กลุ่มชนอิหร่าน (อังกฤษ: Iranian peoples; Iranic peoples) เป็นอินโด-ยูโรเปียนจำนวนมาก ที่ระบุด้วยการใช้ภาษากลุ่มอิหร่านและวัฒนธรรมอื่นที่คล้าย ๆ กัน
ภูมิภาคที่มีประชากรอย่างมีนัยสำคัญ | |
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เอเชียตะวันตก, อานาโตเลีย, คอเคซัส, , เอเชียกลาง, เอเชียตะวันตกเฉียงใต้ และซินเจียงตะวันตก (อดีตรวม: ยุโรปตะวันออก) | |
ภาษา | |
กลุ่มภาษาอิหร่าน สาขาในตระกูลภาษาอินโด-ยูโรเปียน | |
ศาสนา | |
ส่วนใหญ่: อิสลาม (ซุนนีและชีอะฮ์) ส่วนน้อย: คริสต์ (อีสเทิร์นออร์ทอดอกซ์, , โปรเตสแตนต์ และโรมันคาทอลิก), ไม่มีศาสนา, โซโรอัสเตอร์, ยูดาห์, บาไฮ, , , อเทวนิยม และ (อดีตรวม: ศาสนามาณีกีและพุทธ) |
เชื่อว่าถูกรวมมาจากสาขาต่างหากของภาษากลุ่มอินโด-อิเรเนียนในเอเชียกลางช่วงกลางสหัสวรรษที่ 2 ก่อนคริสต์ศักราช ในช่วงสูงสุดตอนกลางสหัสวรรษที่ 1 ก่อนคริสต์ศักราช ดินแดนของกลุ่มชนอิหร่านขยายไปถึงทั้งหมดจากทางตะวันตกถึงทางตะวันออก และที่ราบสูงอิหร่านทางใต้ จักรวรรดิอิหร่านตะวันตกทางใต้ครอบครองพื้นที่โลกเก่าจำนวนมากในศตวรรษที่ 6 ก่อนคริสต์ศักราช ทำให้มีการสืบทอดวัฒนธรรมสำคัญ และแถบสเตปป์มีบทบาทสำคัญในการพัฒนาและเส้นทางสายไหม
ในคริสต์สหัสวรรษที่ 1 พื้นที่อยู่อาศัยของกลุ่มชนนี้ส่วนใหญ่ที่อยู่ในพื้นที่สเตปป์และทะเลทรายของยูเรเชีย ลดลงจากการขยายตัวของชาวสลาฟ, เจอร์แมนิก, เตอร์กิก และมองโกล และมีหลายกลุ่มที่ และ กลุ่มชนอิหร่านในปัจจุบันมีทั้ง, , เคิร์ด, ลูร์, , , , ปาทาน, เปอร์เซีย, , ทาจิก, , , และ กลุ่มชนในปัจจุบันอาศัยทั่วที่ราบสูงอิหร่าน ตั้งแต่คอเคซัสทางเหนือถึงอ่าวเปอร์เซียทางใต้ และประเทศตุรกีทางตะวันออกจนถึงทางตะวันออก—บางครั้งมีการเรียกภูมิภาคนี้ว่า ทวีปทางวัฒนธรรมอิหร่าน (Iranian Cultural Continent) ซึ่งนำเสนอถึงบริเวณไกลสุดของผู้พูดภาษาอิหร่านและอิทธิพลที่สำคัญของกลุ่มชนอิหร่านผ่านการเข้าถึงทางภูมิรัฐศาสตร์ของ
อ้างอิง
- Frye, R. N. "IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN (1) A General Survey". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XIII. pp. 321–326. สืบค้นเมื่อ 30 December 2012.
- The Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. 15. 1954. p. 306.
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ไม่มีหรือว่างเปล่า ((help)) - Izady, Mehrdad R. (1992). The Kurds: A Concise Handbook. Taylor & Francis. ISBN .
- Young, Jr., T. Cuyler (1988). "The Early History of the Medes and the Persians and the Achaemenid Empire to the Death of Cambyses". ใน ; ; ; (บ.ก.). Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean c. 525 to 479 B.C. . Vol. 11 (2 ed.). . p. 1. ISBN .
The Iranians are one of the three major ethno-linguistic groups who define the modern Near East.
- Beckwith 2009, pp. 58–77
- Mallory 1997, pp. 308–311
- Harmatta 1992, p. 348: "From the first millennium b.c., we have abundant historical, archaeological and linguistic sources for the location of the territory inhabited by the Iranian peoples. In this period the territory of the northern Iranians, they being equestrian nomads, extended over the whole zone of the steppes and the wooded steppes and even the semi-deserts from the Great Hungarian Plain to the Ordos in northern China."
- Annamoradnejad, Rahimberdi; Lotfi, Sedigheh (2010). "Demographic changes of nomadic communities in Iran (1956–2008)". Asian Population Studies. 6 (3): 335–345. doi:10.1080/17441730.2010.512764. S2CID 154140533.
- "A Persian view of Steppe Iranians". ResearchGate (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 10 August 2019.
- Brzezinski, Richard; Mielczarek, Mariusz (2002). The Sarmatians, 600 BC-AD 450. Osprey Publishing. p. 39.
(...) Indeed, it is now accepted that the Sarmatians merged in with pre-Slavic populations.
- Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 523.
(...) In their Ukrainian and Polish homeland the Slavs were intermixed and at times overlain by Germanic speakers (the Goths) and by Iranian speakers (Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans) in a shifting array of tribal and national configurations.
- Atkinson, Dorothy; Dallin, Alexander; Lapidus, Gail Warshofsky, บ.ก. (1977). Women in Russia. Stanford University Press. p. 3. ISBN .
(...) Ancient accounts link the Amazons with the Scythians and the Sarmatians, who successively dominated the south of Russia for a millennium extending back to the seventh century B.C. The descendants of these peoples were absorbed by the Slavs who came to be known as Russians.
- Slovene Studies. Vol. 9–11. Society for Slovene Studies. 1987. p. 36.
(...) For example, the ancient Scythians, Sarmatians (amongst others) and many other attested but now extinct peoples were assimilated in the course of history by Proto-Slavs.
- Roy, Olivier (2007). The New Central Asia: Geopolitics and the Birth of Nations. I.B. Tauris. p. 6. ISBN .
The mass of the Oghuz who crossed the Amu Darya towards the west left the Iranian Plateau, which remained Persian and established themselves more to the west, in Anatolia. Here they divided into Ottomans, who were Sunni and settled, and Turkmens, who were nomads and in part Shiite (or, rather, Alevi). The latter were to keep the name 'Turkmen' for a long time: from the thirteenth century onwards they 'Turkised' the Iranian populations of Azerbaijan (who spoke west Iranian languages such as Tat, which is still found in residual forms), thus creating a new identity based on Shiism and the use of Turkish. These are the people today known as Azeris.
- Yarshater, Ehsan (15 December 1988). "AZERBAIJAN vii. The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan". Encyclopædia Iranica.
- Emmerick, Ronald Eric (23 February 2016). "Iranian languages". Encyclopædia Britannica. สืบค้นเมื่อ 9 September 2018.
- Frye, Richard Nelson (2005). Greater Iran. p. xi. ISBN .
(...) Iran means all lands and people where Iranian languages were and are spoken, and where in the past, multi-faceted Iranian cultures existed.
ข้อมูล
- Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, The Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World. Princeton University Press.
- Anthony, D. W. (2009). "The Sintashta Genesis: The Roles of Climate Change, Warfare, and Long-Distance Trade". ใน Hanks, B.; Linduff, K. (บ.ก.). Social Complexity in Prehistoric Eurasia: Monuments, Metals, and Mobility. Cambridge University Press. pp. 47–73. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511605376.005. ISBN .
- Banuazizi, Ali and Weiner, Myron (eds.). The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East), Syracuse University Press (August 1988). ISBN .
- (16 March 2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. . ISBN . สืบค้นเมื่อ 29 May 2015.
- Burrow, T. (1973), "The Proto-Indoaryans", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 105 (2): 123–140, doi:10.1017/S0035869X00130837, JSTOR 25203451
- Canfield, Robert (ed.). Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2002). ISBN
- Chopra, R. M.,"Indo-Iranian Cultural Relations Through The Ages", Iran Society, Kolkata, 2005.
- Curzon, R. The Iranian People of the Caucasus. ISBN .
- Derakhshani, Jahanshah. Die Arier in den nahöstlichen Quellen des 3. und 2. Jahrtausends v. Chr., 2nd edition (1999). ISBN .
- ; Kuz'mina, E. E.; Ivantchik, Askold I. (1995). "Two Recent Studies of Indo-Iranian Origins". Journal of the American Oriental Society. American Oriental Society. 115 (3): 473–477. doi:10.2307/606224. JSTOR 606224.
- , Greater Iran, Mazda Publishers (2005). ISBN .
- Frye, Richard. Persia, Schocken Books, Zurich (1963). ASIN B0006BYXHY.
- Hanks, B.; Linduff, K. (2009). "Late Prehistoric Mining, Metallurgy, and Social Organization in North Central Eurasia". ใน Hanks, B.; Linduff, K. (บ.ก.). Social Complexity in Prehistoric Eurasia: Monuments, Metals, and Mobility. Cambridge University Press. pp. 146–167. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511605376.005. ISBN .
- (1992). "The Emergence of the Indo-Iranians: The Indo-Iranian Languages" (PDF). ใน ; Masson, V. M. (บ.ก.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Dawn of Civilization: Earliest Times to 700 B. C. UNESCO. pp. 346–370. ISBN . สืบค้นเมื่อ 29 May 2015.
- . The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates, Longman, New York, NY (2004). ISBN
- & Kostiner, Joseph. Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East, University of California Press (1991). ISBN .
- Koryakova, L. (1998a). . The Center for the Study of the Eurasian Nomads (CSEN). คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2019-02-28. สืบค้นเมื่อ 16 September 2010.
- Koryakova, L. (1998b). . The Center for the Study of the Eurasian Nomads (CSEN). คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2019-02-28. สืบค้นเมื่อ 16 September 2010.
- Kuznetsov, P.F. (September 2006). "The emergence of Bronze Age chariots in eastern Europe". Antiquity. 80 (309): 638–645. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00094096. S2CID 162580424.
- (1989). In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth. London: Thames & Hudson..
- (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. . ISBN . สืบค้นเมื่อ 15 February 2015.
- ; (2008). The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. . ISBN .
- McDowall, David. A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris, 3rd Rev edition (2004). ISBN .
- Nassim, J. Afghanistan: A Nation of Minorities, Minority Rights Group, London (1992). ISBN .
- (1999). "The formation of the Aryan branch of Indo-European". ใน Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (บ.ก.). Archaeology and Language. Vol. III: Artefacts, languages and texts. London and New York: Routledge..
- Iran Nama, (Iran in ) by , Tibbi Academy, Aligarh, India (1998).
- Riasanovsky, Nicholas. A History of Russia, Oxford University Press, Oxford (2004). ISBN .
- Sims-Williams, Nicholas. Indo-Iranian Languages and People, British Academy (2003). ISBN .
- (2008). "Proto-Slavonic". ใน Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (บ.ก.). The Slavonic Languages. Routledge. pp. 60–121. ISBN .
- ; Cubberley, Paul (2011). The Slavic Languages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
- Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. . ISBN . สืบค้นเมื่อ 16 January 2015.
อ่านเพิ่ม
- Anthony, David W. (2007). . Princeton University Press.
- Balanovsky, Oleg; Zhabagin, Maxat; Agdzhoyan, Anastasiya; Chukhryaeva, Marina; Zaporozhchenko, Valery; Utevska, Olga; Highnam, Gareth; Sabitov, Zhaxylyk; Greenspan, Elliott; Dibirova, Khadizhat; Skhalyakho, Roza; Kuznetsova, Marina; Koshel, Sergey; Yusupov, Yuldash; Nymadawa, Pagbajabyn; Zhumadilov, Zhaxybay; Pocheshkhova, Elvira; Haber, Marc; a. Zalloua, Pierre; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Dybo, Anna; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Balanovska, Elena (2015). "Deep Phylogenetic Analysis of Haplogroup G1 Provides Estimates of SNP and STR Mutation Rates on the Human Y-Chromosome and Reveals Migrations of Iranic Speakers". PLOS ONE. 10 (4): e0122968. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1022968B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122968. PMC 4388827. PMID 25849548.
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phunthixyuxasykhxngklumchnniswnihythixyuinphunthisetppaelathaelthraykhxngyuerechiy ldlngcakkarkhyaytwkhxngchawslaf ecxraemnik etxrkik aelamxngokl aelamihlayklumthi aela klumchnxihraninpccubnmithng ekhird lur pathan epxresiy thacik aela klumchninpccubnxasythwthirabsungxihran tngaetkhxekhssthangehnuxthungxawepxresiythangit aelapraethsturkithangtawnxxkcnthungthangtawnxxk bangkhrngmikareriykphumiphakhniwa thwipthangwthnthrrmxihran Iranian Cultural Continent sungnaesnxthungbriewniklsudkhxngphuphudphasaxihranaelaxiththiphlthisakhykhxngklumchnxihranphankarekhathungthangphumirthsastrkhxngxangxingFrye R N IRAN v PEOPLES OF IRAN 1 A General Survey Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol XIII pp 321 326 subkhnemux 30 December 2012 The Encyclopedia Americana Vol 15 1954 p 306 a href wiki E0 B9 81 E0 B8 A1 E0 B9 88 E0 B9 81 E0 B8 9A E0 B8 9A Cite encyclopedia title aemaebb Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a title immihruxwangepla help Izady Mehrdad R 1992 The Kurds A Concise Handbook Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 0 8448 1727 9 Young Jr T Cuyler 1988 The Early History of the Medes and the Persians and the Achaemenid Empire to the Death of Cambyses in b k Persia Greece and the Western Mediterranean c 525 to 479 B C Vol 11 2 ed p 1 ISBN 0 521 22804 2 The Iranians are one of the three major ethno linguistic groups who define the modern Near East Beckwith 2009 pp 58 77 Mallory 1997 pp 308 311 Harmatta 1992 p 348 From the first millennium b c we have abundant historical archaeological and linguistic sources for the location of the territory inhabited by the Iranian peoples In this period the territory of the northern Iranians they being equestrian nomads extended over the whole zone of the steppes and the wooded steppes and even the semi deserts from the Great Hungarian Plain to the Ordos in northern China Annamoradnejad Rahimberdi Lotfi Sedigheh 2010 Demographic changes of nomadic communities in Iran 1956 2008 Asian Population Studies 6 3 335 345 doi 10 1080 17441730 2010 512764 S2CID 154140533 A Persian view of Steppe Iranians ResearchGate phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 10 August 2019 Brzezinski Richard Mielczarek Mariusz 2002 The Sarmatians 600 BC AD 450 Osprey Publishing p 39 Indeed it is now accepted that the Sarmatians merged in with pre Slavic populations Adams Douglas Q 1997 Encyclopedia of Indo European Culture Taylor amp Francis p 523 In their Ukrainian and Polish homeland the Slavs were intermixed and at times overlain by Germanic speakers the Goths and by Iranian speakers Scythians Sarmatians Alans in a shifting array of tribal and national configurations Atkinson Dorothy Dallin Alexander Lapidus Gail Warshofsky b k 1977 Women in Russia Stanford University Press p 3 ISBN 978 0 8047 0910 1 Ancient accounts link the Amazons with the Scythians and the Sarmatians who successively dominated the south of Russia for a millennium extending back to the seventh century B C The descendants of these peoples were absorbed by the Slavs who came to be known as Russians Slovene Studies Vol 9 11 Society for Slovene Studies 1987 p 36 For example the ancient Scythians Sarmatians amongst others and many other attested but now extinct peoples were assimilated in the course of history by Proto Slavs Roy Olivier 2007 The New Central Asia Geopolitics and the Birth of Nations I B Tauris p 6 ISBN 978 1 84511 552 4 The mass of the Oghuz who crossed the Amu Darya towards the west left the Iranian Plateau which remained Persian and established themselves more to the west in Anatolia Here they divided into Ottomans who were Sunni and settled and Turkmens who were nomads and in part Shiite or rather Alevi The latter were to keep the name Turkmen for a long time from the thirteenth century onwards they Turkised the Iranian populations of Azerbaijan who spoke west Iranian languages such as Tat which is still found in residual forms thus creating a new identity based on Shiism and the use of Turkish These are the people today known as Azeris Yarshater Ehsan 15 December 1988 AZERBAIJAN vii The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan Encyclopaedia Iranica Emmerick Ronald Eric 23 February 2016 Iranian languages Encyclopaedia Britannica subkhnemux 9 September 2018 Frye Richard Nelson 2005 Greater Iran p xi ISBN 978 1 56859 177 3 Iran means all lands and people where Iranian languages were and are spoken and where in the past multi faceted Iranian cultures existed khxmulAnthony David W 2007 The Horse The Wheel and Language How Bronze Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World Princeton University Press Anthony D W 2009 The Sintashta Genesis The Roles of Climate Change Warfare and Long Distance Trade in Hanks B Linduff K b k Social Complexity in Prehistoric Eurasia Monuments Metals and Mobility Cambridge University Press pp 47 73 doi 10 1017 CBO9780511605376 005 ISBN 978 0 511 60537 6 Banuazizi Ali and Weiner Myron eds The State Religion and Ethnic Politics Afghanistan Iran and Pakistan Contemporary Issues in the Middle East Syracuse University Press August 1988 ISBN 0 8156 2448 4 16 March 2009 Empires of the Silk Road A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present ISBN 978 0691135892 subkhnemux 29 May 2015 Burrow T 1973 The Proto Indoaryans Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 105 2 123 140 doi 10 1017 S0035869X00130837 JSTOR 25203451 Canfield Robert ed Turko Persia in Historical Perspective Cambridge University Press Cambridge 2002 ISBN 0 521 52291 9 Chopra R M Indo Iranian Cultural Relations Through The Ages Iran Society Kolkata 2005 Curzon R The Iranian People of the Caucasus ISBN 0 7007 0649 6 Derakhshani Jahanshah Die Arier in den nahostlichen Quellen des 3 und 2 Jahrtausends v Chr 2nd edition 1999 ISBN 964 90368 6 5 Kuz mina E E Ivantchik Askold I 1995 Two Recent Studies of Indo Iranian Origins Journal of the American Oriental Society American Oriental Society 115 3 473 477 doi 10 2307 606224 JSTOR 606224 Greater Iran Mazda Publishers 2005 ISBN 1 56859 177 2 Frye Richard Persia Schocken Books Zurich 1963 ASIN B0006BYXHY Hanks B Linduff K 2009 Late Prehistoric Mining Metallurgy and Social Organization in North Central Eurasia in Hanks B Linduff K b k Social Complexity in Prehistoric Eurasia Monuments Metals and Mobility Cambridge University Press pp 146 167 doi 10 1017 CBO9780511605376 005 ISBN 978 0 511 60537 6 1992 The Emergence of the Indo Iranians The Indo Iranian Languages PDF in Masson V M b k History of Civilizations of Central Asia The Dawn of Civilization Earliest Times to 700 B C UNESCO pp 346 370 ISBN 978 92 3 102719 2 subkhnemux 29 May 2015 The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates Longman New York NY 2004 ISBN 0 582 40525 4 amp Kostiner Joseph Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East University of California Press 1991 ISBN 0 520 07080 1 Koryakova L 1998a The Center for the Study of the Eurasian Nomads CSEN khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 2019 02 28 subkhnemux 16 September 2010 Koryakova L 1998b The Center for the Study of the Eurasian Nomads CSEN khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 2019 02 28 subkhnemux 16 September 2010 Kuznetsov P F September 2006 The emergence of Bronze Age chariots in eastern Europe Antiquity 80 309 638 645 doi 10 1017 S0003598X00094096 S2CID 162580424 1989 In Search of the Indo Europeans Language Archaeology and Myth London Thames amp Hudson 1997 Encyclopedia of Indo European Culture ISBN 978 1884964985 subkhnemux 15 February 2015 2008 The Tarim Mummies Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West ISBN 9780500283721 McDowall David A Modern History of the Kurds I B Tauris 3rd Rev edition 2004 ISBN 1 85043 416 6 Nassim J Afghanistan A Nation of Minorities Minority Rights Group London 1992 ISBN 0 946690 76 6 1999 The formation of the Aryan branch of Indo European in Blench Roger Spriggs Matthew b k Archaeology and Language Vol III Artefacts languages and texts London and New York Routledge Iran Nama Iran in by Tibbi Academy Aligarh India 1998 Riasanovsky Nicholas A History of Russia Oxford University Press Oxford 2004 ISBN 0 19 515394 4 Sims Williams Nicholas Indo Iranian Languages and People British Academy 2003 ISBN 0 19 726285 6 2008 Proto Slavonic in Comrie Bernard Corbett Greville G b k The Slavonic Languages Routledge pp 60 121 ISBN 978 0 415 28078 5 Cubberley Paul 2011 The Slavic Languages Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 29448 5 Waldman Carl Mason Catherine 2006 Encyclopedia of European Peoples ISBN 978 1438129181 subkhnemux 16 January 2015 xanephimAnthony David W 2007 Princeton University Press Balanovsky Oleg Zhabagin Maxat Agdzhoyan Anastasiya Chukhryaeva Marina Zaporozhchenko Valery Utevska Olga Highnam Gareth Sabitov Zhaxylyk Greenspan Elliott Dibirova Khadizhat Skhalyakho Roza Kuznetsova Marina Koshel Sergey Yusupov Yuldash Nymadawa Pagbajabyn Zhumadilov Zhaxybay Pocheshkhova Elvira Haber Marc a Zalloua Pierre Yepiskoposyan Levon Dybo Anna Tyler Smith Chris Balanovska Elena 2015 Deep Phylogenetic Analysis of Haplogroup G1 Provides Estimates of SNP and STR Mutation Rates on the Human Y Chromosome and Reveals Migrations of Iranic Speakers PLOS ONE 10 4 e0122968 Bibcode 2015PLoSO 1022968B doi 10 1371 journal pone 0122968 PMC 4388827 PMID 25849548 bthkhwammnusy manusywithya aelaeruxngthiekiywkhxngniyngepnokhrng khunsamarthchwywikiphiediyidodykarephimetimkhxmuldk