ชาวทะเล หมายถึงกลุ่มคนเชื่อว่าเป็นสมาพันธรัฐชาวเรือที่โจมตีอียิปต์โบราณและภูมิภาคอื่น ๆ ในเมดิเตอร์เรเนียนตะวันออกช่วงก่อนและระหว่างการล่มสลายปลายยุคสัมฤทธิ์ (1200–900 ปีก่อนคริสตกาล) แนวคิดเกี่ยวกับชาวทะเลเกิดขึ้นสมัยคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 19 และกลายเป็นหนึ่งในหัวข้อสำคัญในประวัติศาสตร์อียิปต์ ดังที่ นักบูรพคดีศึกษาชาวเยอรมัน–อเมริกันกล่าวในค.ศ. 1888 ว่าชาวทะเลเป็น "คำถามสำคัญที่สุดในทางชาติพันธุ์วรรณนาและประวัติศาสตร์ยุคแรกเริ่มของชนชาติคลาสสิก" ไม่มีการบันทึกถึงที่มาของชาวทะเลและมีการเสนอแหล่งกำเนิดไว้หลายแห่ง เช่น อานาโตเลียตะวันตก ทะเลอีเจียน หมู่เกาะทะเลเมดิเตอร์เรเนียนและยุโรปใต้ แม้ว่าหลักฐานทางโบราณคดีไม่ได้กล่าวถึงการอพยพ แต่คาดว่าชาวทะเลแล่นเรือไปรอบ ๆ ทะเลเมดิเตอร์เรเนียนตะวันออกและรุกรานอานาโตเลีย ฟินิเชีย คานาอัน ไซปรัสและอียิปต์จนสิ้นยุคสัมฤทธิ์
นักอียิปต์วิทยาชาวฝรั่งเศสใช้คำว่า peuples de la mer (กลุ่มคนแห่งทะเล) เป็นครั้งแรกในค.ศ. 1855 เพื่อบรรยายถึงรูปนูนบนเสาที่สองของที่บันทึกปีที่ 8 ในรัชกาลฟาโรห์แรเมซีสที่ 3 ต่อมาปลายคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 19 ผู้สืบทอดตำแหน่งเดอ รูเชที่ทำให้คำนี้เป็นที่นิยมและเชื่อมโยงเข้ากับทฤษฎีการอพยพ อย่างไรก็ตามนักวิชาการจำนวนหนึ่งตั้งคำถามถึงแนวคิดอพยพของมัสแปโรตั้งแต่ต้นคริสต์ทศวรรษ 1990 เป็นต้นมา
นักวิชาการสมัยใหม่ส่วนใหญ่ยังไม่สามารถระบุตัวตนชาวทะเลและสมมติฐานเกี่ยวกับที่มาของชนกลุ่มนี้ยังเป็นเพียงการคาดเดา มีการเสนออย่างหลากหลายว่าชาวทะเลเป็นชนเผ่าอีเจียน ผู้รุกรานจากยุโรปกลาง ทหารแตกทัพที่ผันตัวเป็นโจรสลัดหรือผู้ลี้ภัย โดยโยงเข้ากับภัยธรรมชาติอย่างแผ่นดินไหวและภูมิอากาศเปลี่ยนแปลง
อ้างอิง
- Killebrew 2013, p. 2 . Quote: "First coined in 1881 by the French Egyptologist G. Maspero (1896), the somewhat misleading term 'Sea Peoples' encompasses the ethnonyms Lukka, Sherden, Shekelesh, Teresh, Eqwesh, Denyen, Sikil / Tjekker, Weshesh, and Peleset (Philistines). [Footnote: The modern term 'Sea Peoples' refers to peoples that appear in several New Kingdom Egyptian texts as originating from 'islands' (tables 1–2; Adams and Cohen, this volume; see, e.g., Drews 1993, 57 for a summary). The use of quotation marks in association with the term 'Sea Peoples' in our title is intended to draw attention to the problematic nature of this commonly used term. It is noteworthy that the designation 'of the sea' appears only in relation to the Sherden, Shekelesh and Eqwesh. Subsequently, this term was applied somewhat indiscriminately to several additional ethnonyms, including the Philistines, who are portrayed in their earliest appearance as invaders from the north during the reigns of Merenptah and Ramesses Ill (see, e.g., Sandars 1978; Redford 1992, 243, n. 14; for a recent review of the primary and secondary literature, see Woudhuizen 2006 ). Henceforth the term Sea Peoples will appear without quotation marks.]"
- Drews 1995, pp. 48–61 : "The thesis that a great 'migration of the Sea Peoples' occurred ca. 1200 B.C. is supposedly based on Egyptian inscriptions, one from the reign of Merneptah and another from the reign of Ramesses III. Yet in the inscriptions themselves, such a migration nowhere appears. After reviewing what the Egyptian texts have to say about 'the sea peoples', one Egyptologist (Wolfgang Helck) recently remarked that although some things are unclear, 'eins ist aber sicher: Nach den ägyptischen Texten haben wir es nicht mit einer "Völkerwanderung" zu tun' ['One thing is however certain: according to the Egyptian texts we are not dealing with a "migration"'] Thus the migration hypothesis is based not on the inscriptions themselves but on their interpretation".
- Müller 1888, p. 147: "In Egyptian history, there is hardly any incident of so great an interest as the invasion of Egypt by the Mediterranean peoples, the facts of which are connected with the most important questions of ethnography and the primitive history of classic nations."
- Hall 1922.
- "Syria: Early history". Encyclopædia Britannica. สืบค้นเมื่อ 8 September 2012.
- "Sea People". Encyclopædia Britannica. สืบค้นเมื่อ 8 September 2012.
- Silberman 1998, p. 269.
- de Rougé 1855, p. 14 : [Original French]: "On a depuis longtemps rapproché ces Kefa, avec vraisemblance, des Caphtorim de la Bible, au quels Gesenius, avec la plupart des interprètes, assigne pour résidence les îles de Crete ou de Chypre. Les habitants de l'île de Chypre durent nécessairement prendre parti dans cette guerre; peut-être les Kefas étaient-ils alors les alliés de l'Egypte. En tout cas, notre inscription ne détaille pas les noms de ces peuples, venus des îles de la Méditerranée. Champollion a fait remarquer que les T'akkari [qu'il nomme Fekkaros; voyez l'appendice à la suite de cette notice] et les Schartana, étaient reconnaissables, dans les vaisseaux ennemis, à leurs coiffures singulières. De plus, dans les écussons des peuples vaincus, les Schartana et les Touirasch portent la désignation de peuples de la mer. Il est donc probable qu'ils appartiennent à ces nations venues des îles ou des côtes de l'Archipel. Les Rabou sont encore reconnaissables parmi les prisonniers.
[Translation]: "For a long time Kefa has been identified, with , with of the Bible, to whom Gesenius, along with most interpreters, assigns as a residence the islands of Crete or Cyprus. The people of Cyprus had certainly to take sides in this war; perhaps they were then the allies of Egypt. In any case, our entry does not detail the names of these people, from the islands of the Mediterranean. Champollion noted that [which he names Fekkaros; see appendix at the following entry] and , were recognizable, in enemy ships, with unique hairstyles. In addition, in the crests of the conquered peoples, the Schartana and the bear the designation of the peoples of the sea. It is therefore likely that they belong to these nations from islands or coasts of the archipelago. The Rabou are still recognizable among the prisoners." - Drews 1992 : "In fact, this migration of the Sea Peoples is not to be found in Egyptian inscriptions, but was launched by Gaston Maspero in 1873 [footnote: In the Revue Critique d'Histoire et de Littérature 1873, pp. 85–86]. Although Maspero's proposal initially seemed unlikely, it gained credibility with the publication of the . In 1895, in his popular Histoire ancienne des peuples de l'orient classique [footnote; Vol. II (Paris:1895), translated into English as The Struggle of the Nations (ed. A. H. Sayce, tr. M. L. McClure, New York: 1896)], Maspero fully elaborated his scenario of "the migration of the Sea Peoples". Adopted by Eduard Meyer for the second edition of his Geschichted es Altertums, the theory won general acceptance among Egyptologists and orientalists."
- Silberman 1998, p. 272 : "As E. S. Sherratt has pointed out in an enlightening study of the interplay of ideology and literary strata in the formation of the Homeric epics (1990), phases of active narrative or descriptive invention closely correspond to periods of rapid social and political change. Sherratt notes that one of the characteristic manifestations of this process – in which emerging elites seek to legitimate their power – is 'the transformation of an existing oral epic tradition in order to dress it in more recognizably modern garb' (1990: 821). Can we not see in the history of the archaeology of the Sea Peoples a similar process of literary reformulation, in which old components are reinterpreted and reassembled to tell a new tale? Narrative presupposes that both storyteller and audience share a single perspective, and therein may lie the connection between the intellectual and ideological dimensions of archaeology. To generalize beyond specific, highly localized data, archaeologists must utilize familiar conceptual frameworks and it is from the political and social ideologies of every generation that larger speculations about the historical role of the Sea Peoples have always been drawn. As many papers in this conference have suggested, traditional interpretive structures are in the process of reconsideration and renovation. That is why I believe it essential that we reflect on our current Sea Peoples stories – and see if we cannot detect the subtle yet lingering impact upon them of some timeworn Victorian narratives."
- Vandersleyen 1985, p. 53 : "However, of the nine peoples concerned by these wars, only four were actually defined as coming 'from w3d-wr' or 'from p3 ym'. Furthermore, these expressions seem to be linked more often to vegetation and sweet water than to seawater, and it seems clear that the term "Sea Peoples" has to be abandoned. Some will object to this, basing themselves on the expression iww hryw-ib w3d-wr, usually translated by 'islands situated in the middle of the sea', where some of the Sea Peoples are said to have come from. Indeed. it is this expression that supported the persistent idea that the 'Sea Peoples' came from the or at least from an island. Now, these terms are misleading, not only because w3d-wr and p3 ym, quite likely, do not designate 'the sea' here, but also because the term in itself does not always mean 'island'; it can also be used to indicate other kinds of territories not necessarily maritime ones. The argument based on these alleged 'sea islands' is thus groundless ... To conclude, the Philistines came neither from Crete nor from the Aegean islands or coasts, but probably from the southern coast of Asia Minor or from Syria."
- . . asorblog.org. . คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2018-08-05. สืบค้นเมื่อ 25 February 2018.
The simple answer is that there is no simple answer. It remains an archaeological mystery that is the subject of much debate even today, more than 150 years after the discussions first began.
- "Who Were the Sea People?", , pp. 20–31 of the May/June 1995 print edition of : "very few—if any—archeologists would consider the Sea People to have been identified."
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aetnkwichakarphbkhwamkhlaykhlungkhxngthrngphmaelaekhruxngpradbkhxngfaynikbrupnunxun thimikareriykchuxklumchn nkxiyiptwithyachawfrngessichkhawa peuples de la mer klumkhnaehngthael epnkhrngaerkinkh s 1855 ephuxbrryaythungrupnunbnesathisxngkhxngthibnthukpithi 8 inrchkalfaorhaeremsisthi 3 txmaplaykhriststwrrsthi 19 phusubthxdtaaehnngedx ruechthithaihkhaniepnthiniymaelaechuxmoyngekhakbthvsdikarxphyph xyangirktamnkwichakarcanwnhnungtngkhathamthungaenwkhidxphyphkhxngmsaeportngaettnkhristthswrrs 1990 epntnma nkwichakarsmyihmswnihyyngimsamarthrabutwtnchawthaelaelasmmtithanekiywkbthimakhxngchnklumniyngepnephiyngkarkhadeda mikaresnxxyanghlakhlaywachawthaelepnchnephaxieciyn phurukrancakyuorpklang thharaetkthphthiphntwepnocrsldhruxphuliphy odyoyngekhakbphythrrmchatixyangaephndinihwaelaphumixakasepliynaeplngxangxingwikimiediykhxmmxnsmisuxthiekiywkhxngkb chawthael Killebrew 2013 p 2harvnb error no target CITEREFKillebrew2013 Quote First coined in 1881 by the French Egyptologist G Maspero 1896 the somewhat misleading term Sea Peoples encompasses the ethnonyms Lukka Sherden Shekelesh Teresh Eqwesh Denyen Sikil Tjekker Weshesh and Peleset Philistines Footnote The modern term Sea Peoples refers to peoples that appear in several New Kingdom Egyptian texts as originating from islands tables 1 2 Adams and Cohen this volume see e g Drews 1993 57 for a summary The use of quotation marks in association with the term Sea Peoples in our title is intended to draw attention to the problematic nature of this commonly used term It is noteworthy that the designation of the sea appears only in relation to the Sherden Shekelesh and Eqwesh Subsequently this term was applied somewhat indiscriminately to several additional ethnonyms including the Philistines who are portrayed in their earliest appearance as invaders from the north during the reigns of Merenptah and Ramesses Ill see e g Sandars 1978 Redford 1992 243 n 14 for a recent review of the primary and secondary literature see Woudhuizen 2006harvnb error no target CITEREFWoudhuizen2006 Henceforth the term Sea Peoples will appear without quotation marks Drews 1995 pp 48 61harvnb error no target CITEREFDrews1995 The thesis that a great migration of the Sea Peoples occurred ca 1200 B C is supposedly based on Egyptian inscriptions one from the reign of Merneptah and another from the reign of Ramesses III Yet in the inscriptions themselves such a migration nowhere appears After reviewing what the Egyptian texts have to say about the sea peoples one Egyptologist Wolfgang Helck recently remarked that although some things are unclear eins ist aber sicher Nach den agyptischen Texten haben wir es nicht mit einer Volkerwanderung zu tun One thing is however certain according to the Egyptian texts we are not dealing with a migration Thus the migration hypothesis is based not on the inscriptions themselves but on their interpretation Muller 1888 p 147 In Egyptian history there is hardly any incident of so great an interest as the invasion of Egypt by the Mediterranean peoples the facts of which are connected with the most important questions of ethnography and the primitive history of classic nations sfn error no target CITEREFMuller1888 Hall 1922 sfn error no target CITEREFHall1922 Syria Early history Encyclopaedia Britannica subkhnemux 8 September 2012 Sea People Encyclopaedia Britannica subkhnemux 8 September 2012 Silberman 1998 p 269 sfn error no target CITEREFSilberman1998 de Rouge 1855 p 14harvnb error no target CITEREFde Rouge1855 Original French On a depuis longtemps rapproche ces Kefa avec vraisemblance des Caphtorim de la Bible au quels Gesenius avec la plupart des interpretes assigne pour residence les iles de Crete ou de Chypre Les habitants de l ile de Chypre durent necessairement prendre parti dans cette guerre peut etre les Kefas etaient ils alors les allies de l Egypte En tout cas notre inscription ne detaille pas les noms de ces peuples venus des iles de la Mediterranee Champollion a fait remarquer que les T akkari qu il nomme Fekkaros voyez l appendice a la suite de cette notice et les Schartana etaient reconnaissables dans les vaisseaux ennemis a leurs coiffures singulieres De plus dans les ecussons des peuples vaincus les Schartana et les Touirasch portent la designation de peuples de la mer Il est donc probable qu ils appartiennent a ces nations venues des iles ou des cotes de l Archipel Les Rabou sont encore reconnaissables parmi les prisonniers Translation For a long time Kefa has been identified with with of the Bible to whom Gesenius along with most interpreters assigns as a residence the islands of Crete or Cyprus The people of Cyprus had certainly to take sides in this war perhaps they were then the allies of Egypt In any case our entry does not detail the names of these people from the islands of the Mediterranean Champollion noted that which he names Fekkaros see appendix at the following entry and were recognizable in enemy ships with unique hairstyles In addition in the crests of the conquered peoples the Schartana and the bear the designation of the peoples of the sea It is therefore likely that they belong to these nations from islands or coasts of the archipelago The Rabou are still recognizable among the prisoners Drews 1992harvnb error no target CITEREFDrews1992 In fact this migration of the Sea Peoples is not to be found in Egyptian inscriptions but was launched by Gaston Maspero in 1873 footnote In the Revue Critique d Histoire et de Litterature 1873 pp 85 86 Although Maspero s proposal initially seemed unlikely it gained credibility with the publication of the In 1895 in his popular Histoire ancienne des peuples de l orient classique footnote Vol II Paris 1895 translated into English as The Struggle of the Nations ed A H Sayce tr M L McClure New York 1896 Maspero fully elaborated his scenario of the migration of the Sea Peoples Adopted by Eduard Meyer for the second edition of his Geschichted es Altertums the theory won general acceptance among Egyptologists and orientalists Silberman 1998 p 272harvnb error no target CITEREFSilberman1998 As E S Sherratt has pointed out in an enlightening study of the interplay of ideology and literary strata in the formation of the Homeric epics 1990 phases of active narrative or descriptive invention closely correspond to periods of rapid social and political change Sherratt notes that one of the characteristic manifestations of this process in which emerging elites seek to legitimate their power is the transformation of an existing oral epic tradition in order to dress it in more recognizably modern garb 1990 821 Can we not see in the history of the archaeology of the Sea Peoples a similar process of literary reformulation in which old components are reinterpreted and reassembled to tell a new tale Narrative presupposes that both storyteller and audience share a single perspective and therein may lie the connection between the intellectual and ideological dimensions of archaeology To generalize beyond specific highly localized data archaeologists must utilize familiar conceptual frameworks and it is from the political and social ideologies of every generation that larger speculations about the historical role of the Sea Peoples have always been drawn As many papers in this conference have suggested traditional interpretive structures are in the process of reconsideration and renovation That is why I believe it essential that we reflect on our current Sea Peoples stories and see if we cannot detect the subtle yet lingering impact upon them of some timeworn Victorian narratives Vandersleyen 1985 p 53harvnb error no target CITEREFVandersleyen1985 However of the nine peoples concerned by these wars only four were actually defined as coming from w3d wr or from p3 ym Furthermore these expressions seem to be linked more often to vegetation and sweet water than to seawater and it seems clear that the term Sea Peoples has to be abandoned Some will object to this basing themselves on the expression iww hryw ib w3d wr usually translated by islands situated in the middle of the sea where some of the Sea Peoples are said to have come from Indeed it is this expression that supported the persistent idea that the Sea Peoples came from the or at least from an island Now these terms are misleading not only because w3d wr and p3 ym quite likely do not designate the sea here but also because the term in itself does not always mean island it can also be used to indicate other kinds of territories not necessarily maritime ones The argument based on these alleged sea islands is thus groundless To conclude the Philistines came neither from Crete nor from the Aegean islands or coasts but probably from the southern coast of Asia Minor or from Syria asorblog org khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 2018 08 05 subkhnemux 25 February 2018 The simple answer is that there is no simple answer It remains an archaeological mystery that is the subject of much debate even today more than 150 years after the discussions first began Who Were the Sea People pp 20 31 of the May June 1995 print edition of very few if any archeologists would consider the Sea People to have been identified bthkhwamprawtisastrniyngepnokhrng khunsamarthchwywikiphiediyidodykarephimetimkhxmuldkhk