จารึกเมร์เนปทาห์ (อังกฤษ: Merneptah Stele) ยังเป็นที่รู้จักกันในชื่อ จารึกอิสราเอล (Israel Stele) หรือ จารึกชัยชนะของเมร์เนปทาห์ (Victory Stele of Merneptah) เป็นศิลาจารึกของฟาโรห์เมร์เนปทาห์ในอียิปต์โบราณที่ครองราชย์ใน 1213 ถึง 1203 ปีก่อน ค.ศ. จารึกนี้ได้รับการค้นพบโดยที่ทีบส์ใน ค.ศ. 1896 ปัจจุบันจัดแสดงในพิพิธภัณฑ์อียิปต์ ไคโร
จารึกใน ค.ศ. 2023 | |
วัสดุ | หินแกรนิต |
---|---|
ตัวหนังสือ | ไฮเออโรกลีฟอียิปต์ |
สร้าง | ป. 1208 ปีก่อน ค.ศ. |
ค้นพบ | ค.ศ. 1896 ทีบส์ ประเทศอียิปต์ 25°43′14″N 32°36′37″E / 25.72056°N 32.61028°E |
ค้นพบโดย | |
ที่อยู่ปัจจุบัน | พิพิธภัณฑ์อียิปต์ ไคโร |
เลขประจำตัว | JE 31408 |
พิพิธภัณฑ์อียิปต์ ไคโร ทีบส์ |
ข้อความในศิลาจารึกส่วนใหญ่รายงานถึงชัยชนะของเมร์เนปทาห์เหนือและพันธมิตร แต่ในสามแถวสุดท้ายจาก 28 แถวกล่าวถึงการทัพต่างหากในคานาอัน ซึ่งในเวลานั้นเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของอียิปต์ บางครั้งมีผู้เรียกจารึกนี้เป็น "จารึกอิสราเอล" เนื่องจากนักวิชาการส่วนใหญ่แปลอักษรไฮเออโรกลิฟต์ในแถวที่ 27 เป็น "อิสราเอล" มีการแปลคำนี้อีกหลายแบบ แต่ไม่ได้รับการยอมรับอย่างกว้างขวาง
จารึกนี้เป็นอ้างอิงข้อความแรกสุดที่กล่าวถึงอิสราเอลและเป็นอ้างอิงเดียวจากอียิปต์โบราณ โดยเป็นหนึ่งใน 4 จารึกที่เป็นที่รู้จักจากยุคเหล็กที่กล่าวถึงด้วยชื่อ จารึกที่เหลือคือ และ ด้วยเหตุนี้ บางคนจึงถือว่าจารึกเมร์เนปทาห์เป็นการค้นพบที่มีชื่อเสียงที่สุดของเพทรี ซึ่งเป็นความเห็นที่เพทรีเห็นด้วย
อ้างอิง "อิสราเอล"
เพทรีเยี่ยมเยียน Wilhelm Spiegelberg นักนิรุกติศาสตร์ชาวเยอรมันในทีมนักโบราณคดี เพื่อแปลข้อความจารึกนี้ Spiegelberg รู้สึกสับสนกับสัญลักษณ์หนึ่งในตอนท้ายของแถวที่มีรูปคนหรือชนเผ่าที่พ่ายแพ้อย่างมากจากเมร์เนปทาห์ (เขียนเป็นเมเรนปทาห์ด้วย) – I.si.ri.ar? เพทรีเสนอแนะอย่างรวดเร็วว่าสัญลักษณ์นี้อ่านเป็น "อิสราเอล!" Spiegelberg ยอมรับว่าคำแปลนี้ต้องถูกต้อง
แถวที่กล่าวถึงอิสราเอลอยู่ด้านล่างนี้ (แสดงกลับด้านเพื่อให้ตรงกับคำแปลภาษาอังกฤษ ข้อความเดิมเขียนจากขวาไปซ้าย):
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ysrỉꜣr | fk.t | bn | pr.t | =f | |||||||||||||||||||
Israel | waste | [negative] | seed/grain | his/its |
คำบ่งชี้
ส่วนนี้รอเพิ่มเติมข้อมูล คุณสามารถช่วยเพิ่มข้อมูลส่วนนี้ได้ |
คำแปลอีกแบบ
นักบตั้งแต่การค้บจารึกนี้ มีการอ่านคำว่า "อิสราเอล" อีกหลายแบบ โดยมีตัวเลือกหลักสองแบบ ดังนี้:
- "Jezreel", นครและหุบเขาในคานาอันเหนือ;
- รูปต่อของรายละเอียดลิเบียที่สื่อถึง "wearers of the sidelock"
อย่างไรก็ตาม คำแปลเหล่านี้ยังคงเป็นการตีความส่วนน้อย
การตีความ
ส่วนนี้รอเพิ่มเติมข้อมูล คุณสามารถช่วยเพิ่มข้อมูลส่วนนี้ได้ |
หมายเหตุ
- ในข้อความเดิม รูปนก (นกกระจอก) ตั้งอยู่ใต้สัญลักษณ์ t (ครึ่งวงกลม) แต่เพื่อให้อ่านง่าย จึงตั้งรูปนกไว้ถัดจากสัญลักษณ์ t
- Nibbi เสนอแนะว่าอักษรแรกใน "I.si.ri.ar" ตีความผิด โดย Nibbi เสนอแนะเป็น มากกว่า และนั่นจะทำให้อักษรนี้แปลได้เป็น "wearers of the sidelock" ซึ่งสื่อถึงชาวลิเบียในข้อมูลอื่น อย่าง Nibbi สนับสนุนสิ่งนี้โดยสังเกตร่างของผู้ชายมีขนงอกออกมาชัดเจนที่ด้านข้างศีรษะ
- Hasel (2008): "The view that the term ysry·r/l is a possible territory within Canaan but not associated with biblical Israel was proposed by Othniel Margalith (1990). His conclusions are based on the suggestion by G. R. Driver (1948: 135) that the Egyptian letter 's' in the word could also represent the Hebrew . Accordingly, the name ysry·r/l could be translated as Iezreel "which might be an inexperienced way of rendering Yezreel, the valley to the north of the country" (Margalith 1990: 229). As others have pointed out elsewhere, Margalith’s attempts to identify the entity ysry·r/l with Israel or Jezreel through Ugaritic vocalizations and a Sumerian title of a king are not convincing for an Egyptian inscription with a clear context for this entity in Canaan (Hasel 1994: 46; 1998a: 196–97; compare Kitchen 1966a: 91)." and "The suggestion of equating the ysry·r/l of the stela with Jezreel has now been taken up anew by I. Hjelm and Thomas L. Thompson (2002: 14) without any reference to earlier discussions. The identification is rife with difficulties. First, the Egyptian signs for "bolt" (Gardiner 1957: 507, O34) and "folded cloth" (Gardiner 1957: 507, S29) in Old Egyptian represented the sound s. In the New Kingdom, Hebrew zayin is rendered q or t in Egyptian and not s (Kitchen 1966a: 91, 1966b 59; Helck 1971: 18, 554, 589). Second, ysry·r/l does not include the Egyptian equivalent of ayin needed for the reading yzrªl. Third, the reading “Jezreel” must assume that the determinative for people used with ysry·r/ l was a scribal error, because it does not fit the designation of a geographical location. The orthographic and philological reasons mitigate the reading of ysry·r/ l as Jezreel (see also Kitchen 2004)."
อ้างอิง
- Drower 1985, p. 221.
- Redmount 2001, pp. 71–72, 97.
- Kenton L. Sparks (1998). Ethnicity and Identity in Ancient Israel: Prolegomena to the Study of Ethnic Sentiments and Their Expression in the Hebrew Bible. Eisenbrauns. pp. 96–. ISBN .
- Hasel 1998, p. 194.
- Lemche 1998, pp. 46, 62: “No other inscription from Palestine, or from Transjordan in the Iron Age, has so far provided any specific reference to Israel... The name of Israel was found in only a very limited number of inscriptions, one from Egypt, another separated by at least 250 years from the first, in Transjordan. A third reference is found in the stele from Tel Dan – if it is genuine, a question not yet settled. The Assyrian and Mesopotamian sources only once mentioned a king of Israel, Ahab, in a spurious rendering of the name.”
- Maeir, Aren. "Maeir, A. M. 2013. Israel and Judah. pp. 3523–27, The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. New York: Blackwell".
The earliest certain mention of the ethnonym Israel occurs in a victory inscription of the Egyptian king Merenptah, his well-known “Israel Stela” (c. 1210 BCE); recently, a possible earlier reference has been identified in a text from the reign of Rameses II (see Rameses I–XI). Thereafter, no reference to either Judah or Israel appears until the ninth century. The pharaoh Sheshonq I (biblical Shishak; see Sheshonq I–VI) mentions neither entity by name in the inscription recording his campaign in the southern Levant during the late tenth century. In the ninth century, Israelite kings, and possibly a Judaean king, are mentioned in several sources: the Aramaean stele from Tel Dan, inscriptions of Shalmaneser III of Assyria, and the stela of Mesha of Moab. From the early eighth century onward, the kingdoms of Israel and Judah are both mentioned somewhat regularly in Assyrian and subsequently Babylonian sources, and from this point on there is relatively good agreement between the biblical accounts on the one hand and the archaeological evidence and extra-biblical texts on the other.
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: Cite journal ต้องการ|journal=
((help)) - Fleming, Daniel E. (1998-01-01). "Mari and the Possibilities of Biblical Memory". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie Orientale. 92 (1): 41–78. JSTOR 23282083.
The Assyrian royal annals, along with the Mesha and Dan inscriptions, show a thriving northern state called Israël in the mid—9th century, and the continuity of settlement back to the early Iron Age suggests that the establishment of a sedentary identity should be associated with this population, whatever their origin. In the mid—14th century, the Amarna letters mention no Israël, nor any of the biblical tribes, while the Merneptah stele places someone called Israël in hill-country Palestine toward the end of the Late Bronze Age. The language and material culture of emergent Israël show strong local continuity, in contrast to the distinctly foreign character of early Philistine material culture.
- The Biblical Archaeologist, American Schools of Oriental Research, 1997, p. 35.
- Drower 1995, p. 221.
- Eissfeldt 1965, p. 14: "Unfortunately, even the supposed earliest mention of the name Israel in the triumphal hymn of Merenptah composed about 1230 b.c. does not provide any unambiguous answer to this question, for this name may also be explained as Jezreel."
- Margalith 1990, p. 225.
- Strahan 1896, p. 624.
- Nibbi 1989, p. 101.
- Hasel 2008, pp. 47–60.
ข้อมูล
- Davies, Philip R (2008). Memories of Ancient Israel. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN .
- (1995). The End of the Bronze Age. Princeton University Press. ISBN .
- Drower, Margaret (1985). Flinders Petrie: A life in Archaeology. Victor Gollancz. ISBN .
- (1965). "XXVI, Palestine in the Time of the Nineteenth Dynasty: (a) the Exodus and Wanderings, Volume II". Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 31. CUP Archive.
- Drower, Margaret S (1995) [1985]. Flinders Petrie: A Life in Archaeology..
- Hasel, Michael G (1998). Domination and Resistance: Egyptian Military Activity in the Southern Levant, 1300–1185 BC. Brill. ISBN .
- Hasel, Michael (2008). "Merenptah's reference to Israel: critical issues for the origin of Israel". ใน Hess, Richard S.; Klingbeil, Gerald A.; Ray, Paul J. (บ.ก.). Critical Issues in Early Israelite History. Eisenbrauns. ISBN .
- Killebrew, Ann E (2005). Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity. Society for Biblical Literature. ISBN .
- Lemche, Niels Peter (1998). The Israelites in History and Tradition. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN .
- Margalith, Othniel (1990). "On the Origin and Antiquity of the Name Israel". Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. 102 (2): 225–37. doi:10.1515/zatw.1990.102.2.225. S2CID 170951991.[]
- Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E (2011). Biblical History and Israel's Past. Eerdmans. ISBN .
- Nestor, Dermot (2015). "Merneptah's 'Israel' and the Absence of Origins in Biblical Scholarship". Currents in Biblical Research. 13 (3): 293–329. doi:10.1177/1476993X14534792. ISSN 1476-993X. S2CID 143259584.
- (1989). Canaan and Canaanite in ancient Egypt. Discussions in Egyptology. ISBN .
- Petrie, WM Flinders; Spiegelberg, Wilhelm (1897). Six temples at Thebes, 1896. London: Quaritch..
- Redmount, Carol A (2001) [1998]. "Bitter lives: Israel in and out of Egypt". ใน Coogan, Michael D (บ.ก.). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford University Press. pp. 58–89. ISBN .
- Smith, Mark S (2002). The Early History of God. Eerdmans. ISBN .
- Sparks, Kenton L (1998). Ethnicity and Identity in Ancient Israel. Eisenbrauns. ISBN .
- Strahan, A (1896). "The contemporary review". The Contemporary Review. 69: 624–26. สืบค้นเมื่อ 19 Jan 2011.
- Theis, Christopher; van der Veen, Peter (2003). "Israel in Canaan. (Long) Before Pharaoh Merenptah? A fresh look at Berlin statue pedestal relief 21687". Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections. 2 (4): 15–25. doi:10.2458/azu_jaei_v02i4_van_der_veen.
- Whitelam, Keith W (1997). "The Identity of Early Israel: The Realignment and Transformation of Late Bronze-Iron Age Palestine". ใน (บ.ก.). The Historical Books. Continuum. ISBN .
อ่านเพิ่ม
- (2004). "The Victories of Merenptah, and the Nature of their Record". Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. 28 (3): 259–272. doi:10.1177/030908920402800301. S2CID 170520107.
- Metcalfe, William Musham; Erskine, Ruaraidh (1897). "The Scottish review". The Scottish Review. 29: 125.
- Nestor, Dermot (2010). Ethnicity and Identity in Ancient Israel. Continuum. ISBN .
- Nibbi, Alessandra (1996). "Some Remarks on the Merenptah Stela and the So-Called Name of Israel". Discussions in Egyptology, Oxford. 36: 79–102.
- Dever, William G. 1995. “Ceramics, Ethnicity, and the Question of Israel’s Origin.” The Biblical Archaeologist 58: 200–13.
- Frerichs, Ernest S., and Leonard H. Lesko, eds. 1997. Exodus: The Egyptian Evidence. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
- Hjelm, Ingrid and Thomas L. Thompson. 2002. "The Victory Song of Merneptah, Israel and the People of Palestine." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 27, no. 1: 3–18. doi:10.1177/030908920202700101.
- Miller, Robert D. 2004. "Identifying Earliest Israel." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research no. 333: 55–68. doi:10.2307/1357794.
- Shanks, Herschel. 2012. “When did ancient Israel begin?” Biblical Archaeology Review 38, no. 1: 59–67.
- Wiener, Malcolm H. 2014. “Dating the Emergence of Historical Israel in Light of Recent Developments in Egyptian Chronology.” Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 41, no. 1: 50–54. doi:10.1179/0334435514Z.00000000035
แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น
- Klein, Ralph W. . Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2016-03-04. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2011-01-18.
- Lichtheim, Miriam. (full translation). Bible dudes. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2011-07-19. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2023-11-18.
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carukemrenpthah xngkvs Merneptah Stele yngepnthiruckkninchux carukxisraexl Israel Stele hrux carukchychnakhxngemrenpthah Victory Stele of Merneptah epnsilacarukkhxngfaorhemrenpthahinxiyiptobranthikhrxngrachyin 1213 thung 1203 pikxn kh s carukniidrbkarkhnphbodythithibsin kh s 1896 pccubncdaesdnginphiphithphnthxiyipt ikhorcarukemrenpthahcarukin kh s 2023wsduhinaekrnittwhnngsuxihexxorklifxiyiptsrangp 1208 pikxn kh s khnphbkh s 1896 thibs praethsxiyipt 25 43 14 N 32 36 37 E 25 72056 N 32 61028 E 25 72056 32 61028khnphbodythixyupccubnphiphithphnthxiyipt ikhorelkhpracatwJE 31408phiphithphnthxiyipt ikhorthibscarukemrenpthahidrbkarkhnphbthithibs aelapccubncdaesdngthiikhor praethsxiyipt khxkhwaminsilacarukswnihyraynganthungchychnakhxngemrenpthahehnuxaelaphnthmitr aetinsamaethwsudthaycak 28 aethwklawthungkarthphtanghakinkhanaxn sunginewlannepnswnhnungkhxngxiyipt bangkhrngmiphueriykcarukniepn carukxisraexl enuxngcaknkwichakarswnihyaeplxksrihexxorkliftinaethwthi 27 epn xisraexl 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mikarxankhawa xisraexl xikhlayaebb odymitweluxkhlksxngaebb dngni Jezreel nkhraelahubekhainkhanaxnehnux ruptxkhxngraylaexiydliebiythisuxthung wearers of the sidelock xyangirktam khaaeplehlaniyngkhngepnkartikhwamswnnxy kartikhwam swnnirxephimetimkhxmul khunsamarthchwyephimkhxmulswnniidhmayehtuinkhxkhwamedim rupnk nkkracxk tngxyuitsylksn t khrungwngklm aetephuxihxanngay cungtngrupnkiwthdcaksylksn t Nibbi esnxaenawaxksraerkin I si ri ar tikhwamphid ody Nibbi esnxaenaepn makkwa aelanncathaihxksrniaeplidepn wearers of the sidelock sungsuxthungchawliebiyinkhxmulxun xyang Nibbi snbsnunsingniodysngektrangkhxngphuchaymikhnngxkxxkmachdecnthidankhangsirsa Hasel 2008 The view that the term ysry r l is a possible territory within Canaan but not associated with biblical Israel was proposed by Othniel Margalith 1990 His conclusions are based on the suggestion by G R Driver 1948 135 that the Egyptian letter s in the word could also represent the Hebrew Accordingly the name ysry r l could be translated as Iezreel which might be an inexperienced way of rendering Yezreel the valley to the north of the country Margalith 1990 229 As others have pointed out elsewhere Margalith s attempts to identify the entity ysry r l with Israel or Jezreel through Ugaritic vocalizations and a Sumerian title of a king are not convincing for an Egyptian inscription with a clear context for this entity in Canaan Hasel 1994 46 1998a 196 97 compare Kitchen 1966a 91 and The suggestion of equating the ysry r l of the stela with Jezreel has now been taken up anew by I Hjelm and Thomas L Thompson 2002 14 without any reference to earlier discussions The identification is rife with difficulties First the Egyptian signs for bolt Gardiner 1957 507 O34 and folded cloth Gardiner 1957 507 S29 in Old Egyptian represented the sound s In the New Kingdom Hebrew zayin is rendered q or t in Egyptian and not s Kitchen 1966a 91 1966b 59 Helck 1971 18 554 589 Second ysry r l does not include the Egyptian equivalent of ayin needed for the reading yzrªl Third the reading Jezreel must assume that the determinative for people used with ysry r l was a scribal error because it does not fit the designation of a geographical location The orthographic and philological reasons mitigate the reading of ysry r l as Jezreel see also Kitchen 2004 xangxingDrower 1985 p 221 Redmount 2001 pp 71 72 97 Kenton L Sparks 1998 Ethnicity and Identity in Ancient Israel Prolegomena to the Study of Ethnic Sentiments and Their Expression in the Hebrew Bible Eisenbrauns pp 96 ISBN 978 1 57506 033 0 Hasel 1998 p 194 Lemche 1998 pp 46 62 No other inscription from Palestine or from Transjordan in the Iron Age has so far provided any specific reference to Israel The name of Israel was found in only a very limited number of inscriptions one from Egypt another separated by at least 250 years from the first in Transjordan A third reference is found in the stele from Tel Dan if it is genuine a question not yet settled The Assyrian and Mesopotamian sources only once mentioned a king of Israel Ahab in a spurious rendering of the name Maeir Aren Maeir A M 2013 Israel and Judah pp 3523 27 The Encyclopedia of Ancient History New York Blackwell The earliest certain mention of the ethnonym Israel occurs in a victory inscription of the Egyptian king Merenptah his well known Israel Stela c 1210 BCE recently a possible earlier reference has been identified in a text from the reign of Rameses II see Rameses I XI Thereafter no reference to either Judah or Israel appears until the ninth century The pharaoh Sheshonq I biblical Shishak see Sheshonq I VI mentions neither entity by name in the inscription recording his campaign in the southern Levant during the late tenth century In the ninth century Israelite kings and possibly a Judaean king are mentioned in several sources the Aramaean stele from Tel Dan inscriptions of Shalmaneser III of Assyria and the stela of Mesha of Moab From the early eighth century onward the kingdoms of Israel and Judah are both mentioned somewhat regularly in Assyrian and subsequently Babylonian sources and from this point on there is relatively good agreement between the biblical accounts on the one hand and the archaeological evidence and extra biblical texts on the other a href wiki E0 B9 81 E0 B8 A1 E0 B9 88 E0 B9 81 E0 B8 9A E0 B8 9A Cite journal title aemaebb Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal txngkar journal help Fleming Daniel E 1998 01 01 Mari and the Possibilities of Biblical Memory Revue d Assyriologie et d Archeologie Orientale 92 1 41 78 JSTOR 23282083 The Assyrian royal annals along with the Mesha and Dan inscriptions show a thriving northern state called Israel in the mid 9th century and the continuity of settlement back to the early Iron Age suggests that the establishment of a sedentary identity should be associated with this population whatever their origin In the mid 14th century the Amarna letters mention no Israel nor any of the biblical tribes while the Merneptah stele places someone called Israel in hill country Palestine toward the end of the Late Bronze Age The language and material culture of emergent Israel show strong local continuity in contrast to the distinctly foreign character of early Philistine material culture The Biblical Archaeologist American Schools of Oriental Research 1997 p 35 Drower 1995 p 221 Eissfeldt 1965 p 14 Unfortunately even the supposed earliest mention of the name Israel in the triumphal hymn of Merenptah composed about 1230 b c does not provide any unambiguous answer to this question for this name may also be explained as Jezreel Margalith 1990 p 225 Strahan 1896 p 624 Nibbi 1989 p 101 Hasel 2008 pp 47 60 khxmul Davies Philip R 2008 Memories of Ancient Israel Louisville Kentucky Westminster John Knox Press ISBN 978 0 664 23288 7 1995 The End of the Bronze Age Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 02591 9 Drower Margaret 1985 Flinders Petrie A life in Archaeology Victor Gollancz ISBN 978 0 299 14623 8 1965 XXVI Palestine in the Time of the Nineteenth Dynasty a the Exodus and Wanderings Volume II Cambridge Ancient History Vol 31 CUP Archive Drower Margaret S 1995 1985 Flinders Petrie A Life in Archaeology Hasel Michael G 1998 Domination and Resistance Egyptian Military Activity in the Southern Levant 1300 1185 BC Brill ISBN 978 90 04 10984 1 Hasel Michael 2008 Merenptah s reference to Israel critical issues for the origin of Israel in Hess Richard S Klingbeil Gerald A Ray Paul J b k Critical Issues in Early Israelite History Eisenbrauns ISBN 978 1 57506 598 4 Killebrew Ann E 2005 Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity Society for Biblical Literature ISBN 978 1 58983 097 4 Lemche Niels Peter 1998 The Israelites in History and Tradition Westminster John Knox Press ISBN 978 0 664 22727 2 Margalith Othniel 1990 On the Origin and Antiquity of the Name Israel Zeitschrift fur die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 102 2 225 37 doi 10 1515 zatw 1990 102 2 225 S2CID 170951991 lingkesiy Moore Megan Bishop Kelle Brad E 2011 Biblical History and Israel s Past Eerdmans ISBN 978 0 8028 6260 0 Nestor Dermot 2015 Merneptah s Israel and the Absence of Origins in Biblical Scholarship Currents in Biblical Research 13 3 293 329 doi 10 1177 1476993X14534792 ISSN 1476 993X S2CID 143259584 1989 Canaan and Canaanite in ancient Egypt Discussions in Egyptology ISBN 978 0 9510704 4 4 Petrie WM Flinders Spiegelberg Wilhelm 1897 Six temples at Thebes 1896 London Quaritch Redmount Carol A 2001 1998 Bitter lives Israel in and out of Egypt in Coogan Michael D b k The Oxford History of the Biblical World Oxford University Press pp 58 89 ISBN 978 0 19 513937 2 Smith Mark S 2002 The Early History of God Eerdmans ISBN 978 0 8028 3972 5 Sparks Kenton L 1998 Ethnicity and Identity in Ancient Israel Eisenbrauns ISBN 978 1 57506 033 0 Strahan A 1896 The contemporary review The Contemporary Review 69 624 26 subkhnemux 19 Jan 2011 Theis Christopher van der Veen Peter 2003 Israel in Canaan Long Before Pharaoh Merenptah A fresh look at Berlin statue pedestal relief 21687 Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 2 4 15 25 doi 10 2458 azu jaei v02i4 van der veen Whitelam Keith W 1997 The Identity of Early Israel The Realignment and Transformation of Late Bronze Iron Age Palestine in b k The Historical Books Continuum ISBN 978 1 85075 786 3 xanephim 2004 The Victories of Merenptah and the Nature of their Record Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 28 3 259 272 doi 10 1177 030908920402800301 S2CID 170520107 Metcalfe William Musham Erskine Ruaraidh 1897 The Scottish review The Scottish Review 29 125 Nestor Dermot 2010 Ethnicity and Identity in Ancient Israel Continuum ISBN 978 0 567 01297 5 Nibbi Alessandra 1996 Some Remarks on the Merenptah Stela and the So Called Name of Israel Discussions in Egyptology Oxford 36 79 102 Dever William G 1995 Ceramics Ethnicity and the Question of Israel s Origin The Biblical Archaeologist 58 200 13 Frerichs Ernest S and Leonard H Lesko eds 1997 Exodus The Egyptian Evidence Winona Lake IN Eisenbrauns Hjelm Ingrid and Thomas L Thompson 2002 The Victory Song of Merneptah Israel and the People of Palestine Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 27 no 1 3 18 doi 10 1177 030908920202700101 Miller Robert D 2004 Identifying Earliest Israel Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research no 333 55 68 doi 10 2307 1357794 Shanks Herschel 2012 When did ancient Israel begin Biblical Archaeology Review 38 no 1 59 67 Wiener Malcolm H 2014 Dating the Emergence of Historical Israel in Light of Recent Developments in Egyptian Chronology Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 41 no 1 50 54 doi 10 1179 0334435514Z 00000000035aehlngkhxmulxunwikimiediykhxmmxnsmisuxthiekiywkhxngkb carukemrenpthah wikisxrs mingantnchbbekiywkb The Triumphal Song of Merneptah Klein Ralph W Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 2016 03 04 subkhnemux 2011 01 18 Lichtheim Miriam full translation Bible dudes khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 2011 07 19 subkhnemux 2023 11 18