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คาบสมุทรไอบีเรีย (อังกฤษ: Iberian Peninsula; สเปน: Península Ibérica; โปรตุเกส: Península Ibérica; กาตาลา: Península Ibèrica) ตั้งอยู่บริเวณตะวันตกเฉียงใต้ของทวีปยุโรป มีพื้นที่ประมาณ 583,254 ตารางกิโลเมตร (225,196 ตารางไมล์) และมีประชากรเกือบ 53 ล้านคน ตั้งอยู่ระหว่างทะเลเมดิเตอร์เรเนียนกับมหาสมุทรแอตแลนติก เป็นคาบสมุทรที่ใหญ่เป็นอันดับ 2 ของทวีปยุโรปรองจากคาบสมุทรสแกนดิเนเวีย ทางทิศเหนือติดกับเทือกเขาพิเรนีสและประเทศฝรั่งเศส ทางทิศตะวันออกติดกับทะเลเมดิเตอร์เรเนียน ทิศตะวันตกติดกับมหาสมุทรแอตแลนติก ทิศใต้สุดติดกับช่องแคบยิบรอลตาร์ คาบสมุทรไอบีเรียมีความยาวประมาณ 900 กิโลเมตร กว้างโดยเฉลี่ยประมาณ 900 กิโลเมตร รูปร่างคล้ายสีเหลี่ยมพื้นผ้า พื้นที่ส่วนใหญ่เป็นที่ราบสูงและเทือกเขา พื้นที่ทางตะวันออกเฉียงใต้บริเวณเทือกเขา เป็นบริเวณแห้งแล้งมากแห่งหนึ่งในคาบสมุทร เมืองที่สำคัญที่อยู่ในคาบสมุทรไอบีเรีย ได้แก่ มาดริด บาร์เซโลนา บาเลนเซีย เซบิยา บิลบาโอ ลิสบอน โปร์ตู และยิบรอลตาร์
ประเทศที่ตั้งอยู่บนคาบสมุทร
อ้างอิง
- Lorenzo-Lacruz et al. 2011, p. 2582.
- Triviño, María; Kujala, Heini; Araújo, Miguel B.; Cabeza, Mar (2018). "Planning for the future: identifying conservation priority areas for Iberian birds under climate change". Landscape Ecology (ภาษาอังกฤษ). 33 (4): 659–673. doi:10.1007/s10980-018-0626-z. :10138/309558. ISSN 0921-2973. S2CID 3699212.
บรรณานุกรม
- Adams, Jonathan (26 February 2010). Species Richness: Patterns in the Diversity of Life. Springer. p. 208. ISBN .
- Andreose, Alvise; Renzi, Lorenzo (2013). "Geography and distribution of the Romance languages in Europe". ใน Maiden, Martin; Smith, John Charles; Ledgeway, Adam (บ.ก.). The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages. Vol. II. . p. 283. ISBN .
- Albarrán, Javier (2018). "Granada". War in the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1600. . pp. 36–53. ISBN .
- Barrios, Feliciano (2015). La gobernación de la Monarquía de España. Consejos, Juntas y Secretarios de la Administración de Corte (1556-1700). Madrid: , Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado; Fundación Rafael del Pino. ISBN .
- Buresi, Pascal (2011). "The Appearance of the Frontier Concept in the Iberian Peninsula: at the Crossroads of Local, National and Pontifical Strategies (11 th -13 th Centuries)". Quaestiones Medii Aevi Novae. Warsaw: Instytut historyczny (16): 81–99.
- Cavanaugh, Stephanie Maria (2016). The Morisco problem and the politics of belonging in sixteenth-century Valladolid (PDF). University of Toronto.
- Constable, Olivia Remie (1994). Trade and Traders in Muslim Spain: The Commercial Realignment of the Iberian Peninsula, 900-1500. . ISBN .
- Cooley, Alexander (2005). Logics of Hierarchy: The Organization of Empires, States, and Military Occupation. Ithaca & London: . ISBN .
- Cunliffe, Barry (1995). (PDF). ใน Cunliffe, Barry; Keay, Simon (บ.ก.). Social Complexity and the Development of Towns in Iberia, From the Copper Age to the Second Century AD. pp. 5–28. S2CID 54654511. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2020-02-09. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-11-26.
{{}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown () - Dahlkamp, Franz J. (1991). Uranium Ore Deposits. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-02892-6. ISBN .
- el-Ojeili, Chamsy (2015). "Reflections on Wallerstein: The Modern World-System, Four Decades on". Critical Sociology (ภาษาอังกฤษ). 41 (4–5): 679–700. doi:10.1177/0896920513497377. ISSN 0896-9205. S2CID 13860079.
- Escribano Páez, José Miguel (2016). "Negotiating with the "Infidel": Imperial Expansion and Cross-Confessional Diplomacy in the Early Modern Maghreb (1492–1516)". Itinerario. 40 (2): 189–214. doi:10.1017/s0165115316000310. S2CID 232251871.
- Fábregas García, Adela (2006). "La integración del reino nazarí de Granada en el espacio comercial europeo (siglos XIII–XV)". Investigaciones de Historia Económica (ภาษาสเปน). 2 (6): 11–39. doi:10.1016/S1698-6989(06)70266-1.
- Fernández de Alarcón, Rafael (2015). (PDF). Revista de Obras Públicas (3563): 43–50. ISSN 0034-8619. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 2021-02-26. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-11-26.
- Flood, Timothy M. (2019). Rulers and Realms in Medieval Iberia, 711-1492. Jefferson: . ISBN .
- García Álvarez, Vicente (1996). (PDF). Revista de Obras Públicas (3360). ISSN 0034-8619. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 2021-04-11. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-11-26.
- García Fitz, Francisco; Ayala Martínez, Carlos de; Alvira Cabrer, Martín (2018). "Castile-Leon. I. Early and High Middle Ages (8th to 13th centuries)". War in the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1600. . pp. 54–93. ISBN .
- Gelabert, Juan E. (1994). "Urbanisation and deurbanisation in Castile, 1500–1800". ใน Thompson, I. A. A.; Yun Casalilla, Bartolomé (บ.ก.). The Castilian Crisis of the Seventeenth Century: New Perspectives on the Economic and Social History of Seventeenth-Century Spain. . pp. 182–205. ISBN .
- (1994). Jews of Spain: A History of the Sephardic Experience. Simon and Schuster. ISBN .
- Ghilès, Francis (2008). "A Unified North Africa on the World State: Overview of Maghreb Sector Studies". ใน Hufbauer, Gary Clyde; Brunel, Claire (บ.ก.). Maghreb Regional and Global Integration: A Dream to be Fulfilled (PDF). Washington, DC: . pp. 93–100.
- (2003) [1969]. The Routledge Atlas of Jewish History. . ISBN .
- Gillespie, Richard (2000). "Spain's Illusive Mediterranean Empire". Spain and the Mediterranean: Developing a European Policy towards the South. London: . pp. 1–21. doi:10.1057/9780230595675_1. ISBN .
- Gloël, Matthias (2017). . Revista Chilena de Estudios Medievales (11): 44–67. ISSN 0719-689X. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2021-11-26. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-11-26.
- González Arévalo (2019). "La esclavitud en la España Medieval. (siglos XIV-XV). Generalidades y rasgos diferenciales". Millars. Espai I Història. Castellón de la Plana: (47): 11–37. doi:10.6035/Millars.2019.47.2. ISSN 1132-9823.
- González Sánchez, Santiago (2013). Las relaciones exteriores de Castilla a comienzos del siglo XV: la minoría de Juan II (1407-1420). Comité Español de Ciencias Históricas. ISBN .
- Ladero Quesada, Miguel Ángel (2013). "Población de las ciudades en la Baja Edad Media (Castilla, Aragón, Navarra)" (PDF). I Congresso Histórico Internacional. As cidades na história: População. Câmara Municipal de Guimarães. pp. 167–201. ISBN .
- Liang, Yuen-Gen; Balbale, Abigail Krasner; Devereux, Andrew; Gómez-Rivas, Camillo (2013). "Unity and Disunity across the Strait of Gibraltar". ใน Liang, Yuen-Gen; Balbale, Abigail Krasner; Devereux, Andrew; Gómez-Rivas, Camillo (บ.ก.). Spanning the Strait: Studies in Unity in the Western Mediterranean. Leiden & Boston: . pp. 1–40. ISBN .
- Llorente, Juan Antonio (1843). The History of the Inquisition of Spain: From the Time of Its Establishment to the Reign of Ferdinand VII., Composed from the Original Documents of the Archives of the Supreme Council and from Those of Subordinate Tribunals of the Holy Office. James M. Campbell & Company.
- Lorenzo-Lacruz, J.; Vicente-Serrano, S. M.; López-Moreno, J.I.; González-Hidalgo, J.C.; Morán-Tejeda, E. (2011). "The response of Iberian rivers to the North Atlantic Oscillation" (PDF). . 15 (8): 2581–2597. Bibcode:2011HESS...15.2581L. doi:10.5194/hess-15-2581-2011.
- Marín-Guzmán, Roberto (1991). "Ethnic groups and social classes in Muslim Spain". Islamic Studies. 30 (1/2): 37–66. ISSN 0578-8072. JSTOR 20840024.
- Miranda, Susana Münch (2017). "Coping with Europe and the Empire, 1500–1620". ใน Freire, Dulce; Lains, Pedro (บ.ก.). An Agrarian History of Portugal, 1000-2000: Economic Development on the European Frontier. Leiden & Boston: . ISBN .
- Muñoz Bolaños, Roberto (2012). "El Salado. El fin del problema del estrecho". Revista Universitaria de Historia Militar. 1 (2): 153–184. ISSN 2254-6111.
- Nemser, Daniel (2018). "The Iberian Slave Trade and the Racialization of Freedom". History of the Present. 8 (2): 117–139. doi:10.5406/historypresent.8.2.0117. ISSN 2159-9785. JSTOR 10.5406/historypresent.8.2.0117.
- O'Brien, Patrick Karl; Prados de la Escosura, Leandro (1998). "The Costs and Benefits for Europeans from their Empires Overseas". Revista de Historia Economica. 16: 29–89. doi:10.1017/S0212610900007059.
- O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1983) [1975]. A History of Medieval Spain. Ithaca & London: . ISBN .
- (2008). Port Cities of Atlantic Iberia, c. 1500–1900. . ISBN .
- Palmeiro Piñeiro, José Luis; Pazos Otón, Miguel (2008). "La Eurorregión Galicia-norte de Portugal: una aproximación a la movilidad en el contexto ibérico". Estudios Geográficos (ภาษาสเปน). Madrid: . 69 (264): 215–245. doi:10.3989/egeogr.2008.i264.86. ISSN 1988-8546.
- Phillips, William D. (1996). "The Spanish Kingdoms and the Wider World in the Later Middle Ages". ใน Chevedden, P.E., Jr.; Kagay, D.J.; Padilla, P.G. (บ.ก.). Iberia and the Mediterranean World of the Middle Ages. Vol. II. . pp. 407–430. ISBN .
- Rodrigues, José Damião (2011). "The Flight of the Eagle: an Island Tribute to the Universal Iberian Monarchy at the End of the Sixteenth Century" (PDF). e-Journal of Portuguese History. 9 (2): 1–34. ISSN 1645-6432.
- Ruiz, Teofilo F. (2017). Spanish Society, 1348-1700. . ISBN .
- Safran, Janina M. (2000). The Second Umayyad Caliphate: The Articulation of Caliphal Legitimacy in Al-Andalus. . ISBN .
- Sahlins, Peter (1989). Boundaries: The Making of France and Spain in the Pyrenees. University of California Press. ISBN .
- Sánchez Blanco, Víctor (1988). "Las redes de Transporte entre la Península Ibérica y el resto de Europa". Cuadernos de Estrategia (ภาษาสเปน) (7): 21–32. ISSN 1697-6924 – โดยทาง .
- Sánchez Moral, Simón (2011). "Iberian Cities". ใน Taylor, Peter J.; Ni, Pengfei; Derudder, Ben; Hoyer, Michael; Huang, Jing; Witlox, Frank (บ.ก.). Global Urban Analysis: A Survey of Cities in Globalization. London & Washington, DC: . pp. 312–317. ISBN .
- (2013). The Christian Church from the 1st to the 20th Century. Delmarva Publications.
- Silveira, Luís Espinha da; Alves, Daniel; Painho, Marco; Costa, Ana Cristina; Alcântara, Ana (2013). "The Evolution of Population Distribution on the Iberian Peninsula: A Transnational Approach (1877–2001)". Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History. 46 (3): 157–174. doi:10.1080/01615440.2013.804787. :10362/11027. S2CID 53334755.
- Vernet Pons, Mariona (2014). "The Origin of the Name Sepharad: A New Interpretation". . 59 (2): 297–313. doi:10.1093/jss/fgu002. :2445/164860.
- (1970) [1967]. Approaches to the History of Spain. . p. 37. ISBN .
- (2011) [1974]. The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. .
- Yun Casalilla, Bartolomé (2019). Iberian World Empires and the Globalization of Europe 1415–1668. . ISBN .
- Zembri, Pierre; Libourel, Eloïse (2017). "Towards oversized high-speed rail systems? Some lessons from France and Spain". Transportation Research Procedia. 25 (25): 368–385. doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.414. ISSN 2352-1465.
แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น
- Arioso, Pāolā; Diego Meozzi. "Iberian Peninsula•Links". Stone Pages. สืบค้นเมื่อ 5 December 2008.
- Flores, Carlos; Maca-Meyer, Nicole; González, Ana M.; Oefner, Peter J.; Shen, Peidong; Pérez, Jose A.; Rojas, Antonio; Larruga, Jose M.; Underhill, Peter A. (2004). "Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian Peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography". European Journal of Human Genetics. 12 (10): 855–863. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201225. PMID 15280900. S2CID 16765118.
- Loyd, Nick (2007). "IberiaNature: A guide to the environment, climate, wildlife, geography and nature of Spain". สืบค้นเมื่อ 4 December 2008.
- de Silva, Luís Fraga. (ภาษาอังกฤษ, โปรตุเกส และ ละติน). Associação Campo Arqueológico de Tavira, Tavira, Portugal. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 6 ตุลาคม 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ 4 ธันวาคม 2008.
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yibrxltar dinaednkhxngshrachxanackr xangxingLorenzo Lacruz et al 2011 p 2582 Trivino Maria Kujala Heini Araujo Miguel B Cabeza Mar 2018 Planning for the future identifying conservation priority areas for Iberian birds under climate change Landscape Ecology phasaxngkvs 33 4 659 673 doi 10 1007 s10980 018 0626 z 10138 309558 ISSN 0921 2973 S2CID 3699212 brrnanukrm Adams Jonathan 26 February 2010 Species Richness Patterns in the Diversity of Life Springer p 208 ISBN 978 3 540 74278 4 Andreose Alvise Renzi Lorenzo 2013 Geography and distribution of the Romance languages in Europe in Maiden Martin Smith John Charles Ledgeway Adam b k The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages Vol II p 283 ISBN 978 0 521 80073 0 Albarran Javier 2018 Granada War in the Iberian Peninsula 700 1600 pp 36 53 ISBN 978 1 138 70745 0 Barrios Feliciano 2015 La gobernacion de la Monarquia de Espana Consejos Juntas y Secretarios de la Administracion de Corte 1556 1700 Madrid Agencia Estatal Boletin Oficial del Estado Fundacion Rafael del Pino ISBN 978 84 340 2266 9 Buresi Pascal 2011 The Appearance of the Frontier Concept in the Iberian Peninsula at the Crossroads of Local National and Pontifical Strategies 11 th 13 th Centuries Quaestiones Medii Aevi Novae Warsaw Instytut historyczny 16 81 99 Cavanaugh Stephanie Maria 2016 The Morisco problem and the politics of belonging in sixteenth century Valladolid PDF University of Toronto Constable Olivia Remie 1994 Trade and Traders in Muslim Spain The Commercial Realignment of the Iberian Peninsula 900 1500 ISBN 978 0 521 56503 5 Cooley Alexander 2005 Logics of Hierarchy The Organization of Empires States and Military Occupation Ithaca amp London ISBN 978 0 8014 6249 8 Cunliffe Barry 1995 PDF in Cunliffe Barry Keay Simon b k Social Complexity and the Development of Towns in Iberia From the Copper Age to the Second Century AD pp 5 28 S2CID 54654511 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 2020 02 09 subkhnemux 2021 11 26 a href wiki E0 B9 81 E0 B8 A1 E0 B9 88 E0 B9 81 E0 B8 9A E0 B8 9A Cite book title aemaebb Cite book cite book a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown lingk Dahlkamp Franz J 1991 Uranium Ore Deposits doi 10 1007 978 3 662 02892 6 ISBN 978 3 662 02892 6 el Ojeili Chamsy 2015 Reflections on Wallerstein The Modern World System Four Decades on Critical Sociology phasaxngkvs 41 4 5 679 700 doi 10 1177 0896920513497377 ISSN 0896 9205 S2CID 13860079 Escribano Paez Jose Miguel 2016 Negotiating with the Infidel Imperial Expansion and Cross Confessional Diplomacy in the Early Modern Maghreb 1492 1516 Itinerario 40 2 189 214 doi 10 1017 s0165115316000310 S2CID 232251871 Fabregas Garcia Adela 2006 La integracion del reino nazari de Granada en el espacio comercial europeo siglos XIII XV Investigaciones de Historia Economica phasasepn 2 6 11 39 doi 10 1016 S1698 6989 06 70266 1 Fernandez de Alarcon Rafael 2015 PDF Revista de Obras Publicas 3563 43 50 ISSN 0034 8619 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedim PDF emux 2021 02 26 subkhnemux 2021 11 26 Flood Timothy M 2019 Rulers and Realms in Medieval Iberia 711 1492 Jefferson ISBN 978 1 4766 7471 1 Garcia Alvarez Vicente 1996 PDF Revista de Obras Publicas 3360 ISSN 0034 8619 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedim PDF emux 2021 04 11 subkhnemux 2021 11 26 Garcia Fitz Francisco Ayala Martinez Carlos de Alvira Cabrer Martin 2018 Castile Leon I Early and High Middle Ages 8th to 13th centuries War in the Iberian Peninsula 700 1600 pp 54 93 ISBN 978 1 138 70745 0 Gelabert Juan E 1994 Urbanisation and deurbanisation in Castile 1500 1800 in Thompson I A A Yun Casalilla Bartolome b k The Castilian Crisis of the Seventeenth Century New Perspectives on the Economic and Social History of Seventeenth Century Spain pp 182 205 ISBN 978 0 521 41624 5 1994 Jews of Spain A History of the Sephardic Experience Simon and Schuster ISBN 9780029115749 Ghiles Francis 2008 A Unified North Africa on the World State Overview of Maghreb Sector Studies in Hufbauer Gary Clyde Brunel Claire b k Maghreb Regional and Global Integration A Dream to be Fulfilled PDF Washington DC pp 93 100 2003 1969 The Routledge Atlas of Jewish History ISBN 9780415281508 Gillespie Richard 2000 Spain s Illusive Mediterranean Empire Spain and the Mediterranean Developing a European Policy towards the South London pp 1 21 doi 10 1057 9780230595675 1 ISBN 978 1 349 40575 6 Gloel Matthias 2017 Revista Chilena de Estudios Medievales 11 44 67 ISSN 0719 689X khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 2021 11 26 subkhnemux 2021 11 26 Gonzalez Arevalo 2019 La esclavitud en la Espana Medieval siglos XIV XV Generalidades y rasgos diferenciales Millars Espai I Historia Castellon de la Plana 47 11 37 doi 10 6035 Millars 2019 47 2 ISSN 1132 9823 Gonzalez Sanchez Santiago 2013 Las relaciones exteriores de Castilla a comienzos del siglo XV la minoria de Juan II 1407 1420 Comite Espanol de Ciencias Historicas ISBN 978 84 15069 56 0 Ladero Quesada Miguel Angel 2013 Poblacion de las ciudades en la Baja Edad Media Castilla Aragon Navarra PDF I Congresso Historico Internacional As cidades na historia Populacao Camara Municipal de Guimaraes pp 167 201 ISBN 978 989 8474 11 7 Liang Yuen Gen Balbale Abigail Krasner Devereux Andrew Gomez Rivas Camillo 2013 Unity and Disunity across the Strait of Gibraltar in Liang Yuen Gen Balbale Abigail Krasner Devereux Andrew Gomez Rivas Camillo b k Spanning the Strait Studies in Unity in the Western Mediterranean Leiden amp Boston pp 1 40 ISBN 978 90 04 25663 7 Llorente Juan Antonio 1843 The History of the Inquisition of Spain From the Time of Its Establishment to the Reign of Ferdinand VII Composed from the Original Documents of the Archives of the Supreme Council and from Those of Subordinate Tribunals of the Holy Office James M Campbell amp Company Lorenzo Lacruz J Vicente Serrano S M Lopez Moreno J I Gonzalez Hidalgo J C Moran Tejeda E 2011 The response of Iberian rivers to the North Atlantic Oscillation PDF 15 8 2581 2597 Bibcode 2011HESS 15 2581L doi 10 5194 hess 15 2581 2011 Marin Guzman Roberto 1991 Ethnic groups and social classes in Muslim Spain Islamic Studies 30 1 2 37 66 ISSN 0578 8072 JSTOR 20840024 Miranda Susana Munch 2017 Coping with Europe and the Empire 1500 1620 in Freire Dulce Lains Pedro b k An Agrarian History of Portugal 1000 2000 Economic Development on the European Frontier Leiden amp Boston ISBN 978 90 04 31152 7 Munoz Bolanos Roberto 2012 El Salado El fin del problema del estrecho Revista Universitaria de Historia Militar 1 2 153 184 ISSN 2254 6111 Nemser Daniel 2018 The Iberian Slave Trade and the Racialization of Freedom History of the Present 8 2 117 139 doi 10 5406 historypresent 8 2 0117 ISSN 2159 9785 JSTOR 10 5406 historypresent 8 2 0117 O Brien Patrick Karl Prados de la Escosura Leandro 1998 The Costs and Benefits for Europeans from their Empires Overseas Revista de Historia Economica 16 29 89 doi 10 1017 S0212610900007059 O Callaghan Joseph F 1983 1975 A History of Medieval Spain Ithaca amp London ISBN 978 0 8014 9264 8 2008 Port Cities of Atlantic Iberia c 1500 1900 ISBN 978 0 7546 6109 2 Palmeiro Pineiro Jose Luis Pazos Oton Miguel 2008 La Eurorregion Galicia norte de Portugal una aproximacion a la movilidad en el contexto iberico Estudios Geograficos phasasepn Madrid 69 264 215 245 doi 10 3989 egeogr 2008 i264 86 ISSN 1988 8546 Phillips William D 1996 The Spanish Kingdoms and the Wider World in the Later Middle Ages in Chevedden P E Jr Kagay D J Padilla P G b k Iberia and the Mediterranean World of the Middle Ages Vol II pp 407 430 ISBN 90 04 10573 5 Rodrigues Jose Damiao 2011 The Flight of the Eagle an Island Tribute to the Universal Iberian Monarchy at the End of the Sixteenth Century PDF e Journal of Portuguese History 9 2 1 34 ISSN 1645 6432 Ruiz Teofilo F 2017 Spanish Society 1348 1700 ISBN 978 1 351 72091 5 Safran Janina M 2000 The Second Umayyad Caliphate The Articulation of Caliphal Legitimacy in Al Andalus ISBN 0 932885 24 1 Sahlins Peter 1989 Boundaries The Making of France and Spain in 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