ประเทศอำนาจปานกลาง (อังกฤษ: middle power) หมายถึง รัฐซึ่งมีความสามารถที่จะแผ่อิทธิพลในระดับภูมิภาค ซึ่งแม้จะไม่ใช่ทั้งอภิมหาอำนาจหรือมหาอำนาจ แต่ก็มีความสามารถในการแผ่อิทธิพลในภูมิภาคของตนเอง
ความเหลื่อมระหว่างมหาอำนาจและประเทศอำนาจปานกลาง
ความเหลื่อมระหว่างรายการประเทศอำนาจกลางกับมหาอำนาจแสดงให้เห็นว่าไม่มีข้อตกลงเป็นเอกฉันท์
รายการนี้รวม 8 ประเทศที่ ณ จุดหนึ่งอยู่ในสถานะนี้ นับตั้งแต่ ส่วนใหญ่ถือเป็นมหาอำนาจ แต่นักวิชาการกับผู้เชี่ยวชาญบางส่วนจัดให้เป็นประเทศอำนาจกลาง นักวิชาการหลายคนถือว่าสหรัฐ และจีน ตั้งอยู่ในเงื่อนไขมหาอำนาจหรือจัดเป็นอภิมหาอำนาจ จึงไม่รวมในรายการนี้:
รายชื่อประเทศอำนาจปานกลาง
เช่นเดียวกันกับมหาอำนาจ ไม่มีข้อตกลงเป็นเอกฉันท์ว่าประเทศใดได้รับการพิจารณเป็นประเทศอำนาจปานกลาง รายการนี้มักเป็นประเด็นที่มีการถกเถียงกันอย่างมากและมีแนวโน้มที่จะวางประเทศที่มีขนาดค่อนข้างใหญ่ (เช่น อาร์เจนตินา) ร่วมกับประเทศขนาดเล็ก (เช่น นอร์เวย์) เห็นได้ชัดว่าประเทศอำนาจปานกลางไม่ได้มีสถานะเดียวกันเสมอไป บางประเทศถือเป็นประเทศอำนาจนำภูมิภาคและเป็นสมาชิกจี20 (เช่น ออสเตรเลีย) ในขณะที่บางประเทศจัดให้เป็น (เช่น ประเทศเช็กเกีย) ประเทศอำนาจปานกลางขนาดใหญ่บางส่วนมีบทบาทสำคัญในสหประชาชาติและองค์กรระหว่างประเทศอื่น ๆ เช่น องค์การการค้าโลก
รายการด้านล่างนี้คือ 52 ประเทศที่นักวิชาการและผู้เชี่ยวชาญคนอื่น ๆ ถือว่าในช่วงหนึ่งเป้นประเทศมหาอำนาจกลาง นับตั้งแต่ (สมาชิกจี20 อยู่ในอักษรตัวหนา ยกเว้นรัฐสมาชิกสหภาพยุโรปที่เข้าร่วมภายใต้การเป็นสมาชิกกลุ่มของสหภาพยุโรป):
- แอฟริกา (7 ประเทศ)
- อเมริกา (6 ประเทศ)
- เอเชีย (20 ประเทศ)
- ยุโรป (17 ประเทศ)
- โอเชียเนีย (2 ประเทศ)
ดูเพิ่ม
- ประเทศอำนาจนำภูมิภาค (regional power)
- กลุ่ม 20 (G20)
อ้างอิง
- Mehmet Ozkan. "A NEW APPROACH TO GLOBAL SECURITY: PIVOTAL MIDDLE POWERS AND GLOBAL POLITICS" Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs XI.1 (2006): 77-95
- From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776 (Published 2008), by Professor George C. Herring (Professor of History at Kentucky University)
- "Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | US". power.lowyinstitute.org (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 18 December 2021.
The United States beat the regional downward trend, gaining points in five Index measures, and overtaking China in two critical rankings: for diplomatic Influence and future resources. But its gains are dogged by a rapid loss of economic influence.
- Muldavin, Joshua (9 February 2006). . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 14 May 2011. สืบค้นเมื่อ 17 January 2010.
- "A Point Of View: What kind of superpower could China be?". BBC. 19 October 2012. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 October 2012.
- John, Emmanuel (13 June 2019). "China: Emerging superpower".
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((help)) - "China as a global power". China.usc.edu. 13 November 2007. สืบค้นเมื่อ 27 August 2010.
- "Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | China". power.lowyinstitute.org (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 18 December 2021.
The country lost points in half of the Index measures. But this has not narrowed the country's lead over the rest of the region, with lower ranked countries succumbing to their own losses.
- Yu, Katrina. . www.aljazeera.com. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 18 September 2020. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 September 2020.
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- Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Many Germans believe China will replace US as superpower: survey | DW | 14 July 2020". DW.COM (ภาษาอังกฤษแบบบริติช). สืบค้นเมื่อ 30 July 2020.
- Éric-André Martin and Marie Krpata (October 2021). The Dilemma of Middle Powers: How AUKUS Has Reshaped the Potential for E3 Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific (PDF) (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Vol. 166. , Notes du Cerfa. ISBN . สืบค้นเมื่อ 8 January 2022.
The (US) Department of Defense defined the Indo-Pacific as its "priority theater"...This tilt is an acknowledgment of China's increased role in world economics. China's share in world GDP has risen from 4% in 2000 to 16% today. Since it joined the WTO in 2001 and with the unfolding of the economic and financial crises in 2008-2009, which diminished the West's soft power and economic and financial strengths, China has become the world's powerhouse. This has increasingly led to what may be described today as great-power rivalry between China and the US.
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- P. Shearman, M. Sussex, European Security After 9/11(Ashgate, 2004) - According to Shearman and Sussex, both the UK and France were great powers now reduced to middle power status.
- Éric-André Martin and Marie Krpata (October 2021). The Dilemma of Middle Powers: How AUKUS Has Reshaped the Potential for E3 Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific (PDF) (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Vol. 166. , Notes du Cerfa. p. 20. ISBN . สืบค้นเมื่อ 8 January 2022.
Countries such as Canada, Australia, South Korea, Japan, India and European powers like the UK, Germany and France can be considered as middle powers.
- Otte M, Greve J (2000) A Rising Middle Power?: German Foreign Policy in Transformation, 1989-1999, St. Martin's Press
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- "Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | India". power.lowyinstitute.org (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 18 December 2021.
The next tier of regional powers — Japan and India — have each lost more ground in 2021 than did China. Both countries have fallen just short of the major power threshold of 40 points in 2021... One result of greater bipolarity is that US allies, such as Japan and Australia, and even key balancing powers, such as India, have never been more dependent on American capacity and willingness to sustain a military balance of power in the region.
- Tobias Harris, 'Japan Accepts its "Middle-Power" Fate'. Far Eastern Economic Review Vol. 171, No. 6 (2008), p. 45: 'Japan is settling into a position as a middle power in Asia, sitting uneasily between the U.S., its security ally, and China, its most important economic partner. In this it finds itself in a situation similar to Australia, India, South Korea and the members of Asean.'
- Charalampos Efstathopoulosa, 'Reinterpreting India's Rise through the Middle Power Prism', Asian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 19, Issue 1 (2011), p. 75: 'India's role in the contemporary world order can be optimally asserted by the middle power concept. The concept allows for distinguishing both strengths and weakness of India's globalist agency, shifting the analytical focus beyond material-statistical calculations to theorise behavioural, normative and ideational parameters.'
- Robert W. Bradnock, India's Foreign Policy since 1971 (The Royal Institute for International Affairs, London: Pinter Publishers, 1990), quoted in Leonard Stone, 'India and the Central Eurasian Space', Journal of Third World Studies, Vol. 24, No. 2, 2007, p. 183: 'The U.S. is a superpower whereas India is a middle power. A superpower could accommodate another superpower because the alternative would be equally devastating to both. But the relationship between a superpower and a middle power is of a different kind. The former does not need to accommodate the latter while the latter cannot allow itself to be a satellite of the former."
- Jan Cartwright, 'India's Regional and International Support for Democracy: Rhetoric or Reality?', Asian Survey, Vol. 49, No. 3 (May/June 2009), p. 424: 'India's democratic rhetoric has also helped it further establish its claim as being a rising "middle power." (A "middle power" is a term that is used in the field of international relations to describe a state that is not a superpower but still wields substantial influence globally. In addition to India, other "middle powers" include, for example, Australia and Canada.)'
- " may be considered one of the most important instances in which Italy has acted as a regional power, taking the lead in executing a technically and politically coherent and determined strategy." See Federiga Bindi, Italy and the European Union (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2011), p. 171.
- "Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military, cultural and diplomatic affairs. The country's European political, social and economic influence make it a major regional power." See Italy: Justice System and National Police Handbook, Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: International Business Publications, 2009), p. 9.
- Marco Siddi (October 2018). "Italy's 'Middle Power' Approach to Russia". The International Spectator: Italian Journal of International Affairs (ภาษาอังกฤษ). 54 (2): 123–138. doi:10.1080/03932729.2018.1519765. ISSN 0393-2729. S2CID 158301312.
The definition of 'middle power' is contested and has been the subject of controversy among scholars. According to the Italian interpretation of this concept, Italy is a middle-ranking power with limited natural and military resources and one that can only achieve its foreign policy goals by expanding its influence in international organisations and through bilateral relations with larger powers.
- "Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | Japan". power.lowyinstitute.org (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 18 December 2021.
The next tier of regional powers — Japan and India — have each lost more ground in 2021 than did China. Both countries have fallen just short of the major power threshold of 40 points in 2021... One result of greater bipolarity is that US allies, such as Japan and Australia, and even key balancing powers, such as India, have never been more dependent on American capacity and willingness to sustain a military balance of power in the region.
- Robert W. Cox, 'Middlepowermanship, Japan, and Future World Order, International Journal, Vol. 44, No. 4 (1989), pp. 823-862.
- "Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | Russia". power.lowyinstitute.org (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 18 December 2021.
- Neumann, Iver B. (2008). "Russia as a great power, 1815–2007". Journal of International Relations and Development. 11 (2): 128–151 [p. 128]. doi:10.1057/jird.2008.7.
As long as Russia's rationality of government deviates from present-day hegemonic neo-liberal models by favouring direct state rule rather than indirect governance, the West will not recognize Russia as a fully fledged great power.
- Chalmers, Malcolm (May 2015). "A Force for Order: Strategic Underpinnings of the Next NSS and SDSR". Royal United Services Institute. Briefing Paper (SDSR 2015: Hard Choices Ahead): 2.
While no longer a superpower (a position it lost in the 1940s), the UK remains much more than a 'middle power'.
- Solomon S (1997) South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership 26 เมษายน 2015 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน, ISS
- Cabada, Ladislav (November 2005). "The New International Role of Small(er) States" (PDF). The Journal of the Central European Political Science Association. 1 (1): 30–45. สืบค้นเมื่อ 10 February 2020.
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- Bernard Wood, 'Towards North-South Middle Power Coalitions', in Middle Power Internationalism: The North-South Dimension, edited by Cranford Pratt (Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990).
- Martín, Lucas (5 June 2020). "Morocco and Algeria, the struggle for regional leadership". Atalayar. สืบค้นเมื่อ 9 August 2020.
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- Andrew F. Cooper, Agata Antkiewicz and Timothy M. Shaw, 'Lessons from/for BRICSAM about South-North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?', International Studies Review, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Winter, 2007), pp. 675, 687.
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- Kim, Jiye (2021). "Between a Regional Hegemon and a Middle Power: The Case of Nigeria". Awkward Powers: Escaping Traditional Great and Middle Power Theory. Global Political Transitions. pp. 221–241. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-0370-9_9. ISBN . S2CID 244203245.
- Gladys Lechini, Middle Powers: IBSA and the New South-South Cooperation. NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol. 40, No. 5 (2007): 28-33: 'Today, a new, more selective South-South cooperation has appeared, bringing some hope to the people of our regions. The trilateral alliance known as the India, Brazil, and South Africa Dialogue Forum, or IBSA, exemplifies the trend ... The three member countries face the same problems and have similar interests. All three consider themselves "middle powers" and leaders of their respective regions, yet they have also been subject to pressures from 'Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspective of the IBSA Dialogue Forum. Hamburg: GIGA, 2007.
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- Yasmi Adriansyah, 'Questioning Indonesia's place in the world', Asia Times (20 September 2011): 'Countries often categorized as middle power (MP) include Australia, Canada and Japan. The reasons for this categorization are the nations' advanced political-economic stature as well as their significant contribution to international cooperation and development. India and Brazil have recently become considered middle powers because of their rise in the global arena—particularly with the emerging notion of BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China).'
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a Middle Power like Peru lack the diplomatic and other resources...
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Indonesia has for the first time reached a top-ten placement in the Index. Jakarta now outranks Singapore as the most diplomatically influential player in Southeast Asia.
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Uneven economic impacts and recoveries from the pandemic will likely continue to alter the regional balance of power well into the decade. Only Taiwan, the United States and Singapore are now predicted to have larger economies in 2030 than originally forecast prior to the pandemic.
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((help)) - "Middle Powers,Norms, and Balancing: ROK's and ASEAN's Normative Balancing against Rising China" (PDF). . สืบค้นเมื่อ 8 February 2020.
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Uneven economic impacts and recoveries from the pandemic will likely continue to alter the regional balance of power well into the decade. Only Taiwan, the United States and Singapore are now predicted to have larger economies in 2030 than originally forecast prior to the pandemic.
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Three middle powers — Vietnam, Australia and Taiwan — were the only countries to gain in comprehensive power in 2020. When neither the United States nor China can establish undisputed primacy in Asia, the actions and choices of middle powers will become more consequential.
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- Tonra, Ben; Ward, Eilís (2002). "Chapter 1: Ireland, Peacekeeping and Defence Policy: Challenges and Opportunities". ใน Murphy, Ray (บ.ก.). Ireland in International Affairs: Interests, Institutions and Identities. Dublin, Republic of Ireland: . pp. 20–21. ISBN .
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Three middle powers — Vietnam, Australia and Taiwan — were the only countries to gain in comprehensive power in 2020. When neither the United States nor China can establish undisputed primacy in Asia, the actions and choices of middle powers will become more consequential.
- Hazleton WA (2005) Middle Power Bandwagoning? Australia's Security Relationship with the United States 10 มิถุนายน 2020 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน, allacademic
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แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น
- Middle Powers Initiative
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turki shrthxahrbexmierts ewiydnam yuorp 17 praeths xxsetriy ebleyiym echkekiy ednmark finaelnd kris hngkari ixraelnd enethxraelnd nxrewy opaelnd oprtueks ormaeniy sepn swiedn switesxraelnd yuekhrn oxechiyeniy 2 praeths xxsetreliy niwsiaelndduephimpraethsxanacnaphumiphakh regional power klum 20 G20 xangxingMehmet Ozkan A NEW APPROACH TO GLOBAL SECURITY PIVOTAL MIDDLE POWERS AND GLOBAL POLITICS Perceptions Journal of International Affairs XI 1 2006 77 95 From Colony to Superpower U S Foreign Relations since 1776 Published 2008 by Professor George C Herring Professor of History at Kentucky University Asia Power Index 2021 Edition US power lowyinstitute org phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 18 December 2021 The United States beat the regional downward trend gaining points in five Index measures and overtaking China in two critical rankings for diplomatic Influence and future resources But its gains are dogged by a rapid loss of economic influence Muldavin Joshua 9 February 2006 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 14 May 2011 subkhnemux 17 January 2010 A Point Of View What kind of superpower could China be BBC 19 October 2012 subkhnemux 21 October 2012 John Emmanuel 13 June 2019 China Emerging superpower a href wiki E0 B9 81 E0 B8 A1 E0 B9 88 E0 B9 81 E0 B8 9A E0 B8 9A Cite journal title aemaebb Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal txngkar journal help China as a global power China usc edu 13 November 2007 subkhnemux 27 August 2010 Asia Power Index 2021 Edition China power lowyinstitute org phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 18 December 2021 The country lost points in half of the Index measures But this has not narrowed the country s lead over the rest of the region with lower ranked countries succumbing to their own losses Yu Katrina www aljazeera com khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 18 September 2020 subkhnemux 21 September 2020 www lowyinstitute org phasaxngkvs khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 2021 07 24 subkhnemux 9 July 2020 Welle www dw com Deutsche Many Germans believe China will replace US as superpower survey DW 14 July 2020 DW COM phasaxngkvsaebbbritich subkhnemux 30 July 2020 Eric Andre Martin and Marie Krpata October 2021 The Dilemma of Middle Powers How AUKUS Has Reshaped the Potential for E3 Cooperation in the Indo Pacific PDF phasaxngkvs Vol 166 Notes du Cerfa ISBN 979 10 373 0432 2 subkhnemux 8 January 2022 The US Department of Defense defined the Indo Pacific as its priority theater This tilt is an acknowledgment of China s increased role in world economics China s share in world GDP has risen from 4 in 2000 to 16 today Since it joined the WTO in 2001 and with the unfolding of the economic and financial crises in 2008 2009 which diminished the West s soft power and economic and financial strengths China has become the world s powerhouse This has increasingly led to what may be described today as great power rivalry between China and the US Especialistas reclamam reconhecimento do Brasil como potencia mundial IBS News 15 June 2011 subkhnemux 7 April 2017 10 May 2012 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 7 June 2012 subkhnemux 7 April 2017 Brazil Emerging Soft Power of the World allAfrica com 15 September 2011 subkhnemux 7 April 2017 The Economist 2 September 2011 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 2019 08 20 subkhnemux 7 April 2017 P Shearman M Sussex European Security After 9 11 Ashgate 2004 According to Shearman and Sussex both the UK and France were great powers now reduced to middle power status Eric Andre Martin and Marie Krpata October 2021 The Dilemma of Middle Powers How AUKUS Has Reshaped the Potential for E3 Cooperation in the Indo Pacific PDF phasaxngkvs Vol 166 Notes du Cerfa p 20 ISBN 979 10 373 0432 2 subkhnemux 8 January 2022 Countries such as Canada Australia South Korea Japan India and European powers like the UK Germany and France can be considered as middle powers Otte M Greve J 2000 A Rising Middle Power German Foreign Policy in Transformation 1989 1999 St Martin s Press Sperling James 2001 Neither Hegemony nor Dominance Reconsidering German Power in Post Cold War Europe British Journal of Political Science 31 2 389 425 doi 10 1017 S0007123401000151 Asia Power Index 2021 Edition India power lowyinstitute org phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 18 December 2021 The next tier of regional powers Japan and India have each lost more ground in 2021 than did China Both countries have fallen just short of the major power threshold of 40 points in 2021 One result of greater bipolarity is that US allies such as Japan and Australia and even key balancing powers such as India have never been more dependent on American capacity and willingness to sustain a military balance of power in the region Tobias Harris Japan Accepts its Middle Power Fate Far Eastern Economic Review Vol 171 No 6 2008 p 45 Japan is settling into a position as a middle power in Asia sitting uneasily between the U S its security ally and China its most important economic partner In this it finds itself in a situation similar to Australia India South Korea and the members of Asean Charalampos Efstathopoulosa Reinterpreting India s Rise through the Middle Power Prism Asian Journal of Political Science Vol 19 Issue 1 2011 p 75 India s role in the contemporary world order can be optimally asserted by the middle power concept The concept allows for distinguishing both strengths and weakness of India s globalist agency shifting the analytical focus beyond material statistical calculations to theorise behavioural normative and ideational parameters Robert W Bradnock India s Foreign Policy since 1971 The Royal Institute for International Affairs London Pinter Publishers 1990 quoted in Leonard Stone India and the Central Eurasian Space Journal of Third World Studies Vol 24 No 2 2007 p 183 The U S is a superpower whereas India is a middle power A superpower could accommodate another superpower because the alternative would be equally devastating to both But the relationship between a superpower and a middle power is of a different kind The former does not need to accommodate the latter while the latter cannot allow itself to be a satellite of the former Jan Cartwright India s Regional and International Support for Democracy Rhetoric or Reality Asian Survey Vol 49 No 3 May June 2009 p 424 India s democratic rhetoric has also helped it further establish its claim as being a rising middle power A middle power is a term that is used in the field of international relations to describe a state that is not a superpower but still wields substantial influence globally In addition to India other middle powers include for example Australia and Canada may be considered one of the most important instances in which Italy has acted as a regional power taking the lead in executing a technically and politically coherent and determined strategy See Federiga Bindi Italy and the European Union Washington D C Brookings Institution Press 2011 p 171 Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military cultural and diplomatic affairs The country s European political social and economic influence make it a major regional power See Italy Justice System and National Police Handbook Vol 1 Washington D C International Business Publications 2009 p 9 Marco Siddi October 2018 Italy s Middle Power Approach to Russia The International Spectator Italian Journal of International Affairs phasaxngkvs 54 2 123 138 doi 10 1080 03932729 2018 1519765 ISSN 0393 2729 S2CID 158301312 The definition of middle power is contested and has been the subject of controversy among scholars According to the Italian interpretation of this concept Italy is a middle ranking power with limited natural and military resources and one that can only achieve its foreign policy goals by expanding its influence in international organisations and through bilateral relations with larger powers Asia Power Index 2021 Edition Japan power lowyinstitute org phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 18 December 2021 The next tier of regional powers Japan and India have each lost more ground in 2021 than did China Both countries have fallen just short of the major power threshold of 40 points in 2021 One result of greater bipolarity is that US allies such as Japan and Australia and even key balancing powers such as India have never been more dependent on American capacity and willingness to sustain a military balance of power in the region Robert W Cox Middlepowermanship Japan and Future World Order International Journal Vol 44 No 4 1989 pp 823 862 Asia Power Index 2021 Edition Russia power lowyinstitute org phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 18 December 2021 Neumann Iver B 2008 Russia as a great power 1815 2007 Journal of International Relations and Development 11 2 128 151 p 128 doi 10 1057 jird 2008 7 As long as Russia s rationality of government deviates from present day hegemonic neo liberal models by favouring direct state rule rather than indirect governance the West will not recognize Russia as a fully fledged great power Chalmers Malcolm May 2015 A Force for Order Strategic Underpinnings of the Next NSS and SDSR Royal United Services Institute Briefing Paper SDSR 2015 Hard Choices Ahead 2 While no longer a superpower a position it lost in the 1940s the UK remains much more than a middle power Solomon S 1997 South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership 26 emsayn 2015 thi ewyaebkaemchchin ISS Cabada Ladislav November 2005 The New International Role of Small er States PDF The Journal of the Central European Political Science Association 1 1 30 45 subkhnemux 10 February 2020 Wurst J 2006 Middle Powers Initiative Briefing Paper GSI 14 mithunayn 2007 thi ewyaebkaemchchin Cooper AF 1997 Niche Diplomacy Middle Powers after the Cold War 6 minakhm 2012 thi ewyaebkaemchchin palgrave Bernard Wood Towards North South Middle Power Coalitions in Middle Power Internationalism The North South Dimension edited by Cranford Pratt Montreal McGill Queen s University Press 1990 Martin Lucas 5 June 2020 Morocco and Algeria the struggle for regional leadership Atalayar subkhnemux 9 August 2020 Oosterveld Willem Torossian Bianca A Balancing Act The Role of Middle Powers in Contemporary Diplomacy Strategic Monitor 2018 2019 subkhnemux 18 May 2019 Andrew F Cooper Agata Antkiewicz and Timothy M Shaw Lessons from for BRICSAM about South North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century Economic Size Trumps All Else International Studies Review Vol 9 No 4 Winter 2007 pp 675 687 Ploughshares Monitor 1997 Scrapping the Bomb The role of middle power countries 27 knyayn 2007 thi ewyaebkaemchchin Gilley Bruce 10 September 2012 The Rise of the Middle Powers The New York Times Company subkhnemux 18 May 2019 Ethiopia East Africa s Emerging Giant Council on Foreign Relations phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 2022 03 10 5 reasons why Ethiopia could be the next global economy to watch World Economic Forum phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 2022 03 10 Africa Somtribune 2020 08 29 Ethiopia Can Be Africa s Next Superpower SomTribune phasaxngkvsaebbbritich subkhnemux 2022 03 10 JIA SIPA 10 August 2019 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 2020 06 10 subkhnemux 2022 11 29 Mace G Belanger L 1999 The Americas in Transition The Contours of Regionalism p 153 Kim Jiye 2021 Between a Regional Hegemon and a Middle Power The Case of Nigeria Awkward Powers Escaping Traditional Great and Middle Power Theory Global Political Transitions pp 221 241 doi 10 1007 978 981 16 0370 9 9 ISBN 978 981 16 0369 3 S2CID 244203245 Gladys Lechini Middle Powers IBSA and the New South South Cooperation NACLA Report on the Americas Vol 40 No 5 2007 28 33 Today a new more selective South South cooperation has appeared bringing some hope to the people of our regions The trilateral alliance known as the India Brazil and South Africa Dialogue Forum or IBSA exemplifies the trend The three member countries face the same problems and have similar interests All three consider themselves middle powers and leaders of their respective regions yet they have also been subject to pressures from Emerging Middle Powers Soft Balancing Strategy State and Perspective of the IBSA Dialogue Forum Hamburg GIGA 2007 Peter Vale South Africa Understanding the Upstairs and the Downstairs in Niche Diplomacy Middle Powers After the Cold War edited by Andrew F Cooper London Macmillan 1997 Janis Van Der Westhuizen South Africa s Emergence as a Middle Power Third World Quarterly Vol 19 No 3 1998 pp 435 455 Pfister R 2006 The Apartheid Republuc and African States 12 mithunayn 2007 thi ewyaebkaemchchin H Net Eduard Jordaan Barking at the Big Dogs South Africa s Foreign Policy Towards the Middle East Round Table Vol 97 No 397 2008 pp 547 549 Flemes Daniel Emerging Middle Powers Soft Balancing Strategy State and Perspectives of the IBSA Dialogue Forum 1 August 2007 GIGA Working Paper No 57 doi 10 2139 ssrn 1007692 Gilley Bruce O Neil Andrew 8 July 2014 Middle Powers and the Rise of China p 30 ISBN 9781626160842 Yasmi Adriansyah Questioning Indonesia s place in the world Asia Times 20 September 2011 Countries often categorized as middle power MP include Australia Canada and Japan The reasons for this categorization are the nations advanced political economic stature as well as their significant contribution to international cooperation and development India and Brazil have recently become considered middle powers because of their rise in the global arena particularly with the emerging notion of BRIC Brazil Russia India and China Behringer RM 2005 Middle Power Leadership on the Human Security Agenda 14 phvscikayn 2007 thi ewyaebkaemchchin SAGE Crosby AD 1997 A Middle Power Military in Alliance Canada and NORAD JSTOR Petersen K 2003 Quest to Reify Canada as a Middle Power Dissident Voice Inoguchi K 2002 The UN Disarmament Conference in Kyote 29 knyayn 2007 thi ewyaebkaemchchin Heine J 2006 On the Manner of Practising the New Diplomacy ISN 7 tulakhm 2007 thi ewyaebkaemchchin disarm emb japan go jp khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 16 January 2013 subkhnemux 13 November 2015 Heine Jorge The Centre for International Governance Innovation khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 7 October 2007 subkhnemux 13 November 2015 Louis Belanger and Gordon Mace Middle Powers and Regionalism in the Americas The Cases of Argentina and Mexico in Niche Diplomacy Middle Powers After the Cold War edited by Andrew F Cooper London Macmillan 1997 Pierre G Goad Middle Powers to the Rescue Far Eastern Economic Review Vol 163 No 24 2000 p 69 Pellicer O 2006 Mexico a Reluctant Middle Power 14 mithunayn 2007 thi ewyaebkaemchchin FES McKercher B J C 2012 Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft phasaxngkvs Routledge ISBN 9781136664366 a Middle Power like Peru lack the diplomatic and other resources Bangladesh at 50 The Rise of A Bangladesh That Can Say No Asia Power Index 2021 Edition North Korea power lowyinstitute org phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 18 December 2021 Asia Power Index 2021 Edition Indonesia power lowyinstitute org phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 18 December 2021 Indonesia has for the first time reached a top ten placement in the Index Jakarta now outranks Singapore as the most diplomatically influential player in Southeast Asia Jonathan H Ping Middle Power Statecraft Indonesia Malaysia and the Asia Pacific Aldershot Ashgate Publishing 2005 Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Raymond Hinnesbusch Syria and Iran Middle Power in a Penetrated Regional System London Routledge 1997 Samhat Nayef H 2000 Middle Powers and American Foreign Policy Lessons for Irano U S Relations Policy Studies Journal 28 1 11 26 doi 10 1111 j 1541 0072 2000 tb02013 x Ahouie M 2004 Iran Analysis Quarterly 17 phvsphakhm 2020 thi ewyaebkaemchchin MIT Foreign Affairs Committee 2006 Iran Buzan Barry 2004 The United States and the Great Powers Cambridge United Kingdom Polity Press p 71 ISBN 0 7456 3375 7 www lrb co uk khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 4 March 2016 subkhnemux 2 February 2014 Spectator USA 5 June 2019 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 2020 01 26 subkhnemux 2020 04 11 Zholdasbekova Aidar Kurmashev Dana Akhmedyanova Houman Sadri Akbota 1 October 2018 Kazakhstan s Middle Power Response to Terrorism Insight Turkey odythang www insightturkey com Asia Power Index 2021 Edition Malaysia power lowyinstitute org phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 18 December 2021 Kim R Nossal and Richard Stubbs Mahathir s Malaysia An Emerging Middle Power in Niche Diplomacy Middle Powers After the Cold War edited by Andrew F Cooper London Macmillan 1997 Asia Power Index 2021 Edition Pakistan power lowyinstitute org phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 18 December 2021 Barry Buzan 2004 The United States and the great powers world politics in the twenty first century Polity pp 71 99 ISBN 978 0 7456 3374 9 subkhnemux 27 December 2011 Asia Power Index 2021 Edition Philippines power lowyinstitute org phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 18 December 2021 Jonathan H Ping Middle Power Statecraft p 104 Cooper Andrew F Public Diplomacy Magazine khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 29 June 2017 subkhnemux 12 March 2015 Kamrava Mehran PDF khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedim PDF emux 7 October 2013 subkhnemux 12 March 2015 Asia Power Index 2021 Edition South Korea power lowyinstitute org phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 18 December 2021 Armstrong DF 1997 South Korea s foreign policy in the post Cold War era A middle power perspective 20 krkdakhm 2011 thi ewyaebkaemchchin South Korea and Sino Japanese Rivalry A Middle Power s Options Within the East Asia Core Triangle Pacific Review Vol 20 No 2 2007 pp 197 220 Woosang Kim Korea as a Middle Power in Northeast Asian Security in The United States and Northeast Asia Debates Issues and New Order edited by G John Ikenbgerry and Chung in Moon Lantham Rowman amp Littlefield 2008 Sheridan Greg 27 November 2008 The plucky country and the lucky country draw closer The Australian khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 2012 09 12 subkhnemux 2013 09 21 findarticles com khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 23 October 2007 26 August 2004 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 26 August 2004 Asia Power Index 2021 Edition Singapore power lowyinstitute org phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 18 December 2021 Uneven economic impacts and recoveries from the pandemic will likely continue to alter the regional balance of power well into the decade Only Taiwan the United States and Singapore are now predicted to have larger economies in 2030 than originally forecast prior to the pandemic Schweller Randall The Concept of Middle Power Ohio State University subkhnemux 8 February 2020 a href wiki E0 B9 81 E0 B8 A1 E0 B9 88 E0 B9 81 E0 B8 9A E0 B8 9A Cite journal title aemaebb Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal txngkar journal help Middle Powers Norms and Balancing ROK s and ASEAN s Normative Balancing against Rising China PDF subkhnemux 8 February 2020 de Swielande Tanguy Struye Vandamme Dorothee Walton Dorothee Wilkins Thomas 2018 Chapter 14 The Singapore paradox The little red dot as a middle power in Peng Er Lam b k Rethinking Middle Powers in the Asian Century New Theories New Cases ISBN 9780429873843 Asia Power Index 2021 Edition Taiwan power lowyinstitute org phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 18 December 2021 Uneven economic impacts and recoveries from the pandemic will likely continue to alter the regional balance of power well into the decade Only Taiwan the United States and Singapore are now predicted to have larger economies in 2030 than originally forecast prior to the pandemic Jacobs Bruce 22 January 2016 Taiwan signals its readiness to join the world s democratic powers the sydney morning herald subkhnemux 10 January 2020 Asia Power Index 2021 Edition Thailand power lowyinstitute org phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 18 December 2021 Meltem Myftyler and Myberra Yyksel Turkey A Middle Power in the New Order in Niche Diplomacy Middle Powers After the Cold War edited by Andrew F Cooper London Macmillan 1997 Laipson Ellen 3 September 2014 The UAE and Egypt s New Frontier in Libya The National Interest subkhnemux 26 October 2014 Evans Gareth 29 June 2011 Middle Power Diplomacy subkhnemux 26 October 2014 Asia Power Index 2021 Edition Vietnam power lowyinstitute org phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 18 December 2021 Three middle powers Vietnam Australia and Taiwan were the only countries to gain in comprehensive power in 2020 When neither the United States nor China can establish undisputed primacy in Asia the actions and choices of middle powers will become more consequential Middle Powers Joining Together The Case of Vietnam and Australia The Hague Center for Strategic Studies khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 10 June 2020 subkhnemux 8 February 2020 Lauber Volkmar 17 September 2019 Contemporary Austrian Politics ISBN 9780429720987 Taylor Ian 2001 Stuck in Middle GEAR South Africa s Post apartheid Foreign Relations London p 19 ISBN 9780275972752 Caplan G 2006 From Rwanda to Darfur Lessons learned 2020 07 13 thi ewyaebkaemchchin SudanTribune John Ravenhill 1988 Cycles of middle power activism Constraint andchoice in Australian and Canadian foreign policies PDF Australian Journal of International Affairs 52 3 309 327 doi 10 1080 10357719808445259 subkhnemux 10 February 2020 Pratt C 1990 Middle Power Internationalism MQUP I Handel Michael 1990 Weak States in the International System p 28 ISBN 9780714640730 Thanos Veremes 1997 The Military in greek Politics Black Rose Books Higgott RA Cooper AF 1990 Middle Power Leadership and Coalition Building Pratt Cranford 1990 Middle Power Internationalism The North South Dimension Montreal p 32 ISBN 9780773507258 Tonra Ben Ward Eilis 2002 Chapter 1 Ireland Peacekeeping and Defence Policy Challenges and Opportunities in Murphy Ray b k Ireland in International Affairs Interests Institutions and Identities Dublin Republic of Ireland pp 20 21 ISBN 9781902448763 Gillespie Paul 17 January 2015 Representing Ireland multitasking in a multilateral world subkhnemux 8 February 2020 Ishizuka Katsumi 23 April 2014 Four Ireland s peacekeeping policy in the post Cold War era Ireland and International Peacekeeping Operations 1960 2000 p 136 ISBN 9781135295264 Bolton Matthew Nash Thomas 7 May 2010 The Role of Middle Power NGO Coalitions in Global Policy The Case of the Cluster Munitions Ban Global Policy 1 2 172 184 doi 10 1111 j 1758 5899 2009 00015 x Spero Joshua 2004 Bridging the European Divide Rowman amp Littlefield p 206 ISBN 9780742535534 Kirton J 2006 Harper s Foreign Policy Success 2020 07 13 thi ewyaebkaemchchin according to Yves Lacoste Geopolitique Larousse 2009 p 134 both Spain and Portugal exert a real influence in Africa and in the Americas Turkish Policy Quarterly Volume 4 Turkey Big Art 2005 Wood Bernald 1 June 1988 The middle powers and the general interest Ottawa ISBN 9780920494813 Rudengren J Gisle P Brann K 1995 Middle Power Clout Sweden And The Development Banks 22 emsayn 2007 thi ewyaebkaemchchin 26 April 2015 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 26 April 2015 Asia Power Index 2021 Edition Australia power lowyinstitute org phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 18 December 2021 Three middle powers Vietnam Australia and Taiwan were the only countries to gain in comprehensive power in 2020 When neither the United States nor China can establish undisputed primacy in Asia the actions and choices of middle powers will become more consequential Hazleton WA 2005 Middle Power Bandwagoning Australia s Security Relationship with the United States 10 mithunayn 2020 thi ewyaebkaemchchin allacademic Asia Power Index 2021 Edition New Zealand power lowyinstitute org phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 18 December 2021 Middle Powers Initiative 2004 Building Bridges What Middle Power Countries Should Do To Strengthen the NPT 14 mithunayn 2007 thi ewyaebkaemchchin GSIaehlngkhxmulxunMiddle Powers Initiative