Intérêts des nations de l'Europe, dévélopés relativement au commerce, 1766ในปี 2005 มีการลงนามในข้อตกลงการค้าเสรีอเมริกากลาง ซึ่งรวมถึงสหรัฐอเมริกาและสาธารณรัฐโดมินิกัน
Samuelson, P (1939). "The Gains from International Trade". The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science. 5 (2): 195–205. doi:10.2307/137133. JSTOR 137133.
Dollar, D; Kraay, A (2004). "Trade, Growth, and Poverty" (PDF). The Economic Journal. 114 (493): F22–F49. 10.1.1.509.1584. doi:10.1111/j.0013-0133.2004.00186.x. S2CID 62781399. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 2004-03-07. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2017-10-26.
Compare and other types of retail trade:Hoffman, K. Douglas, บ.ก. (2005). Marketing principles and best practices (3 ed.). Thomson/South-Western. p. 407. ISBN . เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2022-10-22. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2018-05-03. Five types of nonstore retailing will be discussed: street peddling, direct selling, mail-order, automatic-merchandising machine operators, and electronic shopping.
Federico, Giovanni; Tena-Junguito, Antonio (2019). "World Trade, 1800-1938: A New Synthesis". Revista de Historia Economica – Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History. 37 (1): 9–41. doi:10.1017/S0212610918000216. :10016/36110. ISSN 0212-6109.
Federico, Giovanni; Tena-Junguito, Antonio (2018-07-28). "The World Trade Historical Database". VoxEU.org. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2019-10-07. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2019-10-07.
Bown, C. P.; Crowley, M. A. (2016-01-01), Bagwell, Kyle; Staiger, Robert W. (บ.ก.), The Empirical Landscape of Trade Policy(PDF), Handbook of Commercial Policy, vol. 1, North-Holland, pp. 3–108, doi:10.1016/bs.hescop.2016.04.015, ISBN , S2CID 204484666, เก็บ (PDF)จากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2021-02-25, สืบค้นเมื่อ 2019-10-07
D Abulafia; O Rackham; M Suano (2011) [2008], The Mediterranean in History, Getty Publications, ISBN , เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2021-05-11, สืบค้นเมื่อ 2019-09-07, [...] the Danube played an extremely important role in connecting East and West before the Mediterranean became the main link between these regions. This period runs for about 25,000 years, from 35,000/30,000 to around 10,000/8,000 before the present.
เปรียบเทียบ: Barbier, Edward (2015). "The Origins of Economic Wealth". Nature and Wealth: Overcoming Environmental Scarcity and Inequality. Springer. ISBN . เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 5 February 2021. สืบค้นเมื่อ 7 September 2019. Even before domestication of plants and animals occurred, long-distance trading networks were prominent among some hunter-gathering societies, such as the Natufians and other sedentary populations who inhabited the Eastern Mediterranean around 12,000–10,000 BC.
Stefansson, Vilhjalmur; Wilcox, Olive Rathbun, บ.ก. (2013). Great Adventures and Explorations: From the Earliest Times to the Present As Told by the Explorers Themselves. Literary Licensing. ISBN. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2020-01-23.
National Maritime Historical Society. Sea History, Issues 13–25 เก็บถาวร 2018-09-15 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน published by National Maritime Historical Society 1979. Retrieved 2012-06-26
Hans Biedermann, James Hulbert (trans.), Dictionary of Symbolism Cultural Icons and the Meanings behind Them, p. 54.
Lowder, Gary George (1970). Studies in volcanic petrology: I. Talasea, New Guinea. II. Southwest Utah. University of California. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2021-02-05.
(2008). "obsidian". Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford Quick Reference (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN . เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 5 February 2021. สืบค้นเมื่อ 7 September 2019. [...] obsidian from was traded from at least 17 000 BC.
Vernon Horace Rendall, บ.ก. (1904). The Athenaeum. J. Francis. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2020-01-11. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2016-10-26.
Donald A. Mackenzie – Myths of Crete and Pre-Hellenic Europe – published 1917 เก็บถาวร 2021-04-11 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน – ISBN Retrieved 2012-06-09
R L Smith (2008), Premodern Trade in World History, Taylor & Francis, ISBN , เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2021-02-05, สืบค้นเมื่อ 2012-06-15
P Singh – Neolithic cultures of western Asia เก็บถาวร 2015-09-05 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน Seminar Press, 20 Aug 1974
J Robb (2007), The Early Mediterranean Village: Agency, Material Culture, and Social Change in Neolithic Italy, Cambridge University Press, ISBN , เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2021-02-05, สืบค้นเมื่อ 2012-06-11
P Goldberg, V T Holliday, C Reid Ferring – Earth Sciences and Archaeology เก็บถาวร 2021-02-05 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน Springer, 2001 ISBN Retrieved 2012-06-28
S L Dyson, R J Rowland – Archaeology And History In Sardinia From The Stone Age To The Middle Ages: Shepherds, Sailors, & Conquerors เก็บถาวร 2015-09-05 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน University of Pennsylvania – Museum of Archaeology, 2007 ISBN Retrieved 2012-06-28
Smith, Richard L. (2008). Premodern Trade in World History. Themes in World History. Routledge. p. 19. ISBN . เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 22 May 2020. สืบค้นเมื่อ 7 September 2019. [...] modern observers have sometimes referred to obsidian as 'rich man's flint.'
Williams-Thorpe, O. (1995). "Obsidian in the Mediterranean and the Near East: A Provenancing Success Story". Archaeometry. 37 (2): 217–48. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1995.tb00740.x.
(was secondary)Pliny the Elder (translated by , ) (1857), The natural history of Pliny, Volume 6, H G Bohn 1857, ISBN , เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2021-02-05, สืบค้นเมื่อ 2012-06-11
Emma Blake; A. Bernard Knapp (2008-04-15), The Archaeology Of Mediterranean Prehistory, John Wiley & Sons, 21 Feb 2005, ISBN , เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2021-02-05, สืบค้นเมื่อ 2012-06-22
Toby A. H. Wilkinson – Early Dynastic Egypt: Strategies, Society and Security[] Routledge, 8 สิงหาคม ค.ศ. 2001 สืบค้นเมื่อ 3 กรกฎาคม ค.ศ. 2012 []
(1990). Near Eastern Seals. University of California Press. p. 33. ISBN . คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2022-08-07. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2012-07-03.
Vermaak, P. S. (2009). "Relations between Babylonia and the Levant during the Kassite period". ใน (บ.ก.). The Babylonian world. Routledge. p. 520. ISBN . คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2015-09-05. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2015-06-27. Routledge 2007 Retrieved 2012-07-03 ISBN
S Bertman – Handbook To Life In Ancient Mesopotamia เก็บถาวร 2015-09-05 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน Oxford University Press, 2005 Retrieved 2012-07-03 ISBN
Etheredge, Laura S., บ.ก. (2011), Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan, The Rosen Publishing Group, p. 44, ISBN, สืบค้นเมื่อ 2012-06-15
M Dumper; B E Stanley (2007), Cities of The Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, ISBN , เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2021-02-05, สืบค้นเมื่อ 2012-06-28
et al. – History World .net
McIntosh, Jane R. (2008). The ancient Indus valley: new perspectives. ABC-CLIO's understanding ancient civilizations. Santa Barbara (Calif.): ABC-CLIO. pp. 190–191. ISBN .
Ivan Dikov (July 12, 2015). "Bulgarian Archaeologists To Start Excavations of Ancient Greek Emporium in Thracians' the Odrysian Kingdom". Archaeology in Bulgaria. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 12 July 2015. สืบค้นเมื่อ 28 October 2010. An emporium (in Latin; “emporion" in Greek) was a settlement reserved as a trading post, usually for the Ancient Greeks, on the territory of another ancient nation, in this case, the Ancient Thracian Odrysian Kingdom (5th century BC – 1st century AD), the most powerful Thracian state.
Pax Romana let average villagers throughout the Empire conduct day-to-day affairs without fear of armed attack.
P D Curtin – Cross-Cultural Trade in World History เก็บถาวร 2015-09-05 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน Cambridge University Press, 1984 ISBN Retrieved 2012-06-25
N. O. Brown – Hermes the Thief: The Evolution of a Myth เก็บถาวร 2015-09-05 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน SteinerBooks, 1990 ISBN Retrieved 2012-06-25
D Sacks, O Murray – A Dictionary of the Ancient Greek World เก็บถาวร 2015-09-05 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน Oxford University Press, 1997 ISBN Retrieved 2012-06-26
– Manual of Mythology เก็บถาวร 2015-09-05 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน Wildside Press LLC, 2008 ISBN Retrieved 2012-06-25
John R. Rice – Filled With the Spirit เก็บถาวร 2015-09-05 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน Sword of the Lord Publishers, 2000 ISBN Retrieved 2012-06-25
– Trade and Politics in Ancient Greece เก็บถาวร 2015-09-05 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน Biblo & Tannen Publishers, 1933 Retrieved 2012-07-04 ISBN
Cambridge dictionaries online[]
. "The Rādhānite Merchants and the Land of Rādhān". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 17 (3): 299.
Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2016). "Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships". ใน Campbell, Gwyn (บ.ก.). Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51–76. ISBN . เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2020-07-26. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2020-10-29.
Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751
Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.
Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.
Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). "Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction". Semantic Scholar.
Doran, Edwin Jr. (1974). "Outrigger Ages". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 83 (2): 130–140. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2019-06-08. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2019-07-14.
Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". ใน Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (บ.ก.). Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. Routledge. pp. 144–179. ISBN .
Doran, Edwin B. (1981). Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN .
Blench, Roger (2004). "Fruits and arboriculture in the Indo-Pacific region". Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 24 (The Taipei Papers (Volume 2)): 31–50. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2021-03-08. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2019-07-14.
"Aztec Hoe Money". National Museum of American History. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 6 ตุลาคม 2018. สืบค้นเมื่อ 6 ตุลาคม 2018.
K G Hirth – American Antiquity Vol. 43, No. 1 (Jan., 1978), pp. 35–45 เก็บถาวร 2016-10-05 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน Retrieved 2012-06-28
McGrail, Sean (2001). Boats of the World : From the Stone Age to Medieval Times. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Poole, Austin Lane (1958). Medieval England. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
"History of Genoa, Rival to Venice". Odyssey Traveller (ภาษาอังกฤษ). เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2021-11-02. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-11-02.
Green, Toby (2019). A Fistful of Shells: West Africa from the Rise of the Slave Trade to the Age of Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN . OCLC 1051687994.
Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. ISBN . Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.
Friedman, Milton (1970). Price Theory. Transaction Publishers. ISBN .
(secondary) M Smith – V. Gollancz, 1996 เก็บถาวร 2015-09-05 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีนISBN
"EU position in world trade". European Commission. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 5 March 2016. สืบค้นเมื่อ 7 March 2016.
"Free-trade zone | international trade | Britannica". เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2023-02-16. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2022-12-01.
Nomani & Rahnema (1994), p. ?. "I want nine out of ten people from my Ummah (nation) as traders" and "Trader, who did trading in truth, and sold the right quantity and quality of goods, he will stand along with Prophets and Martyrs, on Judgment day".
อัลกุรอาน 4:29: "O believers! Do not devour one another’s wealth illegally, but rather trade by mutual consent." อัลกุรอาน 2:275: "But Allah has permitted trading and forbidden interest."
Leviticus 19:13
Leviticus 19:35
"Is There Slavery In Your Chocolate?". คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ November 28, 2005. สืบค้นเมื่อ November 24, 2005.
Gold was an especially common form of early money, as described in Davies (2002).
karkhakhay hrux karkha xngkvs trade hmaythung kartklngaelkepliynsinkhahruxbrikar hruxthngsxngxyang karkhakhaysamartheriykidxikchuxhnungkhux commerce nkesrsthsastrxangthung klikhruxsthanthithisamarthmikarkhakhayeriykwatlad rupaebberimtnkhxngkarkhakhaykhux sunghmaythungkaraelkepliynsinkhahruxbrikarodytrngrahwangphukha pccubnni odythwipphukhasmyihmichkarecrcatxrxngdwysingaelkepliyn sungnnkkhuxengintraphxkhasxngkhnineyxrmnistwrrsthi 16in kwdalaharaThe Liberty to Trade as Buttressed by National Law kh s 1909 ody odythwipaelw phxkhamkcaecrcatxrxngknphansuxklangkhxngekhrdithruxkaraelkepliyn echn engin aemwankesrsthsastrbangkhnrabulksnakhxngkar klawkhux karkhakhaysingkhxngodyimichengin waepnrupaebbaerk khxngkarkhakhay aetkxnprawtisastrlaylksnxksrcaerimtnkhun dngnn eruxngrawekiywkbkarphthnakhxngengininyukhaerk swnihycungxingcakkarkhadedaaelakarxnumanechingtrrka tw aelaenginthiimmitwtn idchwyldkhwamyungyakaelasngsngesrimkarkhakhay enuxngcakkarsuxsamarthaeykxxkcakkarkhay hruxkaridrbrayid id karkhakhayrahwangphxkhasxngrayeriykwa inkhnathikarkhakhaythiekiywkhxngkbphxkhamakkwasxngrayeriykwa inmummxngsmyihm karkhakhayekidkhunenuxngcakkhwamchanayphiessaela sungepnrupaebbednkhxng thibukhkhlaelaklumtang mungennipthikarphlitephiyngdaniddanhnung aetichphlphlitkhxngtninkaraelkepliynepnphlitphnthaelasingkhxngcaepnxun karkhakhayekidkhunrahwangphumiphakhenuxngcakphumiphakhtang xacmi thirbruhruxepncring inkarphlitsinkhabangpraephththisuxkhayknid rwmthungkarphlitthrphyakrthrrmchatithihayakhruxmicakdinthixun twxyangechn khnadkhxngphumiphakhthiaetktangknxacsngesrim inkrniechnni karsuxkhayknin rahwangsthanthitang samarthkxihekidpraoychntxthngsxngsthanthiid phukhapraephthtang xacmikhwamechiywchayinkarsuxkhaysinkhatangchnidkn twxyangechn karkhaekhruxngeths aela tangmikhwamsakhythangprawtisastrinkarphthnaesrsthkicolkaelaesrsthkicrahwangpraeths tladthiphlukphlaninimlthi 12 lakxs incieriy karkhakarkhaplik prakxbipdwy karkhay sinkhahruxphlitphnthcaksthanthithitngaennxn echn hangsrrphsinkha hrux chxngthangxxniln hrux inprimannxyhruxkhayplik sahrb hruxkarichnganodytrngcakphusux karkhakhaysng khux karkhaysinkhathikhayepnsinkhaophkhphnthihkb phuichnganinphakhxutsahkrrm phanichykrrm sthabn hruxphuprakxbkarmuxxachiphxun hruxihkb phukhasng rayxun aelabrikarthiekiywkhxng inxdit karepidkwangsukarkhaesriephimkhunxyangmakinbangphunthi tngaet kh s 1815 cnthungkarpathukhxngsngkhramolkkhrngthihnunginpi kh s 1914 karepidkwangthangkarkhaephimkhunxikkhrnginchwngthswrrsthi 1920 aetklblmslay odyechphaainyuorpaelaxemrikaehnux inchwngphawaesrsthkictktakhrngihyinthswrrsthi 1930 karepidkwangthangkarkhaephimkhunxyangmakxikkhrngtngaetthswrrs 1950 epntnma aemwacamikarchalxtwinchwngwikvtkarnnamninchwngthswrrsthi 1970 nkesrsthsastraelankprawtisastrdanesrsthkicyunynwaradbkarepidkwangthangkarkhainpccubnnnsungthisudethathiekhymimasphthmulwithyaTrade macakkhawa trade inphasaxngkvssmyklang hmaythung esnthang aenwthangptibti sungphxkhachawaehnesiytikepnphunaekhamaichinphasaxngkvs odymacakkhawa trade inphasaeyxrmntaklang hmaythung rxythang esnthang sungmacakkhawa trada in hmaythung rxyetha rxythang aelamacakkhawa tradō in hmaythung rxythang esnthang aelaepnkharwmechuxsaykbkhawa tredan inphasaxngkvseka hmaythung edin karphanichy miraksphthmacakkhain phasalatin wa commercium sungmacakkhawa cum aeplwa rwmkn aela merx aeplwa sinkha khwamepnmayukhkxnprawtisastr karkhakhaymitnkaenidmacakkarsuxsarkhxngmnusy inyukhkxnprawtisastr mnusyyukhkxnprawtisastrmikaraelkepliynsinkhaaelabrikarsungknaelaknin gift economy kxnthicamikarkhidkhnengintrainyukhpccubn pietxr wtsn Peter Watson rabuwa nnmimatngaetpraman 150 000 pikxnkhristkal inbriewnemdietxrereniyn kartidtxrahwangwthnthrrmthiekaaekthisudekiywkhxngkbsmachikkhxngsayphnthu Homo sapiens sungswnihyichaemnadanub inchwngewlaerimtn 35 000 30 000 pikxnpccubn sylksnkhthanguikhw edimepntwaethnkhxngethphemxrkhiwri ethphecaaehngkarkhakhaykhxngchawormn yngkhngichepnsylksnkhxngkarkhainpccubnphachnadinepha thikhudphbinchwngthswrrs 1860 thi ikl rsesiytxnit edimepnswnhnungkhxng aehng pccubnkhux cdaesdngthi phiphithphnthehxrmiethc in esntpietxrsebirk mihlkthankaraelkepliyn hinxxbsiediyn aela hinehlkif inyukhhin echuxknwamikarkhakhayhinxxbsiediynin niwkini tngaet 17 000 pikxnkhristkal karichhinxxbsiediynkhrngaerkintawnxxkiklmikhuninyukhhintxnlangaelaklang ecachaythakahiota mikasaonamiya orebirt khar obsanekt idthakarsuksakarkhakhayinyukhhin odykarkhudkhninpi kh s 1901 hlkthanthangobrankhdithichdecnchinaerkkhxngkarkhakhaysinkhathiphlitkhunnnphbinexechiytawntkechiyngit hlkthanthangobrankhdiekiywkbkarichhinxxbsiediynihkhxmulwawsduchnidniklayepnthiniymeluxkichmakkhunaethnthi hinechirt tngaetyukhhinklangcnthungyukhhinihm sungcaepntxngmikaraelkepliynenuxngcakaehlnghinxxbsiediynnnhayakinphumiphakhemdietxrereniyn hinxxbsiediyn epnwsduthiichinkarthaekhruxngmuxtd aemwacamiwsduxun thihaidngaykwa aetkarichnganhinxxbsiediyn cathukcakdiwechphaachnchnsungkhxngepha odyeriykknwa hinehlkifkhxngkhnrwy epnthinasnicwa mulkhakhxnghinxxbsiediyn nnyngkhngsungkwahinehlkifmaodytlxd phxkhainyukhaerk thakarkhakhaysungedinthangepnrayathangiklthung 900 kiolemtrphayinphumiphakhemdietxrereniyn karkhakhayinaethbthaelemdietxrereniyninchwngyukhhinihmkhxngyuorpnn wsduchnidniepnsinkhathiyingihythisud erimmiekhruxkhaykarkhakhayinraw 12 000 pikxnkhristkal xnaoteliyepnaehlngkhakhayhlkkbelaewnt xihran aelaxiyipt tamkarsuksakhxngsarinsinpi kh s 1990 aehlnghinxxbsiediyncak aela phlitkarkhathiaephrhlaymakthisudinphumiphakhemdietxrereniynethathiobrankhdiruck ehmuxng aehlngaer lapis lazuli khnadihythisudinethuxkekhakhxngxfkanisthan wsdudngklawmikarsuxkhayknxyangaephrhlaymakthisudin tngaet 1595 pikxnkhristkal xdm smith klawthungtnkaenidkhxngkarkhawamacakkarerimtnkhxngthurkrrmthangkarengininyukhkxnprawtisastr nxkehnuxcakkardarngchiphaebbphungphatnexngtamaebbdngedimaelw karkhakhayklayepnthksathangkhwamkhidhlksahrbmnusyyukhkxnprawtisastr sungmikaraelkepliynsingkhxngthitnexngmiephuxaelkkbsinkhaaelabrikarcakkn nkmanusywithyaimphbhlkthankhxngrabbkaraelkepliynthiimmirabbekhrditxyukhwbkhuknipdwy prawtisastrobran emdietxrereniynaelatawnxxkikl hlkthanekaaekthisudkhxngkarekhiynmikhwamekiywphnxyangluksungkbkarkhakhay dngechn thiichsahrbkarbnthukbychi sungphbinhubekhaefrthtxnbninsieriy sungmixayuyxnipthungshswrrsthi 10 kxnkhristkal thuxepnrupaebbkarekhiynthiekaaekthisudrupaebbhnung epnsunyklangkarkhathisakhyinchwngsnnibatthisamkxnkhristkal odymiekhruxkhaythiechuxmoyngipthungxnaoteliyaelaemosopetemiytxnehnux aephnthiesnthangkarkhaesnthangsayihm rahwangyuorpaelaexechiy wsduthiichthaekhruxngpradbmikarkhakhaykbxiyipttngaet 3000 pikxnkhristkal esnthangkarkhakhayrayaiklpraktkhunkhrngaerkinchwngshswrrsthi 3 kxnkhristkal emuxchawsuemxrinemosopetemiy thakarkhakbaehnghubekhasinthu chawfiniechiynepnthiruckinthanaphxkhathangthael edinthangkhamthaelemdietxrereniyn aelaiklipthangehnuxthungbrietn ephuxhaaehlngehlksahrbphlitthxngsmvththi ephuxcudprasngkhni phwkekhacungidtngthinthankarkhasungchawkrikeriykwa tamaenwchayfngkhxngthaelemdietxrereniyn nkwicyphbkhwamsmphnthechingbwk rahwangkarechuxmtxthidikhxngphunthichayfngkbkhwamaephrhlaykhxngaehlngobrankhdicakyukhehlk sungchiihehnwaskyphaphthangkarkhakhxngphunthiepnpccysakhyinkartngthinthankhxngmnusy aephncarukrxngeriynthungexya natsir sungmixayuyxnipthung 1750 pikxnkhristkal bnthukeruxngrawkhwamyaklabakkhxngphxkhathxngaednginyukhnn tngaetcuderimtnkhxngxarythrrmkrikcnthungkarlmslaykhxngckrwrrdiormn instwrrsthi 5 karkhathithakairthangkarenginidnaekhruxngethsxnmikhacaktawnxxkikl rwmthungxinediyaelacinmayngyuorp thaihckrwrrdiefuxngfuaelayunyng chwngplaykhxngsatharnrthormnaelasntiphaphormnkhxngckrwrrdiormnkxihekidekhruxkhaykarkhnsngthimnkhngaelaplxdphy sungchwyihsamarthkhnsngsinkhaidodyimtxngkngwleruxng enuxngcakormidklayepnmhaxanacthangthaelephiynghnungediywinemdietxrereniynhlngcakphichitxiyiptaelatawnxxkikl insmykrikobran ehxrmis epnethphecaaehngkarkha phanichykrrm aelamatrachngtwngwd insmyormobran emxrkhiweriys epnethphecaaehngphxkha sungmikarechlimchlxngethskalodyehlaphxkhainwnthi 25 khxngeduxnthiha aenwkhideruxng karkhaesri nn epnaenwkhidthitrngkhamkbkhwamtxngkaraelathisthangthangesrsthkickhxngphupkkhrxngrthtang insmykrikobran karkhaesrirahwangrththukkhdkhwangodykhwamcaepninkarkhwbkhumphayinthiekhmngwd phankarekbphasi ephuxrksakhwammnkhngphayinthxngphrakhlngkhxngphupkkhrxng sungxyangirktamsingnithaihsamarththarngiwsung khwameriybrxy phayinokhrngsrangkhxngchiwitchumchnthiichnganidcring karlmslaykhxngckrwrrdiormnaelayukhmud thitammathaihekidkhwamimmnkhnginyuorptawntk aelakarlmslaykhxngekhruxkhaykarkhainolktawntk xyangirktam karkhayngkhngefuxngfuinhmurachxanackrtang inthwipaexfrika tawnxxkklang xinediy cin aelaexechiytawnxxkechiyngit karkhabangswnekidkhunintawntk twxyangechn epnkildhruxklumphxkhayiw inyukhklang khwamhmaythiaethcringkhxngkhanisuyhayipinprawtisastr thithakarkharahwangkhristsasnikchn inyuorpaelamuslim intawnxxkikl xinod aepsifik ekhruxkhaykarkhathangthaelkhxng yukhkxnprawtisastr aela inmhasmuthrxinediy ekhruxkhaykarkhathangthaelthiaethcringaehngaerkinmhasmuthrxinediydaeninkarodychnephaxxsotrniesiynkhxngekaainexechiytawnxxkechiyngit esnthangedineruxnirierimodychnphunemuxngkhxngpraethsithwnaelapraethsfilippins epnekhruxkhaykarkhathikwangkhwangechuxmtxhlayphunthiinexechiytawnxxkechiyngitaelaexechiytawnxxk phlitphnthhlkthacakhykthikhudcakithwnodychnephaphunemuxngithwnaelaphankrabwnkarswnihyinfilippinsodychawfilippinsphunemuxng odyechphaaincnghwdbataens ekaalusxn aelacnghwdpalawn bangswnyngphankrabwnkarinpraethsewiydnam inkhnathichnchatikhxngpraethsmaelesiy praethsbruin praethssingkhopr praethsithy praethsxinodniesiy aelapraethskmphuchakmiswnrwminekhruxkhaykarkhakhnadihyniechnkn esnthangedineruxniepnhnunginekhruxkhaykarkhathangthaelthikwangkhwangthisudkhxngwsduthangthrniwithyachnidediywinolkyukhkxnprawtisastr mimaxyangnxy 3 000 pi odymikarphlitsungsudrahwang 2000 pikxnkhristkal thung 500 pikhristkal sungekaaekkwaesnthangsayihminaephndinihyyueresiyaelaesnthangsayihmthangthaelinewlatxma esnthangthnnthaelhykerimldlnginchwngstwrrssudthaytngaet 500 pikhristkal thung 1000 pikhristkal chwngewlathnghmdkhxngekhruxkhayniepnyukhthxngkhxngsngkhmthihlakhlayinphumiphakh chawexechiytawnxxkechiyngitthiedinthangthangthaelidsrangesnthangkarkhakb aela praethssrilngka tngaetchwng 1500 pikxnkhristkal epnkaraelkepliynwthnthrrmthangwtthu echn eruximkradaneyb aela hmak aela echn maphraw imcnthn klwy aela xxy rwmthungechuxmoyngwthnthrrmthangwtthukhxngxinediyaelacin klumchatiphnthuinxinodniesiy odyechphaaxyangyingmikarkhakhayekhruxngeths swnihyepn xbechy aela kb aexfrikatawnxxk odyicherux aelaerux aelalxngeruxodyxasykraaeslm inmhasmuthrxinediy ekhruxkhaykarkhanikhyayipiklthungthwip aexfrika aela khabsmuthrxahrb sngphlihchawxxsotrniesiynekhayudkhrxng praethsmadakskar inchwngkhrungshswrrsaerkkhxngkhristskrach karkhakhayyngkhngdaenintxipcnthungyukhprawtisastr aelatxmaklayepn emosxemrika thacaedor hruxenginkhwanthiichepnskulengininemosxemrika mimulkhakhngthixyuthiemldokok 8 000 emld sungichepnskulenginiddwy karekidkhunkhxngekhruxkhaykaraelkepliyninsngkhmkxnyukhokhlmbskhxngaelaiklkbemksiokepnthithrabkndiwaekidkhunphayinchwngimkipikxnaelahlng 1500 pikxnkhristkal ekhruxkhaykarkhakhyayipthangehnuxthung mihlkthankarkhathangthaelthimnkhngkbwthnthrrmthangtawntkechiyngehnuxkhxngxemrikaitaelaaekhribebiyn yukhklang inchwngsmyklang karkhakhayinyuorpidphthnakhunodykarsuxkhaysinkhafumefuxyinnganaesdngsinkha khwammngkhngthukepliynepnkhwammngkhngthiekhluxnyayidhruxesrsthkic rabbthnakharphthnakhunodythiengininbychithukoxnkhamphrmaednpraeths tladndklayepnlksnaednkhxngchiwitinemuxngaelathukkhwbkhumodyhnwyngankhxngemuxng yuorptawntkidsrangekhruxkhaykarkhathisbsxnaelakwangkhwang odymieruxbrrthuksinkhaepnphahnahlkinkarkhnsngsinkha aela epntwxyangsxngaebbkhxngeruxbrrthuksinkhadngklaw thaeruxhlayaehngidphthnaekhruxkhaykarkhathikwangkhwangkhxngtnexng emuxngtha bristxl khxngxngkvs thakarkhakbphukhncaksthanthisungpccubnkhuxpraethsixsaelnd iptamchayfngtawntkkhxngfrngess aelalngipcnthungsthanthisungpccubnkhuxpraethssepn aephnthiaesdngesnthangkarkhahlksahrbsinkhaphayinyuorpsmyklangtxnplay insmyklang exechiyklangepnsunyklangthangesrsthkickhxngolk chaw khrxbngaesnthangkarkhatawnxxk tawntkthiruckkninchux esnthangsayihm tngaetstwrrsthi 4 cnthungstwrrsthi 8 odymi aela epnsunyklangsakhyinphakhehnux phwkekhaepnphxkha hlkkhxngexechiyklang nbtngaetsmyklang satharnrththangthael odyechphaaxyangying ewnis aela econwa mibthbathsakhyinkarkhakhaytlxd thaelemdietxrereniyn tngaetstwrrsthi 11 thungplaystwrrsthi 15 satharnrthewnis aela satharnrtheconwa epnsunyklangkarkhathisakhy phwkekhakhrxbngakarkhain thaelemdietxrereniyn aelathaelda odymikarphukkhadrahwangyuorpaelatawnxxkiklepnewlahlaystwrrs tngaetstwrrsthi 8 thungstwrrsthi 11 chawiwking aela chawwarneciyn edinthangkhakhaythangeruxepnhlk odychawiwkingaelneruxipyngyuorptawntk khnathichawwarneciynipyngrsesiy inchwngstwrrsthi 13 thung 17 snnibathnesx sungepnphnthmitrthangkarkhakhxngemuxngtang idkhrxbkhrxngkarkhaaebbphukkhad ehnuxyuorpehnux aela epnswnihy yukheruxibaelakarptiwtixutsahkrrm nksarwcchawoprtueks wchku da kama epnphubukebik esnthangkarkhaekhruxngethskhxngchawyuorp inpi kh s 1498 emuxekhamathung hlngcakedinthangeruxxxm aehlmkudohp thangtxnitsudkhxng thwipaexfrika kxnhnani karihlewiynkhxngekhruxngethscakxinediyekhasuyuorpthukkhwbkhumodymhaxanacxislam odyechphaaxiyipt karkhakhayekhruxngeths mikhwamsakhythangesrsthkicxyangmak aelachwykratun yukhaehngkarsarwc inyuorp ekhruxngethsthinaekhamainyuorpcakolktawnxxkepnsinkhathimikhathisudemuxethiybkbnahnk bangkhrngmimulkhaethiybethakb thxngkha tngaet kh s 1070 epntnma xanackrtang inthwipaexfrikatawntkidklayepn erimaerkcakkarekhluxnyaythxngkhaaelathrphyakrxun thisngxxkodyphxkhamuslimbnekhruxkhay erimtninstwrrsthi 16 phxkhachawyuorpcasuxthxngkha ekhruxngeths pha im aelacakrthinaexfrikatawntksungepnswnhnungkhxngkarkhaitrphakhi sungmkcaaelkepliynepnpha ehlk hruxepluxkhxy sungichepnskulengininthxngthin kxtngkhuninpi kh s 1352 epnchatikarkhathisakhykhxngolk aelachawyuorpmkklawthungwaepnpraethsthirarwythisudinkarkhakhaydwy inchwngkhriststwrrsthi 16 aela 17 chawoprtueksidepriybthangesrsthkicinrachxanackr enuxngcakprchyakarkhathiaetktangkn inkhnathiphxkhachawoprtueksmungennipthikarsasmthun aetinkhxngoknnsingkhxngthangkarkhahlayxyangmikhwamhmaythangcitwiyyan tamthinkprawtisastresrsthkic othbi krin Toby Green klawwa inkhxngok karihmakkwakarrbepnsylksnkhxngxanacaelasiththiphiessthangcitwiyyanaelakaremuxng instwrrsthi 16 klumsibecdmnthlepnsunyklangkhxngkarkhaesri odyimmi aelasnbsnunkarekhluxnyaysinkhaxyangesri karkhakhayinxinediytawnxxkthukkhrxbngaodyoprtueksinstwrrsthi 16 satharnrthdtchinstwrrsthi 17 aelashrachxanackrinstwrrsthi 18 ckrwrrdisepnphthnaesnthangkarkhaxyangsmaesmxthngmhasmuthraextaelntikaelamhasmuthraepsifik kdysk instwrrsthi 17 thaeruxkhxngsnnibathnesx inpi kh s 1776 xdm smith idtiphimphhnngsux khwammngkhngkhxngprachachati sungwiphakswicarnlththiphanichyniym aelaotaeyngwakhwamechiywchaythangesrsthkicsamarthepnpraoychntxpraethschatiidechnediywkbbristh enuxngcakthukcakddwykhnadkhxngtlad ekhacungklawwapraethsthimitladkhnadihykwacasamarthaebngnganidxyangmiprasiththiphaphmakkhunaelasngphlihmiphlitphaphmakkhun smithklawwaekhaphicarnaehtuphlthnghmdkhxngkarkhwbkhumkarnaekhaaelakarsngxxkwaepn elhehliym sungsrangkhwamesiyhaytxpraethskhukhaodyrwmephuxpraoychnkhxngxutsahkrrmechphaaklum inpi kh s 1799 bristhxinediytawnxxkkhxngenethxraelnd sungkhrnghnungekhyepnbrisththiihythisudinolkid lmlalay sungepnphlmacakkaretibotkhxngkarkhaesrithimikaraekhngkhnsungkhun chawebxrebxr khakhaykb thimbktu 1853stwrrsthi 19 inpi kh s 1817 aela idaesdngihehnwakarkhaesricaepnpraoychntxthngpraethsxutsahkrrmthixxnaexaelaaekhngaekrng inthvsdithimichuxesiyngkhxng inhnngsux rikharodidphthnahlkkhasxnthiyngkhngthuxwaepneruxngthikhdkbkhwamrusukthisudin esrsthsastr emuxphuphlitthiimmiprasiththiphaphsngsinkhathitnphlitiddithisudipyngpraethsthisamarthphlitsinkhachnidediywknidxyangmiprasiththiphaphmakkwa thngsxngpraethscaidrbpraoychn karphngadkhunkhxngkarkhaesriswnihyaelwtngxyubnphunthankhxngkhwamidepriybkhxngchatiinchwngklangstwrrsthi 19 klawkhux karkhanwninkhnannphicarnawakarepidphrmaednkhxngpraethsidpraethshnungephuxrbkarnaekhasinkhacaktangpraethsnn epnphlpraoychnkhxngpraethsnn hruxim John Stuart Mill idphisucnwapraethsthimiinkarkahndrakha aetephiyngphuediywintladrahwangpraeths samarthbidebuxnid odykarkhngxtraphasiexaiw sungkartxbottxkrnini xacepnkardaeninnoybaykarkhaaebbtangtxbaethn sung rikharod aelankesrsthsastrkhnxun idekhyesnxaenwkhidniiwkxnhnani praednnithuknamaichepnkhxotaeynghlkkhasxneruxngkarkhaesri enuxngcakechuxknwapraethsthidaeninnoybaykarkhaaebbtangtxbaethn caidrbswnekinthangesrsthkiccakkarkhamakkwapraethsthidaeninxyangsmburn hlngcaknnimkipi aenwkhidniidthuktxyxdepnsthankarnxutsahkrrmerimaerk odymillidesnxthvsdithiwarthbalmihnathiinkarkhumkhrxngxutsahkrrmthiephingekidihm aemcaepnephiyngchwngewlasn ephuxihxutsahkrrmehlannphthnaskyphaphidxyangetmthi sungaenwkhidniidklayepnnoybaykhxnghlaypraethsthiphyayamcaphthnaxutsahkrrmkhxngtn aelaaekhngkhnkbphusngxxkcakxngkvs txmamiltn fridaemn Milton Friedman idsantxaenwkhwamkhidni odyaesdngihehnwainbangsthankarn phaphasixacepnpraoychntxpraethsecaban aetimekhyepnpraoychntxolkodyrwmely stwrrsthi 20 phawaesrsthkictktakhrngihy epnchwngphawaesrsthkicthdthxykhrngihythiekidkhuntngaetpi kh s 1929 thungplaythswrrsthi 1930 inchwngewlani primankarkhaaelatwchiwdthangesrsthkicxun prbtwldlngxyangmak hlaykhnmxngwakarkhadkarkhaesriepnsaehtuhlkkhxngphawaesrsthkictkta sungnaipsuphawaesrsthkicthdthxyaelaenginefx phawaesrsthkicthdthxyinshrthxemrikasinsudlnginchwngsngkhramolkkhrngthisxngethann inchwngsngkhramechnkn inpi kh s 1944 praethstang 44 praethsidlngnamin sungmunghmaythicapxngknxupsrrkhthangkarkharahwangpraeths ephuxhlikeliyngphawaesrsthkictkta mikarkahndkdeknthaelasthabntang khunephuxkhwbkhum idaek kxngthunkarenginrahwangpraeths aelathnakharrahwangpraethsephuxkarburnaaelaphthna txmaaebngxxkepnthnakharolkaelathnakharephuxkarcharahnirahwangpraeths xngkhkrehlanierimdaeninnganinpi kh s 1946 hlngcakthipraethstang ihstyabnkhxtklngnimakephiyngphx inpi kh s 1947 praethstang 23 praethsidtklnginkhwamtklngthwipwadwyphasisulkakraelakarkha ephuxsngesrimkarkhaesri shphaphyuorp klayepnphusngxxksinkhaaelabrikardanxutsahkrrmrayihythisudkhxngolk aelaepntladsngxxkthiihythisudsahrbpraethstang praman 80 praeths stwrrsthi 21 pccubn karkhaepnephiyngswnyxyphayinrabbthisbsxnkhxngbrrsthtang thiphyayamephimphlkairsungsuddwykaresnxphlitphnth thurkic aelakarbrikaraektlad esrsthsastr sungprakxbdwythngbukhkhlaelabrrsthxun thitnthunkarphlittathisud rabbkarkharahwangpraethsidchwyphthnaesrsthkicolk aetemuxichrwmkbkhxtklngthwiphakhihruxphhuphakhiephuxldphasihruxephuxihbrrlukarkhaesri bangkhrngklbsngphlesiytxtladolkthisamsahrbsinkhathxngthin karkhaesri karkhaesriepnnoybaythirthbalimeluxkptibtitxkarnaekhahruxsngxxkodykarichphasihruxenginxudhnun noybaynieriykxikxyangwanoybayplxyihepniptamthrrmchati noybaypraephthniimidhmaykhwamwapraethscalathingkarkhwbkhumaelakarekbphasikarnaekhaaelasngxxkthnghmd karkhaesrimikhwamkawhnamakkhuninchwngplaystwrrsthi 20 aelatnstwrrsthi 21 kh s 1992 ph s 2535 shphaphyuorp ykelikxupsrrkhthangkarkhaphayinsahrb sinkha aela1 mkrakhm kh s 1994 ph s 2537 the khwamtklngkarkhaesrixemrikaehnux North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA miphlbngkhbich kh s 1994 ph s 2537 wadwykarcdtngxngkhkarkarkhaolk WTO 1 mkrakhm kh s 1995 ph s 2538 xngkhkarkarkhaolk World Trade Organization WTO thuksrangkhunephuxxanwykhwamsadwkihkbkarkhaesri odykahndihpraethsphakhithiidrbkhwamxnuekhraahsungsudmisthanakarkharahwangkn EC thukepliynaeplngepnshphaphyuorp sungprasbkhwamsaercinkarsrangshphaphesrsthkicaelakarengin EMU inpi 2002 phankarnaskulenginyuormaich aelasrangtladediywthiaethcringrahwang 13 praethssmachik n wnthi 1 mkrakhm 2007 Interets des nations de l Europe developes relativement au commerce 1766inpi 2005 mikarlngnaminkhxtklngkarkhaesrixemrikaklang sungrwmthungshrthxemrikaaelasatharnrthodminiknaenwkhidlththikhumkhrxng karkhumkhrxngthangkarkha khux noybaykarcakdaelaldkarkharahwangpraeths trngknkhamkbnoybaykarkhaesri noybaynimkxyuinrupaebbkhxngphasisulkakraelaokhwtathicakd noybaykhumkhrxngthangkarkhamikhwamoddednxyangyinginchwngthswrrsthi 1930 rahwangphawaesrsthkictktakhrngihyaelacuderimtnkhxngsngkhramolkkhrngthisxng sasna khasxnxislamsnbsnunkarkha aelapranamkarekbdxkebiy khasxnkhxngyiw khristimhamkarkha phwkekhahamkarchxokngaelakarkrathathiimsucrit inxditphwkekhahamkarkhiddxkebiyenginku karphthnadanengintra ehriyy engintraephuxichaethnkaraelkepliynkhxngormobran rupaebbaerkkhxngenginkhuxwtthuthimimulkhaaeth eriykwa engintrasinkha sungrwmthungsinkhathimicahnaythwipthimimulkhaaeth twxyanginxditrwmthungsukr epluxkhxythaelhayak fnwal aela bxykhrng ww inxirkyukhklang khnmpngthukichepnrupaebbaerkkhxngengin inxanackraexsethk phayitkarpkkhrxngkhxng mxnetsuma emldokokklayepnskulenginthithukkdhmay skulengintra thuknamaichepnenginmatrthanephuxxanwykhwamsadwkinkaraelkepliynsinkhaaelabrikarinwngkwang khntxnaerkkhxngskulengin sungicholhaephuxaethnkhathiekbiw aelasylksnephuxaethnsinkha kxtwepnphunthankhxngkarkhaindinaedndwngdawmanankwa 1500 pi mitwxyangehriyycaksngkhmkhnadihyyukhaerk aemwainkhntncaepnkxnolhamikhathiimmiekhruxnghmayxangxingSamuelson P 1939 The Gains from International Trade The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science 5 2 195 205 doi 10 2307 137133 JSTOR 137133 Dollar D Kraay A 2004 Trade Growth and Poverty PDF The Economic Journal 114 493 F22 F49 10 1 1 509 1584 doi 10 1111 j 0013 0133 2004 00186 x S2CID 62781399 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedim PDF emux 2004 03 07 subkhnemux 2017 10 26 Compare and other types of retail trade Hoffman K Douglas b k 2005 Marketing principles and best practices 3 ed Thomson South Western p 407 ISBN 978 0 324 22519 8 ekbcakaehlngedimemux 2022 10 22 subkhnemux 2018 05 03 Five types of nonstore retailing will be discussed street peddling direct selling mail order automatic merchandising machine operators and electronic shopping Distribution Services 2000 02 09 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 2006 05 15 subkhnemux 2006 04 04 Federico Giovanni Tena Junguito Antonio 2019 World Trade 1800 1938 A New Synthesis Revista de Historia Economica Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 37 1 9 41 doi 10 1017 S0212610918000216 10016 36110 ISSN 0212 6109 Federico Giovanni Tena Junguito Antonio 2018 07 28 The World Trade Historical Database VoxEU org ekbcakaehlngedimemux 2019 10 07 subkhnemux 2019 10 07 Bown C P Crowley M A 2016 01 01 Bagwell Kyle Staiger Robert W b k The Empirical Landscape of Trade Policy PDF Handbook of Commercial Policy vol 1 North Holland pp 3 108 doi 10 1016 bs hescop 2016 04 015 ISBN 978 0444632807 S2CID 204484666 ekb PDF cakaehlngedimemux 2021 02 25 subkhnemux 2019 10 07 Chisholm Hugh b k 1911 Commerce saranukrmbritanika kh s 1911 Vol 6 11 ed sankphimphmhawithyalyekhmbridc p 766 Watson 2005 Introduction D Abulafia O Rackham M Suano 2011 2008 The Mediterranean in History Getty Publications ISBN 978 1 60606 057 5 ekbcakaehlngedimemux 2021 05 11 subkhnemux 2019 09 07 the Danube played an extremely important role in connecting East and West before the Mediterranean became the main link between these regions This period runs for about 25 000 years from 35 000 30 000 to around 10 000 8 000 before the present epriybethiyb Barbier Edward 2015 The Origins of Economic Wealth Nature and Wealth Overcoming Environmental Scarcity and Inequality Springer ISBN 978 1137403391 ekbcakaehlngedimemux 5 February 2021 subkhnemux 7 September 2019 Even before domestication of plants and animals occurred long distance trading networks were prominent among some hunter gathering societies such as the Natufians and other sedentary populations who inhabited the Eastern Mediterranean around 12 000 10 000 BC Stefansson Vilhjalmur Wilcox Olive Rathbun b k 2013 Great Adventures and Explorations From the Earliest Times to the Present As Told by the Explorers Themselves Literary Licensing ISBN 978 1258868482 subkhnemux 2020 01 23 National Maritime Historical Society Sea History Issues 13 25 ekbthawr 2018 09 15 thi ewyaebkaemchchin published by National Maritime Historical Society 1979 Retrieved 2012 06 26 Hans Biedermann James Hulbert trans Dictionary of Symbolism Cultural Icons and the Meanings behind Them p 54 Lowder Gary George 1970 Studies in volcanic petrology I Talasea New Guinea II Southwest Utah University of California khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 2021 02 05 2008 obsidian Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology Oxford Quick Reference 2 ed Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0191579042 ekbcakaehlngedimemux 5 February 2021 subkhnemux 7 September 2019 obsidian from was traded from at least 17 000 BC ecachaythakahiota mikasaonamiya Essays on Anatolian Archaeology ekbthawr 2015 09 05 thi ewyaebkaemchchin Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 1993 Retrieved 2012 06 16 Vernon Horace Rendall b k 1904 The Athenaeum J Francis ekbcakaehlngedimemux 2020 01 11 subkhnemux 2016 10 26 Donald A Mackenzie Myths of Crete and Pre Hellenic Europe published 1917 ekbthawr 2021 04 11 thi ewyaebkaemchchin ISBN 1 60506 375 4 Retrieved 2012 06 09 R L Smith 2008 Premodern Trade in World History Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 0 415 42476 9 ekbcakaehlngedimemux 2021 02 05 subkhnemux 2012 06 15 P Singh Neolithic cultures of western Asia ekbthawr 2015 09 05 thi ewyaebkaemchchin Seminar Press 20 Aug 1974 J Robb 2007 The Early Mediterranean Village Agency Material Culture and Social Change in Neolithic Italy Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 84241 9 ekbcakaehlngedimemux 2021 02 05 subkhnemux 2012 06 11 P Goldberg V T Holliday C Reid Ferring Earth Sciences and Archaeology ekbthawr 2021 02 05 thi ewyaebkaemchchin Springer 2001 ISBN 0 306 46279 6 Retrieved 2012 06 28 S L Dyson R J Rowland Archaeology And History In Sardinia From The Stone Age To The Middle Ages Shepherds Sailors amp Conquerors ekbthawr 2015 09 05 thi ewyaebkaemchchin University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology 2007 ISBN 1 934536 02 4 Retrieved 2012 06 28 Smith Richard L 2008 Premodern Trade in World History Themes in World History Routledge p 19 ISBN 978 1134095803 ekbcakaehlngedimemux 22 May 2020 subkhnemux 7 September 2019 modern observers have sometimes referred to obsidian as rich man s flint Williams Thorpe O 1995 Obsidian in the Mediterranean and the Near East A Provenancing Success Story Archaeometry 37 2 217 48 doi 10 1111 j 1475 4754 1995 tb00740 x etymology online ekbthawr 2017 07 02 thi ewyaebkaemchchin Retrieved 2012 06 09 A J Andrea 2011 World History Encyclopedia Volume 2 ABC CLIO ISBN 978 1 85109 930 6 ekbcakaehlngedimemux 2021 02 05 subkhnemux 2012 06 11 T A H Wilkinson Early Dynastic Egypt Strategies Society and Security ekbthawr 2022 04 08 thi ewyaebkaemchchin rxng 1 ekbthawr 2022 05 23 thi ewyaebkaemchchin karkhahinxxbsiediyn 2 ekbthawr 2015 09 05 thi ewyaebkaemchchin 3 ekbthawr 2015 09 05 thi ewyaebkaemchchin 4 ekbthawr 2015 09 05 thi ewyaebkaemchchin was secondary Pliny the Elder translated by 1857 The natural history of Pliny Volume 6 H G Bohn 1857 ISBN 978 1 85109 930 6 ekbcakaehlngedimemux 2021 02 05 subkhnemux 2012 06 11 Emma Blake A Bernard Knapp 2008 04 15 The Archaeology Of Mediterranean Prehistory John Wiley amp Sons 21 Feb 2005 ISBN 978 0 631 23268 1 ekbcakaehlngedimemux 2021 02 05 subkhnemux 2012 06 22 Toby A H Wilkinson Early Dynastic Egypt Strategies Society and Security lingkesiy Routledge 8 singhakhm kh s 2001 subkhnemux 3 krkdakhm kh s 2012 lingkesiy 1990 Near Eastern Seals University of California Press p 33 ISBN 0 520 07308 8 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 2022 08 07 subkhnemux 2012 07 03 Vermaak P S 2009 Relations between Babylonia and the Levant during the Kassite period in b k The Babylonian world Routledge p 520 ISBN 978 1134261284 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 2015 09 05 subkhnemux 2015 06 27 Routledge 2007 Retrieved 2012 07 03 ISBN 1 134 26128 4 S Bertman Handbook To Life In Ancient Mesopotamia ekbthawr 2015 09 05 thi ewyaebkaemchchin Oxford University Press 2005 Retrieved 2012 07 03 ISBN 0 19 518364 9 Etheredge Laura S b k 2011 Syria Lebanon and Jordan The Rosen Publishing Group p 44 ISBN 978 1 61530 329 8 subkhnemux 2012 06 15 M Dumper B E Stanley 2007 Cities of The Middle East and North Africa A Historical Encyclopedia ABC CLIO ISBN 978 1 57607 919 5 ekbcakaehlngedimemux 2021 02 05 subkhnemux 2012 06 28 et al History World net McIntosh Jane R 2008 The ancient Indus valley new perspectives ABC CLIO s understanding ancient civilizations Santa Barbara Calif ABC CLIO pp 190 191 ISBN 978 1 57607 907 2 Ivan Dikov July 12 2015 Bulgarian Archaeologists To Start Excavations of Ancient Greek Emporium in Thracians the Odrysian Kingdom Archaeology in Bulgaria khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 12 July 2015 subkhnemux 28 October 2010 An emporium in Latin emporion in Greek was a settlement reserved as a trading post usually for the Ancient Greeks on the territory of another ancient nation in this case the Ancient Thracian Odrysian Kingdom 5th century BC 1st century AD the most powerful Thracian state Jan David Bakker Stephan Maurer Jorn Steffen Pischke and Ferdinand Rauch 2021 Of Mice and Merchants Connectedness and the Location of Economic Activity in the Iron Age Review of Economics and Statistics 103 4 652 665 Pax Romana let average villagers throughout the Empire conduct day to day affairs without fear of armed attack P D Curtin Cross Cultural Trade in World History ekbthawr 2015 09 05 thi ewyaebkaemchchin Cambridge University Press 1984 ISBN 0 521 26931 8 Retrieved 2012 06 25 N O Brown Hermes the Thief The Evolution of a Myth ekbthawr 2015 09 05 thi ewyaebkaemchchin SteinerBooks 1990 ISBN 0 940262 26 6 Retrieved 2012 06 25 D Sacks O Murray A Dictionary of the Ancient Greek World ekbthawr 2015 09 05 thi ewyaebkaemchchin Oxford University Press 1997 ISBN 0 19 511206 7 Retrieved 2012 06 26 Manual of Mythology ekbthawr 2015 09 05 thi ewyaebkaemchchin Wildside Press LLC 2008 ISBN 1 4344 7028 8 Retrieved 2012 06 25 John R Rice Filled With the Spirit ekbthawr 2015 09 05 thi ewyaebkaemchchin Sword of the Lord Publishers 2000 ISBN 0 87398 255 X Retrieved 2012 06 25 Trade and Politics in Ancient Greece ekbthawr 2015 09 05 thi ewyaebkaemchchin Biblo amp Tannen Publishers 1933 Retrieved 2012 07 04 ISBN 0 8196 0150 0 Cambridge dictionaries online txngkarxangxingetmrupaebb The Radhanite Merchants and the Land of Radhan Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 17 3 299 Manguin Pierre Yves 2016 Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships in Campbell Gwyn b k Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World Palgrave Macmillan pp 51 76 ISBN 9783319338224 ekbcakaehlngedimemux 2020 07 26 subkhnemux 2020 10 29 Tsang Cheng hwa 2000 Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan Bulletin of the Indo Pacific Prehistory Association 20 153 158 doi 10 7152 bippa v20i0 11751 Turton M 2021 Notes from central Taiwan Our brother to the south Taiwan s relations with the Philippines date back millennia so it s a mystery that it s not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy Taiwan Times Everington K 2017 Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan capital was Taitung Scholar Taiwan News Bellwood P H Hung H Lizuka Y 2011 Taiwan Jade in the Philippines 3 000 Years of Trade and Long distance Interaction Semantic Scholar Doran Edwin Jr 1974 Outrigger Ages The Journal of the Polynesian Society 83 2 130 140 ekbcakaehlngedimemux 2019 06 08 subkhnemux 2019 07 14 Mahdi Waruno 1999 The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean in Blench Roger Spriggs Matthew b k Archaeology and Language III Artefacts languages and texts One World Archaeology Vol 34 Routledge pp 144 179 ISBN 0415100542 Doran Edwin B 1981 Wangka Austronesian Canoe Origins Texas A amp M University Press ISBN 978 0890961070 Blench Roger 2004 Fruits and arboriculture in the Indo Pacific region Bulletin of the Indo Pacific Prehistory Association 24 The Taipei Papers Volume 2 31 50 ekbcakaehlngedimemux 2021 03 08 subkhnemux 2019 07 14 Aztec Hoe Money National Museum of American History ekbcakaehlngedimemux 6 tulakhm 2018 subkhnemux 6 tulakhm 2018 K G Hirth American Antiquity Vol 43 No 1 Jan 1978 pp 35 45 ekbthawr 2016 10 05 thi ewyaebkaemchchin Retrieved 2012 06 28 McGrail Sean 2001 Boats of the World From the Stone Age to Medieval Times Oxford Oxford University Press Poole Austin Lane 1958 Medieval England Oxford Clarendon Press Beckwith 2011 p xxiv Italian Trade Cities Western Civilization courses lumenlearning com ekbcakaehlngedimemux 2021 11 02 subkhnemux 2021 11 02 History of Genoa Rival to Venice Odyssey Traveller phasaxngkvs ekbcakaehlngedimemux 2021 11 02 subkhnemux 2021 11 02 Green Toby 2019 A Fistful of Shells West Africa from the Rise of the Slave Trade to the Age of Revolution Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0226644578 OCLC 1051687994 Nanda J N 2005 Bengal the unique state Concept Publishing Company p 10 ISBN 978 81 8069 149 2 Bengal was rich in the production and export of grain salt fruit liquors and wines precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with Friedman Milton 1970 Price Theory Transaction Publishers ISBN 9780202309699 secondary British Broadcasting Corporation history ekbthawr 2019 12 24 thi ewyaebkaemchchin secondary M Smith V Gollancz 1996 ekbthawr 2015 09 05 thi ewyaebkaemchchin ISBN 0 575 06150 2 EU position in world trade European Commission ekbcakaehlngedimemux 5 March 2016 subkhnemux 7 March 2016 Free trade zone international trade Britannica ekbcakaehlngedimemux 2023 02 16 subkhnemux 2022 12 01 Nomani amp Rahnema 1994 p I want nine out of ten people from my Ummah nation as traders and Trader who did trading in truth and sold the right quantity and quality of goods he will stand along with Prophets and Martyrs on Judgment day xlkurxan 4 29 O believers Do not devour one another s wealth illegally but rather trade by mutual consent xlkurxan 2 275 But Allah has permitted trading and forbidden interest Leviticus 19 13 Leviticus 19 35 Is There Slavery In Your Chocolate khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux November 28 2005 subkhnemux November 24 2005 Gold was an especially common form of early money as described in Davies 2002 bthkhwamesrsthsastr karengin thurkic hrux karkhaniyngepnokhrng khunsamarthchwywikiphiediyidodykarephimetimkhxmuldk