagan origin for the festival would also help to explain the absence of various religious elements in the story But even more recently scholars are again looking to Palestine for the origin of the festival Its Lack of Historicity R are is the 20th century scholar who accepts the story at face value Hahn amp Mitch 2019 p 71 brrnanukrmBaskins Cristelle L 1995 First published 1993 Typology sexuality and the Renaissance Esther in Turner James b k Sexuality and Gender in Early Modern Europe Institutions Texts Images pp 31 54 ISBN 978 0 521 44605 1 Pitre Brant 2018 A Catholic Introduction to the Bible The Old Testament ISBN 978 1 642 29048 6 Browning W R F b k 2009 Ahasuerus A Dictionary of the Bible 2nd ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 acref 9780199543984 001 0001 ISBN 978 0 19 954398 4 Coogan Michael David Brettler Marc Zvi Newsom Carol Ann Perkins Pheme 2007 The New Oxford Annotated Bible Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19528880 3 November 1996 Has Esther been found at Qumran 4QProto Esther and the Esther corpus Revue de Qumran 17 1 4 307 325 JSTOR 24610146 Crawford Sidnie White 2003 Esther in Dunn James D G Rogerson John William b k Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible Wm B Eerdmans ISBN 978 0 80283711 0 Dalley Stephanie 2007 Esther s Revenge at Susa From Sennacherib to Ahasuerus ISBN 978 0 199 21663 5 Esther LXX EC Marsh Esther Before Ahasuerus Tintoretto Metropolitan Museum of Art subkhnemux 22 August 2019 Fox Michael V 2010 Character and Ideology in the Book of Esther 2nd ed ISBN 978 1 608 99495 3 Hahn Scott Mitch Curtis 2019 Tobit Judith and Esther ISBN 978 1 621 64185 8 Harris Stephen Platzner Robert 2007 The Old Testament An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible McGraw Hill Education p 375 ISBN 978 0072990515 Hirsch Emil G Prince John Dyneley Schechter Solomon 1936 Esther Hebrew א ס ת ר Greek Es8hr Jewish Encyclopedia New York Funk amp Wagnalls Co Howard David M Jr 2007 An Introduction to the Old Testament Historical Books ISBN 978 1 575 67447 6 2008 Appendix 1 Afro Asiatic in Woodard Roger D b k The Ancient Languages of Syria Palestine and Arabia pp 225 246 ISBN 978 1 13946934 0 Johnson Sara Raup 2005 Historical Fictions and Hellenistic Jewish Identity University of California Press ISBN 9780520928435 Kalimi Isaac 2023 The Book of Esther between Judaism and Christianity ISBN 978 1 009 26612 3 Koller Aaron 2014 Esther in Ancient Jewish Thought ISBN 978 1 107 72980 3 2010 Women of the Old Testament pp 175 176 ISBN 978 0 31086487 5 Leith Mary Joan Winn 2011 Esther in b k The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Books of the Bible pp 252 261 ISBN 978 0 195 37737 8 Levenson Jon D 1997 Esther A Commentary Westminster John Knox ISBN 9780664228873 Littman Robert J January 1975 The Religious Policy of Xerxes and the Book of Esther The Jewish Quarterly Review 65 3 145 155 doi 10 2307 1454354 JSTOR 1454354 Macchi Jean Daniel 2019 Esther ISBN 978 3 170 31028 5 McDonald Lee Martin 2006 The Biblical Canon Its Origin Transmission and Authority ISBN 978 1 441 24164 1 McKenzie John L 1995 The Dictionary Of The Bible Simon and Schuster ISBN 9780684819136 Meyers Carol 2007 Esther in Barton John Muddiman John b k The Oxford Bible Commentary pp 324 330 ISBN 978 0 199 27718 6 1992 Les modeles Arameens du Livre d Esther dans la Grotte 4 de Qumran Revue de Qumran 15 3 59 321 406 JSTOR 24609021 Miller Tricia 2015 Jews and Anti Judaism in Esther and the Church ISBN 978 0 227 90258 5 Polish Daniel F 1999 09 01 Aspects of Esther A Phenomenological Exploration of the Megillah of Esther and the Origins of Purim Journal for the Study of the Old Testament phasaxngkvsaebbxemrikn 24 85 85 106 doi 10 1177 030908929902408505 ISSN 0309 0892 S2CID 143019872 Phillips E A 2008 Esther 6 Person in Enns Peter b k Dictionary of the Old Testament Wisdom Poetry amp Writings A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship pp 188 193 ISBN 978 0 830 81783 2 Schaalje Jacqueline June 2001 Ancient synagogues in Bar am and Capernaum Silverstein Adam J 2014 The Samaritan Version of the Esther Story in Ahmed Asad Q Sadeghi Behnam Hoyland Robert G Silverstein Adam b k Islamic Cultures Islamic Contexts Essays in Honor of Professor Patricia Crone pp 551 564 ISBN 978 9 004 28171 4 Silverstein Adam J 2018 Veiling Esther Unveiling Her Story The Reception of a Biblical Book in Islamic Lands ISBN 978 0 192 51773 9 Solle Dorothee 2006 Great Women of the Bible In Art and Literature Fortress Press p 107 ISBN 0800635574 Soomekh Saba 2012 From the Shahs to Los Angeles Three Generations of Iranian Jewish Women between Religion and Culture ISBN 978 1 438 44385 0 Testen David October 1998 Semitic Terms for Myrtle A Study in Covert 57 4 281 290 doi 10 1086 468653 JSTOR 545452 S2CID 161499240 Tidball Dianne 2001 Esther a True First Lady A Post Feminist Icon in a Secular World ISBN 978 1 85792671 2 Tucker Gene M 2004 First published 1993 Esther The Book of in Metzger Bruce M Coogan Michael D b k The Oxford Companion to the Bible Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 acref 9780195046458 001 0001 ISBN 978 0 19 504645 8 Vahidmanesh Parvaneh 5 May 2010 Payvand khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 29 June 2011 subkhnemux 1 January 2012 Vanderkam James Flint Peter The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls p 182 Whitaker Lucy Clayton Martin 2007 The Art of Italy in the Royal Collection Renaissance and Baroque Royal Collection Publications ISBN 978 1 902163 291 October 1940 January 1941 The Subject of Botticelli s Derelitta 4 1 2 114 117 doi 10 2307 750127 JSTOR 750127 S2CID 192310493 1946 The Meaning of the Name Esther 78 2 174 178 doi 10 1017 S0035869X00100413 JSTOR 25222106 S2CID 163266181 Phillips Elaine A 2017 Ezra Nehemiah Esther ISBN 978 0 310 53182 1 Yamauchi Edwin 1997 Persia and the Bible Baker Academic ISBN 978 0 801 02108 4 Zadok Ran 1984 Historical Background of the Book of Esther Biblische Notizen 24 18 23 Zadok Ran 1986 Notes on Esther 98 105 110 Zaeske Susan 2000 Unveiling Esther as a Pragmatic Radical Rhetoric Philosophy and Rhetoric 33 3 On Feminizing the Philosophy of Rhetoric 193 220 doi 10 1353 par 2000 0024 JSTOR 40231721 S2CID 171068760 wikimiediykhxmmxnsmisuxthiekiywkhxngkb exsethxr