การสูญพันธุ์สมัยโฮโลซีน (อังกฤษ: Holocene extinction) บางครั้งเรียกว่า การสูญพันธุ์ครั้งใหญ่ครั้งที่ 6 (sixth mass extinction) หรือ การสูญพันธุ์สมัยแอนโทรโปซีน (Anthropocene extinction) เป็น การสูญพันธุ์ครั้งใหญ่ของสปีชีส์ที่ยังดำเนินอยู่ในสมัยโฮโลซีน (ในช่วงหลังบางครั้งเรียกว่าสมัยแอนโทรโปซีน) เพราะผลจาก โดยครอบคลุมถึงการสูญพันธุ์ของพืช และสัตว์ในหลายวงศ์ เช่น สัตว์เลี้ยงลูกด้วยนม นก สัตว์เลื้อยคลาน สัตว์สะเทินน้ำสะเทินบก ปลา สัตว์ไม่มีกระดูกสันหลังจำนวนมาก เป็นต้น ด้วยความเสื่อมโทรมอย่างแพร่หลายของพื้นที่ที่มีความหลากหลายทางชีวภาพสูงอย่างพืดหินปะการังหรือป่าฝน เชื่อกันว่าการสูญพันธุ์ส่วนใหญ่อาจ ไม่ได้รับการบันทึก เพราะสปีชีส์เหล่านั้นยังไม่ได้รับการค้นพบในช่วงที่มันสูญพันธุ์ หรือไม่มีใครรับรู้การสูญพันธุ์ของมัน อัตราการสูญพันธุ์ของสปีชีส์ในปัจจุบันได้รับการประเมินว่าสูงกว่าประมาณ 100 ถึง 1,000 เท่า
การสูญพันธุ์สมัยโฮโลซีนรวมถึงการหายไปของบรรดาสัตว์บกขนาดใหญ่ที่รู้จักกันในชื่อ (megafauna) ซึ่งเริ่มต้นตั้งแต่สิ้นสุดลง เมกาเฟานาที่อยู่นอกแผ่นดินใหญ่ของแอฟริกาซึ่งไม่ได้มีวิวัฒนาการร่วมกับมนุษย์ได้รับการพิสูจน์ว่ามีความอ่อนไหวมากต่อการล่าเหยื่อแบบใหม่ และหลายสปีชีส์สูญพันธุ์ไปไม่นานหลังมนุษย์ยุคแรกเริ่มขยายเผ่าพันธุ์และล่าสัตว์ไปทั่วโลก ( แต่เมกาเฟานาในแผ่นดินใหญ่ไม่ค่อยได้รับผลกระทบมากจนกระทั่งไม่กี่ร้อยปีที่ผ่านมา โดยมีกรณียกเว้นไม่กี่กรณี) การสูญพันธุ์เหล่านี้เกิดขึ้นในช่วงรอยต่อระหว่างสมัยไพลสโตซีนกับสมัยโฮโลซีน บางครั้งจึงเรียกว่า
ทฤษฎีที่โด่งดังที่สุดคือ มนุษย์ล่าสปีชีส์เกินความจำเป็น แม้ว่าจะยังมีการโต้แย้งว่าการล่าเหยื่อของมนุษย์มีผลต่อการสูญพันธุ์มากเพียงใด แต่การลดลงของสปีชีส์จำนวนหนึ่งก็มีความสัมพันธ์กันโดยตรงกับกิจกรรมของมนุษย์ เช่น เหตุการณ์การสูญพันธุ์ในและ นอกจากมนุษย์แล้ว อาจเป็นปัจจัยขับเคลื่อนอย่างหนึ่งของการสูญพันธุ์ของเมกาเฟานาโดยเฉพาะในช่วงสิ้นสุดสมัยไพลสโตซีน
ในทางนิเวศวิทยานั้น มนุษย์ถือเป็น "ผู้ล่าเหยื่อขั้นสุดทั่วโลก" (global superpredator) ที่ไม่เคยปรากฏขึ้นมาก่อน โดยมนุษย์ล่า (apex predator) วัยผู้ใหญ่เป็นเหยื่อตลอดมาและต่อโซ่อาหารทั่วโลก มีการสูญพันธุ์ของสปีชีส์ในผืนแผ่นดินและมหาสมุทรทุกแห่ง โดยมีตัวอย่างสำคัญอยู่ใน และ และหมู่เกาะขนาดเล็ก ในภาพรวม การสูญพันธุ์สมัยโฮโลซีนมีส่วนเชื่อมโยงกับ การสูญพันธุ์นี้ยังดำเนินต่อไปในคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 21 จาก และการกลายเป็นกรดของมหาสมุทร เป็นตัวอย่างหนึ่งของ และถูกมองว่าเป็นตัวขับเคลื่อนหลักของการลดลงนี้
ซึ่งแห่งสหประชาชาติตีพิมพ์เผยแพร่ใน ค.ศ. 2019 ได้ตั้งสมมุติฐานว่ามีพืชและสัตว์ประมาณ 1 ล้านสปีชีส์เผชิญกับการสูญพันธุ์ภายในไม่กี่ทศวรรษด้วยผลจากการกระทำของมนุษย์ ตามรายงานฉบับดังกล่าวซึ่งเป็นผลการศึกษาสุขภาพของโลกที่ครอบคลุมมากที่สุดเท่าที่เคยมีมานั้น การดำรงอยู่ของมนุษย์อย่างเป็นระเบียบได้รับผลกระทบจากการทำลายระบบที่สนับสนุนสิ่งมีชีวิตบนโลกอย่างรวดเร็วขึ้นเรื่อย ๆ
อ้างอิง
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แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น
วิดีโอหลายคลิปจากแหล่งข้อมูลภายนอก | |
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Are We Living In the Sixth Extinction? ที่ยูทูบ | |
Extinction: The Facts in 6 minutes on BBC One |
- The Extinction Crisis 2019-09-03 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน. .
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karsuyphnthusmyoholsin xngkvs Holocene extinction bangkhrngeriykwa karsuyphnthukhrngihykhrngthi 6 sixth mass extinction hrux karsuyphnthusmyaexnothropsin Anthropocene extinction epn karsuyphnthukhrngihykhxngspichisthiyngdaeninxyuinsmyoholsin inchwnghlngbangkhrngeriykwasmyaexnothropsin ephraaphlcak odykhrxbkhlumthungkarsuyphnthukhxngphuch aelastwinhlaywngs echn stweliynglukdwynm nk stweluxykhlan stwsaethinnasaethinbk pla stwimmikraduksnhlngcanwnmak epntn dwykhwamesuxmothrmxyangaephrhlaykhxngphunthithimikhwamhlakhlaythangchiwphaphsungxyangphudhinpakarnghruxpafn echuxknwakarsuyphnthuswnihyxac imidrbkarbnthuk ephraaspichisehlannyngimidrbkarkhnphbinchwngthimnsuyphnthu hruximmiikhrrbrukarsuyphnthukhxngmn xtrakarsuyphnthukhxngspichisinpccubnidrbkarpraeminwasungkwapraman 100 thung 1 000 ethaododsungsuyphnthuinchwngklangthungplaykhriststwrrsthi 17 enuxngcakkarthalaythixyuxasy karla aelatkepnehyuxkhxngstweliynglukdwynm mkidrbkarklawthunginthanatwxyangkhxngkarsuyphnthusmyihm karsuyphnthusmyoholsinrwmthungkarhayipkhxngbrrdastwbkkhnadihythiruckkninchux megafauna sungerimtntngaetsinsudlng emkaefanathixyunxkaephndinihykhxngaexfrikasungimidmiwiwthnakarrwmkbmnusyidrbkarphisucnwamikhwamxxnihwmaktxkarlaehyuxaebbihm aelahlayspichissuyphnthuipimnanhlngmnusyyukhaerkerimkhyayephaphnthuaelalastwipthwolk aetemkaefanainaephndinihyimkhxyidrbphlkrathbmakcnkrathngimkirxypithiphanma odymikrniykewnimkikrni karsuyphnthuehlaniekidkhuninchwngrxytxrahwangsmyiphlsotsinkbsmyoholsin bangkhrngcungeriykwa thvsdithiodngdngthisudkhux mnusylaspichisekinkhwamcaepn aemwacayngmikarotaeyngwakarlaehyuxkhxngmnusymiphltxkarsuyphnthumakephiyngid aetkarldlngkhxngspichiscanwnhnungkmikhwamsmphnthknodytrngkbkickrrmkhxngmnusy echn ehtukarnkarsuyphnthuinaela nxkcakmnusyaelw xacepnpccykhbekhluxnxyanghnungkhxngkarsuyphnthukhxngemkaefanaodyechphaainchwngsinsudsmyiphlsotsin inthangniewswithyann mnusythuxepn phulaehyuxkhnsudthwolk global superpredator thiimekhypraktkhunmakxn odymnusyla apex predator wyphuihyepnehyuxtlxdmaaelatxosxaharthwolk mikarsuyphnthukhxngspichisinphunaephndinaelamhasmuthrthukaehng odymitwxyangsakhyxyuin aela aelahmuekaakhnadelk inphaphrwm karsuyphnthusmyoholsinmiswnechuxmoyngkb karsuyphnthuniyngdaenintxipinkhriststwrrsthi 21 cak aelakarklayepnkrdkhxngmhasmuthr epntwxyanghnungkhxng aelathukmxngwaepntwkhbekhluxnhlkkhxngkarldlngni sungaehngshprachachatitiphimphephyaephrin kh s 2019 idtngsmmutithanwamiphuchaelastwpraman 1 lanspichisephchiykbkarsuyphnthuphayinimkithswrrsdwyphlcakkarkrathakhxngmnusy tamraynganchbbdngklawsungepnphlkarsuksasukhphaphkhxngolkthikhrxbkhlummakthisudethathiekhymimann kardarngxyukhxngmnusyxyangepnraebiybidrbphlkrathbcakkarthalayrabbthisnbsnunsingmichiwitbnolkxyangrwderwkhuneruxy xangxing Walters M 2012 Extinct Birds London A amp C Black ISBN 978 1 4081 5725 1 Diamond Jared 1999 Up to the Starting Line Guns Germs and Steel W W Norton pp 43 44 ISBN 978 0 393 31755 8 Ripple WJ Wolf C Newsome TM Galetti M Alamgir M Crist E Mahmoud MI Laurance WF 13 November 2017 PDF 67 12 1026 1028 doi 10 1093 biosci bix125 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedim PDF emux 2019 12 15 subkhnemux 2021 04 17 Moreover we have unleashed a mass extinction event the sixth in roughly 540 million years wherein many current life forms could be annihilated or at least committed to extinction by the end of this century Ceballos Gerardo 8 June 2018 The misunderstood sixth mass extinction Science 360 6393 1080 1081 Bibcode 2018Sci 360 1080C doi 10 1126 science aau0191 OCLC 7673137938 PMID 29880679 S2CID 46984172 Dirzo Rodolfo Young Hillary S Galetti Mauro Ceballos Gerardo Isaac Nick J B Collen Ben 2014 Defaunation in the Anthropocene PDF Science 345 6195 401 406 Bibcode 2014Sci 345 401D doi 10 1126 science 1251817 PMID 25061202 S2CID 206555761 In the past 500 years humans have triggered a wave of extinction threat and local population declines that may be comparable in both rate and magnitude with the five previous mass extinctions of Earth s history Hollingsworth Julia June 11 2019 Almost 600 plant species have become extinct in the last 250 years CNN subkhnemux January 14 2020 The research published Monday in Nature Ecology amp Evolution journal found that 571 plant species have disappeared from the wild worldwide and that plant extinction is occurring up to 500 times faster than the rate it would without human intervention Pimm Stuart L Russell Gareth J Gittleman John L Brooks Thomas M 1995 The Future of Biodiversity Science 269 5222 347 350 Bibcode 1995Sci 269 347P doi 10 1126 science 269 5222 347 PMID 17841251 S2CID 35154695 Lawton J H May R M 1995 Extinction Rates Journal of Evolutionary Biology 9 124 126 doi 10 1046 j 1420 9101 1996 t01 1 9010124 x De Vos Jurriaan M Joppa Lucas N Gittleman John L Stephens Patrick R Pimm Stuart L 2014 08 26 Estimating the normal background rate of species extinction PDF Conservation Biology phasasepn 29 2 452 462 doi 10 1111 cobi 12380 ISSN 0888 8892 PMID 25159086 Teyssedre A 2004 Biodiversity and Global Change Towards a sixth mass extinction crisis Paris ADPF ISBN 978 2 914 935289 Gaston K J Blackburn T N G Klein Goldewijk K 2003 Habitat conversion and global avian biodiversity loss Proceedings of the Royal Society B 270 1521 1293 1300 doi 10 1098 rspb 2002 2303 PMC 1691371 PMID 12816643 Without humans the whole world could look like Serengeti EurekAlert subkhnemux August 16 2020 The existence of Africa s many species of mammals is thus not due to an optimal climate and environment but rather because it is the only place where they have not yet been eradicated by humans The underlying reason includes evolutionary adaptation of large mammals to humans as well as greater pest pressure on human populations in long inhabited Africa in the past Faurby Soren Svenning Jens Christian 2015 Historic and prehistoric human driven extinctions have reshaped global mammal diversity patterns 21 10 1155 1166 doi 10 1111 ddi 12369 10261 123512 Galetti Mauro Moleon Marcos Jordano Pedro Pires Mathias M Guimaraes Paulo R Pape Thomas Nichols Elizabeth Hansen Dennis Olesen Jens M Munk Michael de Mattos Jacqueline S 2018 Ecological and evolutionary legacy of megafauna extinctions Anachronisms and megafauna interactions PDF Biological Reviews phasaxngkvs 93 2 845 862 doi 10 1111 brv 12374 PMID 28990321 S2CID 4762203 Darimont Chris T Fox Caroline H Bryan Heather M Reimchen Thomas E 21 August 2015 The unique ecology of human predators Science 349 6250 858 860 Bibcode 2015Sci 349 858D doi 10 1126 science aac4249 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 26293961 S2CID 4985359 Wake David B Vredenburg Vance T 2008 08 12 Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction A view from the world of amphibians Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences phasaxngkvs 105 Supplement 1 11466 11473 Bibcode 2008PNAS 10511466W doi 10 1073 pnas 0801921105 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 2556420 PMID 18695221 Pimm S L Jenkins C N Abell R Brooks T M Gittleman J L Joppa L N Raven P H Roberts C M Sexton J O 30 May 2014 The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction distribution and protection PDF Science 344 6187 1246752 doi 10 1126 science 1246752 PMID 24876501 S2CID 206552746 The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption Ceballos Gerardo Ehrlich Paul R Dirzo Rodolfo 23 May 2017 Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines 114 30 E6089 E6096 doi 10 1073 pnas 1704949114 PMC 5544311 PMID 28696295 Much less frequently mentioned are however the ultimate drivers of those immediate causes of biotic destruction namely human overpopulation and continued population growth and overconsumption especially by the rich These drivers all of which trace to the fiction that perpetual growth can occur on a finite planet are themselves increasing rapidly Cockburn Harry March 29 2019 Population explosion fuelling rapid reduction of wildlife on African savannah study shows The Independent 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Brad May 6 2019 Humans Are Speeding Extinction and Altering the Natural World at an Unprecedented Pace The New York Times subkhnemux May 6 2019 Human actions threaten more species with global extinction now than ever before the report concludes estimating that around 1 million species already face extinction many within decades unless action is taken Staff May 6 2019 Media Release Nature s Dangerous Decline Unprecedented Species Extinction Rates Accelerating subkhnemux May 6 2019 World is on notice as major UN report shows one million species face extinction UN News May 6 2019 subkhnemux January 8 2020 Weston Phoebe January 13 2021 Top scientists warn of ghastly future of mass extinction and climate disruption The Guardian subkhnemux February 14 2021 xanephimCeballos Gerardo Ehrlich Anne H 2015 The Annihilation of Nature Human Extinction of Birds and Mammals Baltimore Maryland ISBN 978 1421417189 deBuys William March 2015 The Politics of Extinction A Global War on Nature Uncounted species not just tigers gibbons rhinos and but vast numbers of smaller mammals amphibians birds and reptiles are being pressed to the brink We ve hardly met them and yet within the vastness of the universe they and the rest of Earth s biota are our only known companions Without them our loneliness would stretch to infinity Firestone RB West A Kennett JP Becker L Bunch TE Revay ZS aelakhna October 2007 Evidence for an extraterrestrial impact 12 900 years ago that contributed to the megafaunal extinctions and the Younger Dryas cooling Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 41 16016 21 Bibcode 2007PNAS 10416016F doi 10 1073 pnas 0706977104 PMC 1994902 PMID 17901202 May 25 2009 The Sixth Extinction There have been five great die offs in history This time the cataclysm is us subkhnemux 8 May 2012 1996 The Sixth Extinction Patterns of Life and the Future of Humankind New York ISBN 978 0 385 46809 1 2011 Can Life Prevail Arktos Media ISBN 978 1907166631 Loarie Scott R Duffy Philip B Hamilton Healy Asner Gregory P Field Christopher B Ackerly David D 2009 The velocity of climate change Nature 462 7276 1052 1055 Bibcode 2009Natur 462 1052L doi 10 1038 nature08649 PMID 20033047 S2CID 4419902 Marsh Bill 1 June 2012 Are We in the Midst Of a Sixth Mass Extinction The New York Times Sunday Review Opinion Page subkhnemux 18 October 2012 Martin P S Wright H E Jr b k 1967 Pleistocene Extinctions The Search for a Cause New Haven ISBN 978 0 300 00755 8 McCallum Malcolm L 2015 Vertebrate biodiversity losses point to sixth mass extinction Biodiversity and Conservation 24 10 2497 2519 doi 10 1007 s10531 015 0940 6 S2CID 16845698 Newman Lenore 2019 Lost Feast Culinary Extinction and the Future of Food ECW Press ISBN 978 1770414358 Nihjuis Michelle 23 July 2012 Conservationists Use Triage to Determine Which Species to Save and Not Scientific American Oakes Ted 2003 Land of Lost Monsters Man Against Beast The Prehistoric Battle for the Planet Hylas Publishing ISBN 978 1 59258 005 7 1995 Prehistoric extinctions of Pacific island birds biodiversity meets zooarchaeology Science 267 5201 1123 1131 Bibcode 1995Sci 267 1123S doi 10 1126 science 267 5201 1123 PMID 17789194 S2CID 9137843 Steadman D W Martin P S 2003 The late Quaternary extinction and future resurrection of birds on Pacific islands 61 1 2 133 147 Bibcode 2003ESRv 61 133S doi 10 1016 S0012 8252 02 00116 2 Wiens John J December 2016 Climate Related Local Extinctions Are Already Widespread among Plant and Animal Species 14 12 e2001104 doi 10 1371 journal pbio 2001104 10150 622757 PMC 5147797 PMID 27930674 aehlngkhxmulxunwidioxhlaykhlipcakaehlngkhxmulphaynxkAre We Living In the Sixth Extinction thiyuthubExtinction The Facts in 6 minutes on BBC OneThe Extinction Crisis 2019 09 03 thi ewyaebkaemchchin A third of birds in North America threatened with extinction May 18 2016 Why don t we grieve for extinct species The Guardian November 19 2016 Vanishing The extinction 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