ชาวเปอร์เซีย (อังกฤษ: Persians) เป็นกลุ่มชนอิหร่านที่มีประชากรอาศัยอยู่ในประเทศอิหร่านมากกว่าครึ่งหนึ่งของประเทศ โดยมีคล้ายกันและพูดภาษาเปอร์เซียเป็นภาษาแม่ เช่นเดียวกันกับภาษาที่มีความใกล้ชิดกับภาษาเปอร์เซีย
پارسیها/فارسی/ایرانی | |
---|---|
ประชากรทั้งหมด | |
ป. 52.5 ล้านคน | |
ภูมิภาคที่มีประชากรอย่างมีนัยสำคัญ | |
อิหร่าน | 49,312,834 (61–65% ของประชากรทั้งหมด) |
ภาษา | |
ภาษาเปอร์เซียและภาษาใกล้เคียง | |
ศาสนา | |
อิสลามนิกายชีอะฮ์ (ส่วนใหญ่), อไญยนิยม, ไม่มีศาสนา, คริสต์, บาไฮ, อิสลามนิกายซุนนี, ศูฟี และโซโรอัสเตอร์ | |
กลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ที่เกี่ยวข้อง | |
กลุ่มชนอิหร่านอื่น ๆ |
ในอดีต ชาวเปอร์เซียโบราณอพยพไปยังภูมิภาคในศตวรรษที่ 9 ก่อนคริสต์ศักราช ซึ่งปัจจุบันอยู่ในจังหวัดฟอร์สที่อยู่ทางภาคตะวันตกเฉียงใต้ของประเทศอิหร่าน ในอดีตพวกเขาเคยเป็นจักรวรรดิที่มีอำนาจมากที่สุดในโลก แล้วส่งอิทธิพลทางวัฒนธรรม การเมือง และสังคมไปทั่วดินแดนและประชากรในโลกโบราณ ตลอดทั้งประวัติศาสตร์ ชาวเปอร์เซียมีส่วนร่วมอย่างมากทั้งในด้านและวิทยาศาสตร์เป็นหนึ่งในแนววรรณกรรมที่โดดเด่นที่สุดในโลก
ในศัพท์แบบปัจจุบัน ผู้คนที่มีมรดกเปอร์เซีย ซึ่งอาศัยอยู่ในอัฟกานิสถาน, ทาจิกิสถาน และอุซเบกิสถานในปัจจุบันถูกเรียกเป็นชาวทาจิก ในขณะที่กลุ่มชนในคอเคซัส (ส่วนใหญ่อยู่ในอาเซอร์ไบจานและสาธารณรัฐดาเกสถาน ประเทศรัสเซีย) แม้ว่าจะถูกดูดกลืนทางวัฒนธรรมไปแล้ว ถูกเรียกเป็น อย่างไรก็ตาม ในอดีต คำว่าทาจิกกับตัตเป็นคำที่มีความหมายพ้องกันและสามารถใช้คำว่าเปอร์เซียแทนกันได้ อิทธิพลเปอร์เซียนอกอิหร่านขยายทางตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือไปถึงเอเชียกลางกับอัฟกานิสถาน และทางตะวันตกเฉียงเหนือไปถึงคอเคซัส
อ้างอิง
- "Persian, Iranian". Ethnologue. สืบค้นเมื่อ 11 December 2018. Total Iranian Persian users in all countries.
- "Iran — The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. สืบค้นเมื่อ 13 May 2013.
- "Country Profile: Iran" (PDF). Library of Congress – Federal Research Division. May 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ 30 April 2019.
- Beck, Lois (2014). Nomads in Postrevolutionary Iran: The Qashqa'i in an Era of Change. Routledge. p. xxii. ISBN .
(...) an ethnic Persian; adheres to cultural systems connected with other ethnic Persians (...)
- Samadi, Habibeh; Perkins, Nick (2012). Ball, Martin; Crystal, David; Fletcher, Paul (บ.ก.). Assessing Grammar: The Languages of Lars. Multilingual Matters. p. 169. ISBN .
- Fyre, R. N. (29 March 2012). "IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN". Encyclopædia Iranica.
The largest group of people in present-day Iran are Persians (*q.v.) who speak dialects of the language called Fārsi in Persian, since it was primarily the tongue of the people of Fārs."
- Anonby, Erik J. (20 December 2012). "LORI LANGUAGE ii. Sociolinguistic Status of Lori". Encyclopædia Iranica.
Conversely, the Nehāvand sub-province of Hamadān is home to ethnic Persians who speak NLori as a mother tongue. (...) The same is true of areas to the southwest, south, and east of the Lori language area (...): while the varieties spoken there show more structural similarity to Lori than to Persian, speakers identify themselves as ethnically Persian.
- Xavier de Planhol (24 January 2012). "FĀRS i. Geography". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. IX. pp. ?–336.
The name of Fārs is undoubtedly attested in Assyrian sources since the third millennium B.C.E. under the form Parahše. Originally, it was the "land of horses" of the Sumerians (Herzfeld, pp. 181-82, 184-86). The name was adopted by Iranian tribes which established themselves there in the 9th century B.C.E. in the west and southwest of Urmia lake. The Parsua (Pārsa) are mentioned there for the first time in 843 B.C.E., during the reign of Salmanassar III, and then, after they migrated to the southeast (Boehmer, pp. 193-97), the name was transferred, between 690 and 640, to a region previously called Anšan (q.v.) in Elamite sources (Herzfeld, pp. 169-71, 178-79, 186). From that moment the name acquired the connotation of an ethnic region, the land of the Persians, and the Persians soon thereafter founded the vast Achaemenid empire. A never-ending confusion thus set in between a narrow, limited, geographical usage of the term—Persia in the sense of the land where the aforesaid Persian tribes had shaped the core of their power—and a broader, more general usage of the term to designate the much larger area affected by the political and cultural radiance of the Achaemenids. The confusion between the two senses of the word was continuous, fueled by the Greeks who used the name Persai to designate the entire empire.
- Sacks, David; Murray, Oswyn; Brody, Lisa R. (2005). Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World. Facts On File. p. 256 (at the right portion of the page). ISBN .
- Schmitt, R. "ACHAEMENID DYNASTY". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. I. pp. 414–426.
In 550 B.C. Cyrus (called "the Great" by the Greeks) overthrew the Median empire under Astyages and brought the Persians into domination over the Iranian peoples; he achieved combined rule over all Iran as the first real monarch of the Achaemenid dynasty. Within a few years he founded a multinational empire without precedent—a first world-empire of historical importance, since it embraced all previous civilized states of the ancient Near East. (...) The Persian empire was a multinational state under the leadership of the Persians; among these peoples the Medes, Iranian sister nation of the Persians, held a special position.
- Farr, Edward (1850). History of the Persians. Robert Carter. pp. 124–7.
- Roisman & Worthington 2011, p. 345.
- Durant, Will (1950). Age of Faith. Simon and Schuster. p. 150.
Repaying its debt, Sasanian art exported its forms and motives eastward into India, Turkestan, and China, westward into Syria, Asia Minor, Constantinople, the Balkans, Egypt, and Spain.
- Burke, Andrew; Elliot, Mark (2008). Iran. Lonely Planet. pp. 295 & 114–5 (for architecture) and pp. 68–72 (for arts). ISBN .
- Hovannisian, Richard G.; Sabagh, Georges (1998). The Persian Presence in the Islamic World. Cambridge University Press. pp. 80–83. ISBN .
- Spuler, Bertold; Marcinkowski, M. Ismail (2003). Persian Historiography & Geography. Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd. ISBN .
- Arberry, Arthur John (1953). The Legacy of Persia. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 200. ISBN .
- "TAJIK i. THE ETHNONYM: ORIGINS AND APPLICATION". Encyclopædia Iranica. 20 July 2009.
By mid-Safavid times the usage tājik for 'Persian(s) of Iran' may be considered a literary affectation, an expression of the traditional rivalry between Men of the Sword and Men of the Pen. Pietro della Valle, writing from Isfahan in 1617, cites only Pārsi and ʿAjami as autonyms for the indigenous Persians, and Tāt and raʿiat 'peasant(ry), subject(s)' as pejorative heteronyms used by the Qezelbāš (Qizilbāš) Torkmān elite. Perhaps by about 1400, reference to actual Tajiks was directed mostly at Persian-speakers in Afghanistan and Central Asia; (...)
- Ostler, Nicholas (2010). The Last Lingua Franca: English Until the Return of Babel. Penguin UK. pp. 1–352. ISBN .
Tat was known to have been used at different times to designate Crimean Goths, Greeks and sedentary peoples generally, but its primary reference came to be the Persians within the Turkic domains. (...) Tat is nowadays specialized to refer to special groups with Iranian languages in the west of the Caspian Sea.
- Nava'i, Ali Shir (tr. & ed. Robert Devereaux) (1996). Muhakamat al-lughatain. Leiden: Brill. p. 6.
- Starr, S. F. (2013). Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. Princeton University Press.
ข้อมูล
- Ansari, Ali M. (2014). Iran: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN .
- (2001). Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Psychology Press. ISBN .
- McGing, B.C. (1986). The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus. BRILL. ISBN .
- Mitchell, Stephen (2018). "Cappadocia". ใน Nicholson, Oliver (บ.ก.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. ISBN .
- Raditsa, Leo (1983). "Iranians in Asia Minor". ใน Yarshater, Ehsan (บ.ก.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 3 (1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods. Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
- Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2010). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN .
- Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2011). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN .
- Van Dam, Raymond (2002). Kingdom of Snow: Roman Rule and Greek Culture in Cappadocia. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN .
แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น
- "Persian, Iranian". Ethnologue.
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thacikisthan aelaxusebkisthaninpccubnthukeriykepnchawthacik inkhnathiklumchninkhxekhss swnihyxyuinxaesxribcanaelasatharnrthdaeksthan praethsrsesiy aemwacathukdudklunthangwthnthrrmipaelw thukeriykepn xyangirktam inxdit khawathacikkbttepnkhathimikhwamhmayphxngknaelasamarthichkhawaepxresiyaethnknid xiththiphlepxresiynxkxihrankhyaythangtawnxxkechiyngehnuxipthungexechiyklangkbxfkanisthan aelathangtawntkechiyngehnuxipthungkhxekhssxangxing Persian Iranian Ethnologue subkhnemux 11 December 2018 Total Iranian Persian users in all countries Iran The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency subkhnemux 13 May 2013 Country Profile Iran PDF Library of Congress Federal Research Division May 2008 subkhnemux 30 April 2019 Beck Lois 2014 Nomads in Postrevolutionary Iran The Qashqa i in an Era of Change Routledge p xxii ISBN 978 1317743866 an ethnic Persian adheres to cultural systems connected with other ethnic Persians Samadi Habibeh Perkins Nick 2012 Ball Martin Crystal David Fletcher Paul b k Assessing Grammar The Languages of Lars Multilingual Matters p 169 ISBN 978 1 84769 637 3 Fyre R N 29 March 2012 IRAN v PEOPLES OF IRAN Encyclopaedia Iranica The largest group of people in present day Iran are Persians q v who speak dialects of the language called Farsi in Persian since it was primarily the tongue of the people of Fars Anonby Erik J 20 December 2012 LORI LANGUAGE ii Sociolinguistic Status of Lori Encyclopaedia Iranica Conversely the Nehavand sub province of Hamadan is home to ethnic Persians who speak NLori as a mother tongue The same is true of areas to the southwest south and east of the Lori language area while the varieties spoken there show more structural similarity to Lori than to Persian speakers identify themselves as ethnically Persian Xavier de Planhol 24 January 2012 FARS i Geography Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol IX pp 336 The name of Fars is undoubtedly attested in Assyrian sources since the third millennium B C E under the form Parahse Originally it was the land of horses of the Sumerians Herzfeld pp 181 82 184 86 The name was adopted by Iranian tribes which established themselves there in the 9th century B C E in the west and southwest of Urmia lake The Parsua Parsa are mentioned there for the first time in 843 B C E during the reign of Salmanassar III and then after they migrated to the southeast Boehmer pp 193 97 the name was transferred between 690 and 640 to a region previously called Ansan q v in Elamite sources Herzfeld pp 169 71 178 79 186 From that moment the name acquired the connotation of an ethnic region the land of the Persians and the Persians soon thereafter founded the vast Achaemenid empire A never ending confusion thus set in between a narrow limited geographical usage of the term Persia in the sense of the land where the aforesaid Persian tribes had shaped the core of their power and a broader more general usage of the term to designate the much larger area affected by the political and cultural radiance of the Achaemenids The confusion between the two senses of the word was continuous fueled by the Greeks who used the name Persai to designate the entire empire Sacks David Murray Oswyn Brody Lisa R 2005 Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World Facts On File p 256 at the right portion of the page ISBN 978 0 8160 5722 1 Schmitt R ACHAEMENID DYNASTY Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol I pp 414 426 In 550 B C Cyrus called the Great by the Greeks overthrew the Median empire under Astyages and brought the Persians into domination over the Iranian peoples he achieved combined rule over all Iran as the first real monarch of the Achaemenid dynasty Within a few years he founded a multinational empire without precedent a first world empire of historical importance since it embraced all previous civilized states of the ancient Near East The Persian empire was a multinational state under the leadership of the Persians among these peoples the Medes Iranian sister nation of the Persians held a special position Farr Edward 1850 History of the Persians Robert Carter pp 124 7 Roisman amp Worthington 2011 p 345 Durant Will 1950 Age of Faith Simon and Schuster p 150 Repaying its debt Sasanian art exported its forms and motives eastward into India Turkestan and China westward into Syria Asia Minor Constantinople the Balkans Egypt and Spain Burke Andrew Elliot Mark 2008 Iran Lonely Planet pp 295 amp 114 5 for architecture and pp 68 72 for arts ISBN 9781742203492 Hovannisian Richard G Sabagh Georges 1998 The Persian Presence in the Islamic World Cambridge University Press pp 80 83 ISBN 9780521591850 Spuler Bertold Marcinkowski M Ismail 2003 Persian Historiography amp Geography Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd ISBN 9789971774882 Arberry Arthur John 1953 The Legacy of Persia Oxford Clarendon Press p 200 ISBN 0 19 821905 9 TAJIK i THE ETHNONYM ORIGINS AND APPLICATION Encyclopaedia Iranica 20 July 2009 By mid Safavid times the usage tajik for Persian s of Iran may be considered a literary affectation an expression of the traditional rivalry between Men of the Sword and Men of the Pen Pietro della Valle writing from Isfahan in 1617 cites only Parsi and ʿAjami as autonyms for the indigenous Persians and Tat and raʿiat peasant ry subject s as pejorative heteronyms used by the Qezelbas Qizilbas Torkman elite Perhaps by about 1400 reference to actual Tajiks was directed mostly at Persian speakers in Afghanistan and Central Asia Ostler Nicholas 2010 The Last Lingua Franca English Until the Return of Babel Penguin UK pp 1 352 ISBN 978 0141922218 Tat was known to have been used at different times to designate Crimean Goths Greeks and sedentary peoples generally but its primary reference came to be the Persians within the Turkic domains Tat is nowadays specialized to refer to special groups with Iranian languages in the west of the Caspian Sea Nava i Ali Shir tr amp ed Robert Devereaux 1996 Muhakamat al lughatain Leiden Brill p 6 Starr S F 2013 Lost Enlightenment Central Asia s Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane Princeton University Press khxmulAnsari Ali M 2014 Iran A Very Short Introduction Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0199669349 2001 Zoroastrians Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Psychology Press ISBN 978 0415239028 McGing B C 1986 The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator King of Pontus BRILL ISBN 978 9004075917 Mitchell Stephen 2018 Cappadocia in Nicholson Oliver b k The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0192562463 Raditsa Leo 1983 Iranians in Asia Minor in Yarshater Ehsan b k The Cambridge History of Iran Vol 3 1 The Seleucid Parthian and Sasanian periods Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1139054942 Roisman Joseph Worthington Ian 2010 A Companion to Ancient Macedonia John Wiley and Sons ISBN 978 1 4051 7936 2 Roisman Joseph Worthington Ian 2011 A Companion to Ancient Macedonia John Wiley and Sons ISBN 978 1 4443 5163 7 Van Dam Raymond 2002 Kingdom of Snow Roman Rule and Greek Culture in Cappadocia University of Pennsylvania Press ISBN 978 0812236811 aehlngkhxmulxun Persian Iranian Ethnologue bthkhwammnusy manusywithya aelaeruxngthiekiywkhxngniyngepnokhrng khunsamarthchwywikiphiediyidodykarephimetimkhxmuldk