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There are several different estimates for the population of the Roman Empire.
Scheidel (2006, p. 2) estimates 60.
Goldsmith (1984, p. 263) estimates 55.
Beloch (1886, p. 507) estimates 54.
Maddison (2006, pp. 51, 120) estimates 48.
Roman Empire Population estimates 65 (while mentioning several other estimates between 55 and 120).
McLynn, Frank (2011). Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Random House. p. 3. ISBN . [T]he most likely estimate for the reign of Marcus Aurelius is somewhere between seventy and eighty million.
McEvedy and Jones (1978).
an average of figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau's Historical Estimates of World Population 13 ตุลาคม 2013 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน
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2. การปกครองของโรม
Hooker, Richard (6 June 1999). . Washington State University. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 14 May 2011.
Magistratus by George Long, M.A. Appearing on pp. 723–724 of A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities by William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D. Published by John Murray, London, 1875. Website, 8 December 2006. Retrieved 24 March 2007.
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These are literally Roman librae, from which the pound is derived.
[1] Plutarch, Parallel Lives, Life of Camillus, XXIX, 2.
Haywood, Richard (1971). The Ancient World. United States: David McKay Company, Inc. pp. 350–358.
Pyrrhus of Epirus (2) 14 เมษายน 2016 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน and Pyrrhus of Epirus (3) 2016-03-03 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน by Jona Lendering. Livius.org. Retrieved 21 March 2007.
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Latin Online: Series Introduction 2015-04-29 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน by Winfred P. Lehmann and Jonathan Slocum. Linguistics Research Center. The University of Texas at Austin. 15 February 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2007.
Calvert, J.B. (8 August 1999). . University of Denver. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 3 April 2007.
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willis
Theodosius I (379–395 AD) by David Woods. De Imperatoribus Romanis. 2 February 1999. Retrieved 4 April 2007.
Annual Editions: Western Civilization. Vol. 1 (12 ed.). McGraw-Hill/Dushkin. 2002. p. 68. ... where compassion was regarded as a moral defect ...
Jackson, Michael Anthony (2004). Look Back to Get Ahead: Life Lessons from History's Heroes. Arcade Publishing. p. 174. ISBN . Gladatorial games were popular because the Romans actually believed that compassion was a vice and a weakness
Harvey, Brian K., บ.ก. (2016). Daily Life in Ancient Rome: A Sourcebook. Hackett Publishing Company. pp. 21–28. ISBN .
Langlands, Rebecca (2006). Sexual Morality in Ancient Rome. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–20. ISBN .
Mathew Dillon and Lynda Garland (2005). Ancient Rome: From the Early Republic to the Assassination of Julius Caesar. Taylor & Francis, 2005. p. 382. ISBN .
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aemwacaimkhxyidrbkarykyxngcakchnchnsungodyechphaaphayitckrwrrdi phuhyingyngthukkhadhwngihrksaenuxrksatwinthisatharna ephuxhlikeliyngkarprakttwthiywyu aelaaesdngihehnthungkhwamsuxstytxsamikhxngphwkekha pudicitia aelaswmphakhlumhnaepnaesdngxyanghnungthungkarrksakhwamsuphapheriybrxy karmiephssmphnthnxksmrsmkthukephikechysahrbphuchay aetsahrbphuhyingaelwaelathuxepnsingphidkdhmayinsmyckrwrrdi xyangirktam karkhapraewniklbthukmxngwaepnaenwptibtithiepnthiyxmrbaelaxyuphayitkarkhwbkhum silpa dntri aelawrrnkrrm phaphwadormnaesdngthungxiththiphlkhxngwthnthrrmkrik aelatwxyangthihlngehluxthungpccubnswnihyepnphaphthiichpradbphnngaelaephdankhxngwillainchnbth aemwawrrnkhdiormncaklawthungphaphwadbnim aelawsduxun twxyangphaphwadormnhlaytwxyangphbidthipxmepxi sungnkprawtisastrsilpaidaebngprawtisastrkhxngphaphwadormnxxkepnsichwngewla xahar karlaelnaelasnthnakarwithyakarmrdktkthxdxangxing ancient Rome Facts Maps amp History Encyclopaedia Britannica phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 5 September 2017 Chris Scarre The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome London 1995 There are several different estimates for the population of the Roman Empire Scheidel 2006 p 2 estimates 60 Goldsmith 1984 p 263 estimates 55 Beloch 1886 p 507 estimates 54 Maddison 2006 pp 51 120 estimates 48 Roman Empire Population estimates 65 while mentioning several other estimates between 55 and 120 McLynn Frank 2011 Marcus Aurelius Warrior Philosopher Emperor phasaxngkvs Random House p 3 ISBN 9781446449332 T he most likely estimate for the reign of Marcus Aurelius is somewhere between seventy and eighty million McEvedy and Jones 1978 an average of figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau s Historical Estimates of World Population 13 tulakhm 2013 thi ewyaebkaemchchin 1993 Population Growth and Technological Change One Million B C to 1990 in The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108 3 681 716 1979 Size and Duration of Empires Growth Decline Curves 600 B C to 600 A D Social Science History 3 3 4 125 doi 10 2307 1170959 JSTOR 1170959 Turchin Peter Adams Jonathan M Hall Thomas D December 2006 East West Orientation of Historical Empires Journal of World Systems Research 12 2 222 doi 10 5195 JWSR 2006 369 ISSN 1076 156X Adkins Lesley Adkins Roy 1998 Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome Oxford Oxford University Press p 3 ISBN 978 0 19 512332 6 Cavazzi F The Founding of Rome Illustrated History of the Roman Empire subkhnemux 8 March 2007 Livius Titus Livy 1998 The Rise of Rome Books 1 5 aeplody Luce T J Oxford Oxford World s Classics pp 8 11 ISBN 978 0 19 282296 3 Durant Will Durant Ariel 1944 Simon and Schuster Inc pp 12 14 ISBN 978 1567310238 Roggen Hesse Haastrup Omnibus I H Aschehoug amp Co 1996 Myths and Legends Rome the Wolf and Mars Retrieved 8 March 2007 Mellor Ronald and McGee Marni The Ancient Roman World p 15 Cited 15 March 2009 Matyszak Philip 2003 Chronicle of the Roman Republic London Thames amp Hudson p 19 ISBN 978 0 500 05121 4 Duiker William Spielvogel Jackson 2001 World History Third ed Wadsworth p 129 ISBN 978 0 534 57168 9 Ancient Rome and the Roman Empire by Michael Kerrigan London 2001 ISBN 0 7894 8153 7 p 12 Langley Andrew and Souza de Philip The Roman Times Candle Wick Press Massachusetts Matyszak Philip 2003 Chronicle of the Roman Republic London Thames amp Hudson pp 43 44 ISBN 978 0 500 05121 4 2 karpkkhrxngkhxngorm Hooker Richard 6 June 1999 Washington State University khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 14 May 2011 Magistratus by George Long M A Appearing on pp 723 724 of A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities by William Smith D C L LL D Published by John Murray London 1875 Website 8 December 2006 Retrieved 24 March 2007 Livius Titus Livy 1998 Book II The Rise of Rome Books 1 5 aeplody Luce T J Oxford Oxford World s Classics ISBN 978 0 19 282296 3 Adkins Lesley Adkins Roy 1998 Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome Oxford Oxford University Press p 39 ISBN 978 0 19 512332 6 These are literally Roman librae from which the pound is derived 1 Plutarch Parallel Lives Life of Camillus XXIX 2 Haywood Richard 1971 The Ancient World United States David McKay Company Inc pp 350 358 Pyrrhus of Epirus 2 14 emsayn 2016 thi ewyaebkaemchchin and Pyrrhus of Epirus 3 2016 03 03 thi ewyaebkaemchchin by Jona Lendering Livius org Retrieved 21 March 2007 Goldsworthy 2006 pp 25 26 sfn error no target CITEREFGoldsworthy2006 Miles 2011 pp 175 176 sfn error no target CITEREFMiles2011 2 Cassius Dio Roman History XI XLIII New historical atlas and general history By Robert Henlopen Labberton p 35 Caspari Maximilian Otto Bismarck 1911 Punic Wars The Interval between the First and Second Wars in Chisholm Hugh b k saranukrmbritanika kh s 1911 Vol 22 11 ed sankphimphmhawithyalyekhmbridc p 850 Latin Online Series Introduction 2015 04 29 thi ewyaebkaemchchin by Winfred P Lehmann and Jonathan Slocum Linguistics Research Center The University of Texas at Austin 15 February 2007 Retrieved 1 April 2007 Calvert J B 8 August 1999 University of Denver khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 3 April 2007 p 2 Retrieved 2 April 2007 Jozsef Herman Vulgar Latin English translation 2000 pp 109 114 ISBN 978 0271020013 Adkins Lesley Adkins Roy 1998 Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome Oxford Oxford University Press p 203 ISBN 978 0 19 512332 6 Matyszak Philip 2003 Chronicle of the Roman Republic London Thames amp Hudson p 24 ISBN 978 0 500 05121 4 Edward Gibbon 1787 The history of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire printed for J J Tourneisen p 91 The Encyclopedia Americana A Library of Universal Knowledge Encyclopedia Americana Corporation 1919 p 644 Willis Roy 2000 World Mythology The Illustrated Guide Victoria Ken Fin Books pp 166 168 ISBN 978 1 86458 089 1 willis Theodosius I 379 395 AD by David Woods De Imperatoribus Romanis 2 February 1999 Retrieved 4 April 2007 Annual Editions Western Civilization Vol 1 12 ed McGraw Hill Dushkin 2002 p 68 where compassion was regarded as a moral defect xangxingphidphlad payrabu lt ref gt imthuktxng immikarkahndkhxkhwamsahrbxangxingchux HuffPo Bread Jackson Michael Anthony 2004 Look Back to Get Ahead Life Lessons from History s Heroes Arcade Publishing p 174 ISBN 9781559707275 Gladatorial games were popular because the Romans actually believed that compassion was a vice and a weakness Harvey Brian K b k 2016 Daily Life in Ancient Rome A Sourcebook Hackett Publishing Company pp 21 28 ISBN 9781585107964 Langlands Rebecca 2006 Sexual Morality in Ancient Rome Cambridge University Press pp 3 20 ISBN 9780521859431 Mathew Dillon and Lynda Garland 2005 Ancient Rome From the Early Republic to the Assassination of Julius Caesar Taylor amp Francis 2005 p 382 ISBN 9780415224598 Adkins Lesley Adkins Roy 1998 Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome Oxford Oxford University Press pp 350 352 ISBN 978 0 19 512332 6 Roman Painting from Timeline of Art History Department of Greek and Roman Art The Metropolitan Museum of Art 2004 10 Retrieved 22 April 2007 duephimckrwrrdiormn ckrwrrdiormntawntk 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