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  • วิกิพีเดีย

อาร ท อ งกฤษ RT อด ตม ช อว า ร สเซ ย ท เดย Russia Today หร อ รอสซ ยา เซกอดน ยา ร สเซ ย Россия Сегодня เป นเคร อข ายโทรท

รัสเซียทูเดย์

รัสเซียทูเดย์
www.wiki3.th-th.nina.azhttps://www.wiki3.th-th.nina.az

อาร์ที (อังกฤษ: RT; อดีตมีชื่อว่า รัสเซีย ทูเดย์ (Russia Today) หรือ รอสซียา เซกอดนียา (รัสเซีย: Россия Сегодня)) เป็นเครือข่ายโทรทัศน์ข่าวต่างประเทศของรัสเซียที่ ซึ่งได้รับทุนจากรัฐบาลรัสเซีย โดยให้บริการและช่องแก่ผู้ชมนอกประเทศรัสเซีย และให้บริการเนื้อหาอินเทอร์เน็ตในภาษารัสเซีย อังกฤษ สเปน ฝรั่งเศส เยอรมัน และอาหรับ

อาร์ที
image
รูปแบบ,
,
โฆษณาชวนเชื่อ
ประเทศรัสเซีย
พื้นที่แพร่ภาพทั่วโลก
สำนักงานใหญ่มอสโก
แบบรายการ
ภาษาช่องข่าว:
อังกฤษ, ฝรั่งเศส, อาหรับ และสเปน
สารคดี:
อังกฤษ, ฝรั่งเศส, รัสเซีย
แพลตฟอร์มออนไลน์:
เยอรมัน
ระบบภาพ1080i (HDTV)
(ลดสเกลไปเป็น / สำหรับฟีดแบบ SDTV)
ความเป็นเจ้าของ
เจ้าของANO "TV-Novosti"
ช่องรอง
  • (2010–2022)
  • (2017–2022)
  • (2014–2022)
  • (2014–2022)
  • (รวม Redfish และ )
ประวัติ
เริ่มออกอากาศ10 ธันวาคม 2005; 18 ปีก่อน (2005-12-10) (ลงทะเบียนวันที่ 6 เมษายน ค.ศ. 2005)
ชื่อเดิมรัสเซีย ทูเดย์ (2005–2009)
ลิงก์
เว็บไซต์www.rt.com
image
โลโกแรกของอาร์ทีใน ค.ศ. 2005 ถึง 2009

อาร์ทีเป็นแบรนด์ของ TV-Novosti องค์กรอิสระไม่แสวงหาผลกำไรที่ก่อตั้งโดยรีอะโนวัสติ สำนักข่าวของรัฐรัสเซีย ในเดือนเมษายน ค.ศ. 2005 ในช่วงวิกฤติเศรษฐกิจในเดือนธันวาคม ค.ศ. 2008 รัฐบาลรัสเซียที่นำโดยนายกรัฐมนตรี วลาดีมีร์ ปูติน รวม ANO "TV-Novosti" เข้ากีบ อาร์ทีเป็นบริษัทแม่ของ ซึ่งถือครองช่องวิดีโอ Redfish และบริษัทสื่อดิจิทัล

อาร์ทีได้รับการกล่าวถึงเป็นประจำว่าเป็นช่องทางโฆษณาชวนเชื่อหลักของรัฐบาลรัสเซียและ นักวิชาการ, ผู้ตรวจสอบข้อเท็จจริง และผู้ประกาศข่าว (รวมผู้ประกาศของของอาร์ทีทั้งในอดีตและปัจจุบัน) ระบุถึงอาร์ทีเป็นผู้จัดส่ง และทฤษฎีสมคบคิด

อาร์ทีถูกแบนในประเทศยูเครนใน ค.ศ. 2014 หลังการผนวกไครเมียโดยรัสเซียลัตเวียและลิทัวเนียดำเนินการแบนด้วยเหตุผลคล้ายกันใน ค.ศ. 2020ประเทศเยอรมนีแบน ในเดือนกุมภาพันธ์ ค.ศ. 2022 หลังการรุกรานยูเครนโดยรัสเซีย ค.ศ. 2022 โปแลนด์และภายหลังทั้งสหภาพยุโรปกับแคนาดาประกาศแบนช่องอาร์ทีอย่างเป็นทางการ ในขณะที่ผู้ให้บริการอิสระมากกว่า 10 ประเทศหยุดถ่ายทอดสดช่องนี้ เว็บไซต์สื่อสังคมพากันบล็อกลิงก์เชื่อมโยงไปยังเว็บไซต์ของอาร์ทีและจำกัดการเข้าถึงเนื้อหาของอาร์ทีไมโครซอฟท์ถอดอาร์ทีออกจากแอปสโตร์ของตนและลดระดับผลการค้นหาใน Bing ส่วนแอปเปิลถอดแอปอาร์ทีออกจากทุกประเทศ ยกเว้นประเทศรัสเซีย

อ้างอิง

  1. : 2070 : 4 : 2 : Implications 
  3. "About RT (formerly corporate profile)". RT International (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 14 April 2017.
  4. "Contact info". RT International (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 14 April 2017.
  6. Moore, Matthew (10 February 2018). "Company behind Grenfell YouTube film has links to Kremlin". The Times. สืบค้นเมื่อ 25 January 2021.
  7. O'Sullivan, Donie; Griffin, Drew; Devine, Curt; Shubert, Atika (February 18, 2019). "Russia is backing a viral video company aimed at American millennials". CNN. สืบค้นเมื่อ July 30, 2020.
  8. File:ANO TV-Novosti (Federal Tax Service of Russia, Unified State Register of Legal Entities).pdf
  9. Pisnia, Natalka (2017-11-15). "Why has RT registered as a foreign agent with the US?". BBC News (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Washington. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2022-03-02.
  10. Haigh, Maria; Haigh, Thomas; Kozak, Nadine I. (26 October 2018). "Stopping Fake News". . . 19 (14): 2062–2087. doi:10.1080/1461670X.2017.1316681. ISSN 1461-670X. S2CID 152142122. สืบค้นเมื่อ 1 March 2022 – โดยทาง .
  11. Golovchenko, Yevgeniy; Hartmann, Mareike; (1 September 2018). "State, media and civil society in the information warfare over Ukraine: citizen curators of digital disinformation". . . 94 (5): 975–994. doi:10.1093/ia/iiy148. ISSN 0020-5850. สืบค้นเมื่อ 20 March 2021. Particularly in the wake of the crisis in Ukraine that erupted in 2013–2014, the Kremlin has been accused of orchestrating disinformation campaigns against the Ukrainian government and western countries by using online trolls and state-controlled online outlets such as RT (formerly known as Russia Today), Sputnik and Life News.
  12. Hellman, Maria; Wagnsson, Charlotte (3 April 2017). (PDF). . . 26 (2): 153–170. doi:10.1080/09662839.2017.1294162. S2CID 157635419. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 23 Apr 2021. สืบค้นเมื่อ 23 Sep 2022 – โดยทาง Charles University.
  13. Al-Rawi, Ahmed (12 February 2021). "How did Russian and Iranian trolls' disinformation toward Canadian issues diverge and converge?". Digital War (ภาษาอังกฤษ). . 2 (1–3): 21–34. doi:10.1057/s42984-020-00029-4. ISSN 2662-1983.
  14. Denton, Allison (16 April 2019). "Fake News: The Legality of the Russian 2016 Facebook Influence Campaign" (PDF). . . 37: 209. Additionally, the U.S. is not the only country that has been targeted by Russian influence campaigns. Russia has been accused of conducting another influence campaign prior to the 2017 French election between Marine Le Pen (Russia's pick) and Emmanuel Macron. Before the election, Kremlin-controlled news sources Russia Today (RT) and Sputnik reported that Macron was secretly gay, and that he was backed by a “very rich gay lobby.”
  15. Nassetta, Jack; Gross, Kimberly (30 October 2020). "State media warning labels can counteract the effects of foreign misinformation". Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. Harvard University: . doi:10.37016/mr-2020-45. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 March 2021. However, when it comes to disinformation from state-controlled media sources platforms’ options are more limited. Most often channels like Russia's RT and Iran's PressTV do not technically violate a platform's terms of service and so cannot be removed. However, they still play a vital role in the disinformation ecosystem. Not only do they put out disinformation through their websites and social media channels, they are key nodes in coordinated campaigns, as well. For instance, the content originally posted on RT will be reposted down a chain of websites until it appears to be an organic article on an American outlet (Nimmo, 2017).
  16. Fisher, Max (13 June 2013). "In case you weren't clear on Russia Today's relationship to Moscow, Putin clears it up". The Washington Post. สืบค้นเมื่อ 31 July 2016.
  17. Nimmo, Ben (8 January 2018). "Question That: RT's Military Mission". Atlantic Council-Digital Forensic Research Lab. . สืบค้นเมื่อ 13 March 2018.
  18. "Журнал Стандарт / №09(80) сентябрь 2009Вести с эфирного фронта | ComNews". www.comnews.ru. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2022-05-15.
  19. "Archive of the official site of the 2008–2012 Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin". .
  20. [List of systemically important institutions approved by the Government Commission on Sustainable Development of the Russian Economy] (ภาษารัสเซีย). government.ru. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (DOC)เมื่อ 27 December 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ 18 March 2015.
  21. [The Russian government has adopted a list of backbone organizations]. (ภาษารัสเซีย). คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 20 December 2013. สืบค้นเมื่อ 24 October 2014.
  22. Sloss, David L. (12 April 2022). Tyrants on Twitter: Protecting Democracies from Information Warfare (ภาษาอังกฤษ). . ISBN . สืบค้นเมื่อ 3 March 2022 – โดยทาง . Ruptly, a subsidiary of RT that specializes in video, has 230,000 likes on Facebook, 52,000 Twitter followers, and 304,000 YouTube subscribers in the UK.
  23. Chobanyan, Karina (2020). Vartanova, Elena; Gladkova, Anna (บ.ก.). "Up for a challenge? Digital practices of 24-hour news channels" (PDF). World of Media. (3): 50. ISSN 2686-8016. สืบค้นเมื่อ 3 March 2022. RT, which owns Ruptly news agency, likes to post its raw footage of world events.
  24. Cohen, Howard (May 2018). "Tech Tock...: Time is Running Out to Find Solutions to Mis- and Disinformation and Privacy Problems". (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Harvard University: : 17–18. สืบค้นเมื่อ 3 March 2022. Ruptly is a news agency created by Russian funded news channel RT in 2013 to rival Reuters and AP. [...] Finally, it is very transparent about following the same agenda as RT: "Ruptly builds on and extends the core strengths and values of our parent company RT."
  25. "Russia Uses State Television to Sway Opinion at Home and Abroad". . 30 May 2014. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 March 2021. Moscow is looking beyond the short-term, seeking to influence opinion in the long-run to create "an alternative discourse in Western countries as well," says Margarita Simonyan, editor in chief of Kremlin foreign broadcaster RT, formerly known as Russia Today, which owns Ruptly.
  26. "В Минске задержаны двое стрингеров видеоагентства Ruptly" [Two stringers of video agency Ruptly detained in Minsk]. (ภาษารัสเซีย). 9 August 2020. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 March 2021. Двух стрингеров видеоагентства Ruptly задержали в Минске, сообщил владелец сервиса, телеканал RT. [Two stringers of the Ruptly video agency were detained in Minsk, the owner of the service, RT TV channel, said.]
  27. (11 April 2019). "What is Ruptly? Julian Assange arrest video footage raises eyebrows about RT-owned outlet". . สืบค้นเมื่อ 23 July 2021.
  28. "RT's video agency Ruptly beats UK media to Julian Assange footage". Press Gazette (ภาษาอังกฤษแบบอเมริกัน). 11 April 2019. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 October 2020. The footage captured by Ruptly showed Assange for the first time in about a year, now sporting a long white beard. He could be heard shouting "the UK has no sovereignty" and "the UK must resist this attempt by the Trump administration…" as he was dragged out by five police officers and put into a van.
  29. (6 March 2021). "Emilia Seikkanen Worked in a Trendy Video Start-Up in Berlin – Tells All about the Kremlin's Global Information Operation". (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2 March 2022. The company left out the essential information in its job vacancy advertisements: Ruptly is the subsidiary of the Russian state-funded media company RT, formerly Russia Today. It's located in the same office as RT's German media branch, named RT Deutsch.
  30. ; (21 August 2020). "With a mix of covert disinformation and blatant propaganda, foreign adversaries bear down on final phase of presidential campaign". The Washington Post. สืบค้นเมื่อ 3 March 2022.
  31. Birnbaum, Emily (25 February 2019). "Facebook restores previously suspended Russia-linked pages". (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 3 March 2022.
  32. Langdon, Kate C.; Tismaneanu, Vladimir (9 July 2019). "Russian Foreign Policy: Freedom for Whom, to Do What?". Putin's Totalitarian Democracy: Ideology, Myth, and Violence in the Twenty-First Century (ภาษาอังกฤษ). . pp. 189–224. ISBN . สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 March 2021 – โดยทาง . Soviet-born British journalist Peter Pomerantsev documented the typical newsroom antics in one of Russia's largest propaganda outlets, RT News (formerly known as Russia Today). When his acquaintance composed a piece that referenced the Soviet Union's occupation of Estonia in 1945, the writer was chewed out by his boss, who maintained the belief that Russians saved Estonia. Any other descriptions of the events of 1945 were unacceptable assaults on Russia's integrity, apparently, so the boss demanded that he amend his text.
  33. Reire, Gunda (2015). (PDF). Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. 13 (4). คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 2021-11-04. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 March 2021 – โดยทาง Center for International Studies. Nowadays, Russia attacks the Western value of rationality and uses the argument of "the second opinion" or plurality of opinions. The phrase "the second opinion" has even become the slogan of RT. For instance, this propaganda channel used the public opinion's contention as to the nature of the Iraq war, to sell itself as an impartial, objective media outlet in the USA. Overall, Russian propaganda involves a clash of political systems, which is more dangerous than the old-school Soviet propaganda.
  34. ; Faris, Rob; Roberts, Hal (October 2018). "Epistemic Crisis". Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation and Radicalization in American Politics. . p. 358. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190923624.001.0001. ISBN . OCLC 1045162158. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 March 2021. The emphasis on disorientation appears in the literature on modern Russian propaganda, both in inward-focused applications and in its international propaganda outlets, Sputnik and RT (formerly, Russia Today). Here, the purpose is not to convince the audience of any particular truth but instead to make it impossible for people in the society subject to the propagandist's intervention to tell truth from non-truth.
  35. Karlsen, Geir Hågen (5 August 2016). "Tools of Russian Influence: Information and Propaganda". ใน ; Heier, Tormod (บ.ก.). Ukraine and Beyond: Russia's Strategic Security Challenge to Europe (ภาษาอังกฤษ). . p. 199. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32530-9_9. ISBN . สืบค้นเมื่อ 28 February 2022 – โดยทาง . The propaganda apparatus proper consists of four means: media, social media, political communication and diplomacy, and covert active measures, all tied together in a coordinated manner. The main international media channel is the RT broadcaster and website, formerly known as Russia Today. It is complemented by Sputnik radio and website, news and video agencies, and the Russia Beyond the Headlines news supplement, making up a news conglomerate operating in almost 40 languages.
  36. Ižak, Štefan (January 2019). "(Ab)using the topic of migration by pro-Kremlin propaganda: Case study of Slovakia" (PDF). Journal of Comparative Politics (ภาษาอังกฤษ). / / . 12 (1): 58. ISSN 1338-1385. สืบค้นเมื่อ 28 February 2022. Almost all important media in Russia are state controlled and used to feed Russian audience with Kremlin propaganda. For international propaganda Kremlin uses agencies like RT and Sputnik. Both are available in many language variations and in many countries (Hansen 2017). Aim of this propaganda is to exploit weak spots and controversial topics (in our case migration to the EU) and use them to harm integrity of the West (Pomerantsev and Weiss 2014).
  37. Oates, Sarah; Steiner, Sean (17 December 2018). "Projecting Power: Understanding Russian Strategic Narrative". Russia's Public Foreign Policy Narratives (PDF). Russian Analytical Digest. 229. Vol. 17. : . pp. 2–5. doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000311091. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 March 2021 – โดยทาง . The analysis of Russian strategic narrative allows us to understand more clearly the logic in Russian propaganda found on English-language outlets such as RT and more effectively deter Russian information aggression.
  38. Ajir, Media; Vailliant, Bethany (Fall 2018). "Russian Information Warfare: Implications for Deterrence Theory". . 12 (3): 70–89. ISSN 1936-1815. JSTOR 26481910. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 March 2021. The real-world repercussions of these objectives are identified through several forms of attack. The first is through disseminating official Russian state propaganda abroad via foreign language news channels as well as Western media. Most notable is the creation of the very successful government-financed international TV news channel, Russia Today (RT).
  39. Bicknell, Bob (11 December 2005). "Russian News, English Accent". (ภาษาอังกฤษแบบอเมริกัน). สืบค้นเมื่อ 11 March 2021.
  40. Kramer, Andrew E (22 August 2010). "Russian Cable Station Plays to U.S." The New York Times.
  41. "Ukraine hits back at Russian TV onslaught". BBC. 2014.
  42. MacFarquhar, Neil (28 August 2016). "A Powerful Russian Weapon: The Spread of False Stories". The New York Times. สืบค้นเมื่อ 29 August 2016.
  43. Oremus, Will (2017-03-16). "Irony Dies Again as Russia Today Launches Fake-News Debunker". (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-12-17.
  44. Golovchenko, Yevgeniy (11 December 2020). "Measuring the scope of pro-Kremlin disinformation on Twitter". Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (ภาษาอังกฤษ). . 7 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1057/s41599-020-00659-9. ISSN 2662-9992. The impact of Russian state-controlled news outlets—which are frequent sources of pro-Kremlin disinformation—is concentrated in one, highly popular news outlet, RT. [...] When it comes to overt reach, the Russian government openly funds English-speaking outlets, such as Sputnik News and RT. These outlets serve as a frequent source of pro-Kremlin disinformation both according to scholars, fact-checkers and Western authorities (BBC, 2019; Elliot, 2019; Thornton, 2015).
  45. Walker, Christopher (2016). "The Hijacking of "Soft Power"" (PDF). . . 27 (1): 49–63. doi:10.1353/jod.2016.0007. S2CID 31802016. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 March 2021 – โดยทาง . State or state-friendly media in Russia – Life News, NTV, Channel One Russia, and Russia 24—disseminate not just the Kremlin's narratives but also outright fakery to domestic audiences and those in the Russian-speaking space. These outlets spread the same stories via social media as well. RT, meanwhile, pushes this manipulated content out to international audiences.
  46. Fletcher, Richard; Cornia, Alessio; ; (1 January 2018). "Measuring the reach of "fake news" and online disinformation in Europe" (PDF). Australasian Policing. 10 (2). สืบค้นเมื่อ 25 February 2022 – โดยทาง Mediterraneo Cronaca. For comparative purposes, we also included two prominent Russian news sites which have featured in European policy discussions around disinformation, namely Russia Today (RT) and Sputnik. These Russian state-backed organisations are clearly different from sites that engage in for-profit fabrication of false news, but both independent fact-checkers and the EU's European External Action Service East Stratcom Task Force have identified multiple instances where these sites have published disinformation.
  47. Borges, Priscila Monteiro; Gambarato, Renira Rampazzo (29 January 2019). "The Role of Beliefs and Behavior on Facebook: A Semiotic Approach to Algorithms, Fake News, and Transmedia Journalism". (ภาษาอังกฤษ). . 13: 603–618. ISSN 1932-8036. สืบค้นเมื่อ 26 February 2022. Notorious examples of fake news masquerading as news can be found in reports broadcast on the U.S. cable news channel Fox News (Schram & Fording, 2018) and the Russian international television network RT (Russia Today; Dowling, 2017). Thus, there are also a number of fake news reports published by traditional media outlets (White, 2017), generating a consequent increase in distrust for traditional journalism (Siddique, 2018).
  48. LoGiurato, Brett (30 April 2014). "Russia's Propaganda Channel Just Got A Journalism Lesson From The US State Department". . สืบค้นเมื่อ 11 March 2021.
  49. Crowley, Michael (1 May 2014). "Tit-for-Tat: Putin's Maddening Propaganda Trick". Time. สืบค้นเมื่อ 11 March 2021.
  50. Plunkett, John (18 July 2014). "Russia Today reporter resigns in protest at MH17 coverage". The Guardian. สืบค้นเมื่อ 11 March 2021.
  51. Brian Stelter (24 March 2014). "Putin TV in Chaos". CNN.
  52. : 2077 : 4 : 11 
  53. "Airwaves wobbly". The Economist. 6 July 2010.
  54. Yablokov, Ilya (November 2015). "Conspiracy Theories as a Russian Public Diplomacy Tool: The Case of Russia Today (RT)" (PDF). . . 35 (3–4): 301–315. doi:10.1111/1467-9256.12097. S2CID 142728966. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 March 2021 – โดยทาง . Among the conspiratorial ideas that feature in RT's broadcasts, two types are of particular interest: the first includes genuinely American conspiracy theories; and the second includes ideas of conspiracy in relations between the US and Russia. The analysis of these two types of conspiracy theories offers an opportunity to explore how they are employed to undermine US domestic and foreign policies.
  55. Elswah, Mona; (1 October 2020). ""Anything that Causes Chaos": The Organizational Behavior of Russia Today (RT)". . . 70 (5): 623–645. doi:10.1093/joc/jqaa027. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 March 2021. Across our interviews, our respondents agreed that the goals of the channel since 2008 have been and still are as follows. First, to push the idea that Western countries have as many problems as Russia. Second, to encourage conspiracy theories about media institutions in the West in order to discredit and delegitimize them. This is clearly adherent to the channel's "Questions More" slogan. Third, to create controversy and to make people criticize the channel, because it suggests that the channel is important, an approach that would particularly help RT managers get more funding from the government.
  56. (2011). "Introduction". Conspiracy Theories: A Critical Introduction (ภาษาอังกฤษ). . pp. 9–10. doi:10.1057/9780230349216. ISBN . สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 March 2021 – โดยทาง . The channel has provided the likes of Alex Jones, Webster Tarpley, David Ray Griffin and Jim Marrs with the opportunity to promote, to an international audience, their ideas about the New World Order, 9/11, the Bilderberg group or the climate change conspiracy, all while being treated with absolute deference by the channel's journalists. Embedded video clips of appearances on Russia Today have become a regular feature on the websites of American conspiracy theorists, where they are brandished as a sign of credibility and mainstream recognition.
  57. Dukalskis, Alexander (2021). Making the World Safe for Dictatorship (ภาษาอังกฤษ). . ISBN .
  58. Gray, Rosie (13 March 2014). "How The Truth Is Made At Russia Today". (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 11 March 2021.
  60. Zinets, Natalia; Prentice, Alessandra (19 August 2014). Balmforth, Richard (บ.ก.). "Ukraine bans Russian TV channels for airing war 'propaganda'". Reuters. Robin Pomeroy (ed.). สืบค้นเมื่อ 12 December 2020.
  61. Anstrate, Vita (30 June 2020). "Kremlin propaganda channel "RT" banned in Latvia". . สืบค้นเมื่อ 30 June 2020.
  62. "Radijo ir televizijos komisija uždraudė Lietuvoje retransliuoti RT programas". lrt.lt (ภาษาลิทัวเนีย). 8 July 2020. สืบค้นเมื่อ 8 July 2020.
  63. "Russia's RT channel blocked by German regulators". Deutsche Welle. 2 February 2022. สืบค้นเมื่อ 23 February 2022.
  64. Peter Zimonjic (16 March 2022). "CRTC bans Russian state-controlled TV channels RT, RT France from Canadian airwaves". CBC News.
  65. Chmielewski, Dawn (1 March 2022). "Roku is removing RT from the Roku Channel Store in Europe – source". Reuters (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 1 March 2022.
  66. "Russian-backed RT channel to lose Sky TV slot in UK within 24 hours". the Guardian (ภาษาอังกฤษ). 2022-03-01. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2022-03-01.
  67. "YouTube to block channels linked to Russia's RT and Sputnik across Europe". Reuters. 1 March 2022. สืบค้นเมื่อ 1 March 2022.
  68. Dwoskin, Elizabeth; Zakrzewski, Cat; De Vynck, Gerrit (1 March 2022). "Major social media platforms ban Russian state media in Europe". The Washington Post. สืบค้นเมื่อ 1 March 2022.
  69. Newman, Jared (2022-03-01). "Here's which tech companies have—and haven't—banned Russia's state-sponsored RT media app". Fast Company (ภาษาอังกฤษแบบอเมริกัน). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2022-03-01.
  70. Reuters (2022-02-28). "Microsoft to remove RT apps, ban Russian state-owned media ads". Reuters (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2022-03-01.
  71. Emerson, Sarah. "Apple Halted Product Sales In Russia And Disabled Apple Maps Features In Ukraine". BuzzFeed News (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2022-03-01.

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xarthi xngkvs RT xditmichuxwa rsesiy thuedy Russia Today hrux rxssiya eskxdniya rsesiy Rossiya Segodnya epnekhruxkhayothrthsnkhawtangpraethskhxngrsesiythi sungidrbthuncakrthbalrsesiy odyihbrikaraelachxngaekphuchmnxkpraethsrsesiy aelaihbrikarenuxhaxinethxrentinphasarsesiy xngkvs sepn frngess eyxrmn aelaxahrbxarthirupaebb okhsnachwnechuxpraethsrsesiyphunthiaephrphaphthwolksanknganihymxsokaebbraykarphasachxngkhaw xngkvs frngess xahrb aelasepn sarkhdi xngkvs frngess rsesiy aephltfxrmxxniln eyxrmnrabbphaph1080i HDTV ldseklipepn sahrbfidaebb SDTV khwamepnecakhxngecakhxngANO TV Novosti chxngrxng 2010 2022 2017 2022 2014 2022 2014 2022 rwm Redfish aela prawtierimxxkxakas10 thnwakhm 2005 18 pikxn 2005 12 10 lngthaebiynwnthi 6 emsayn kh s 2005 chuxedimrsesiy thuedy 2005 2009 lingkewbistwww wbr rt wbr comolokaerkkhxngxarthiin kh s 2005 thung 2009 xarthiepnaebrndkhxng TV Novosti xngkhkrxisraimaeswnghaphlkairthikxtngodyrixaonwsti sankkhawkhxngrthrsesiy ineduxnemsayn kh s 2005 inchwngwikvtiesrsthkicineduxnthnwakhm kh s 2008 rthbalrsesiythinaodynaykrthmntri wladimir putin rwm ANO TV Novosti ekhakib xarthiepnbristhaemkhxng sungthuxkhrxngchxngwidiox Redfish aelabristhsuxdicithl xarthiidrbkarklawthungepnpracawaepnchxngthangokhsnachwnechuxhlkkhxngrthbalrsesiyaela nkwichakar phutrwcsxbkhxethccring aelaphuprakaskhaw rwmphuprakaskhxngkhxngxarthithnginxditaelapccubn rabuthungxarthiepnphucdsng aelathvsdismkhbkhid xarthithukaebninpraethsyuekhrnin kh s 2014 hlngkarphnwkikhremiyodyrsesiyltewiyaelalithweniydaeninkaraebndwyehtuphlkhlayknin kh s 2020praethseyxrmniaebn ineduxnkumphaphnth kh s 2022 hlngkarrukranyuekhrnodyrsesiy kh s 2022 opaelndaelaphayhlngthngshphaphyuorpkbaekhnadaprakasaebnchxngxarthixyangepnthangkar inkhnathiphuihbrikarxisramakkwa 10 praethshyudthaythxdsdchxngni ewbistsuxsngkhmphaknblxklingkechuxmoyngipyngewbistkhxngxarthiaelacakdkarekhathungenuxhakhxngxarthiimokhrsxfththxdxarthixxkcakaexpsotrkhxngtnaelaldradbphlkarkhnhain Bing swnaexpepilthxdaexpxarthixxkcakthukpraeths ykewnpraethsrsesiyxangxing 2070 4 2 Implications About RT formerly corporate profile RT International phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 14 April 2017 Contact info RT International phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 14 April 2017 Moore Matthew 10 February 2018 Company behind Grenfell YouTube film has links to Kremlin The Times subkhnemux 25 January 2021 O Sullivan Donie Griffin Drew Devine Curt Shubert Atika February 18 2019 Russia is backing a viral video company aimed at American millennials CNN subkhnemux July 30 2020 File ANO TV Novosti Federal Tax Service of Russia Unified State Register of Legal Entities pdf Pisnia Natalka 2017 11 15 Why has RT registered as a foreign agent with the US BBC News phasaxngkvs Washington subkhnemux 2022 03 02 Haigh Maria Haigh Thomas Kozak Nadine I 26 October 2018 Stopping Fake News 19 14 2062 2087 doi 10 1080 1461670X 2017 1316681 ISSN 1461 670X S2CID 152142122 subkhnemux 1 March 2022 odythang Golovchenko Yevgeniy Hartmann Mareike 1 September 2018 State media and civil society in the information warfare over Ukraine citizen curators of digital disinformation 94 5 975 994 doi 10 1093 ia iiy148 ISSN 0020 5850 subkhnemux 20 March 2021 Particularly in the wake of the crisis in Ukraine that erupted in 2013 2014 the Kremlin has been accused of orchestrating disinformation campaigns against the Ukrainian government and western countries by using online trolls and state controlled online outlets such as RT formerly known as Russia Today Sputnik and Life News Hellman Maria Wagnsson Charlotte 3 April 2017 PDF 26 2 153 170 doi 10 1080 09662839 2017 1294162 S2CID 157635419 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedim PDF emux 23 Apr 2021 subkhnemux 23 Sep 2022 odythang Charles University Al Rawi Ahmed 12 February 2021 How did Russian and Iranian trolls disinformation toward Canadian issues diverge and converge Digital War phasaxngkvs 2 1 3 21 34 doi 10 1057 s42984 020 00029 4 ISSN 2662 1983 Denton Allison 16 April 2019 Fake News The Legality of the Russian 2016 Facebook Influence Campaign PDF 37 209 Additionally the U S is not the only country that has been targeted by Russian influence campaigns Russia has been accused of conducting another influence campaign prior to the 2017 French election between Marine Le Pen Russia s pick and Emmanuel Macron Before the election Kremlin controlled news sources Russia Today RT and Sputnik reported that Macron was secretly gay and that he was backed by a very rich gay lobby Nassetta Jack Gross Kimberly 30 October 2020 State media warning labels can counteract the effects of foreign misinformation Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review Harvard University doi 10 37016 mr 2020 45 subkhnemux 21 March 2021 However when it comes to disinformation from state controlled media sources platforms options are more limited Most often channels like Russia s RT and Iran s PressTV do not technically violate a platform s terms of service and so cannot be removed However they still play a vital role in the disinformation ecosystem Not only do they put out disinformation through their websites and social media channels they are key nodes in coordinated campaigns as well For instance the content originally posted on RT will be reposted down a chain of websites until it appears to be an organic article on an American outlet Nimmo 2017 Fisher Max 13 June 2013 In case you weren t clear on Russia Today s relationship to Moscow Putin clears it up The Washington Post subkhnemux 31 July 2016 Nimmo Ben 8 January 2018 Question That RT s Military Mission Atlantic Council Digital Forensic Research Lab subkhnemux 13 March 2018 Zhurnal Standart 09 80 sentyabr 2009Vesti s efirnogo fronta ComNews www comnews ru subkhnemux 2022 05 15 Archive of the official site of the 2008 2012 Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin List of systemically important institutions approved by the Government Commission on Sustainable Development of the Russian Economy phasarsesiy government ru khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedim DOC emux 27 December 2008 subkhnemux 18 March 2015 The Russian government has adopted a list of backbone organizations phasarsesiy khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 20 December 2013 subkhnemux 24 October 2014 Sloss David L 12 April 2022 Tyrants on Twitter Protecting Democracies from Information Warfare phasaxngkvs ISBN 978 1 5036 3115 1 subkhnemux 3 March 2022 odythang Ruptly a subsidiary of RT that specializes in video has 230 000 likes on Facebook 52 000 Twitter followers and 304 000 YouTube subscribers in the UK Chobanyan Karina 2020 Vartanova Elena Gladkova Anna b k Up for a challenge Digital practices of 24 hour news channels PDF World of Media 3 50 ISSN 2686 8016 subkhnemux 3 March 2022 RT which owns Ruptly news agency likes to post its raw footage of world events Cohen Howard May 2018 Tech Tock Time is Running Out to Find Solutions to Mis and Disinformation and Privacy Problems phasaxngkvs Harvard University 17 18 subkhnemux 3 March 2022 Ruptly is a news agency created by Russian funded news channel RT in 2013 to rival Reuters and AP Finally it is very transparent about following the same agenda as RT Ruptly builds on and extends the core strengths and values of our parent company RT Russia Uses State Television to Sway Opinion at Home and Abroad 30 May 2014 subkhnemux 22 March 2021 Moscow is looking beyond the short term seeking to influence opinion in the long run to create an alternative discourse in Western countries as well says Margarita Simonyan editor in chief of Kremlin foreign broadcaster RT formerly known as Russia Today which owns Ruptly V Minske zaderzhany dvoe stringerov videoagentstva Ruptly Two stringers of video agency Ruptly detained in Minsk phasarsesiy 9 August 2020 subkhnemux 22 March 2021 Dvuh stringerov videoagentstva Ruptly zaderzhali v Minske soobshil vladelec servisa telekanal RT Two stringers of the Ruptly video agency were detained in Minsk the owner of the service RT TV channel said 11 April 2019 What is Ruptly Julian Assange arrest video footage raises eyebrows about RT owned outlet subkhnemux 23 July 2021 RT s video agency Ruptly beats UK media to Julian Assange footage Press Gazette phasaxngkvsaebbxemrikn 11 April 2019 subkhnemux 21 October 2020 The footage captured by Ruptly showed Assange for the first time in about a year now sporting a long white beard He could be heard shouting the UK has no sovereignty and the UK must resist this attempt by the Trump administration as he was dragged out by five police officers and put into a van 6 March 2021 Emilia Seikkanen Worked in a Trendy Video Start Up in Berlin Tells All about the Kremlin s Global Information Operation phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 2 March 2022 The company left out the essential information in its job vacancy advertisements Ruptly is the subsidiary of the Russian state funded media company RT formerly Russia Today It s located in the same office as RT s German media branch named RT Deutsch 21 August 2020 With a mix of covert disinformation and blatant propaganda foreign adversaries bear down on final phase of presidential campaign The Washington Post subkhnemux 3 March 2022 Birnbaum Emily 25 February 2019 Facebook restores previously suspended Russia linked pages phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 3 March 2022 Langdon Kate C Tismaneanu Vladimir 9 July 2019 Russian Foreign Policy Freedom for Whom to Do What Putin s Totalitarian Democracy Ideology Myth and Violence in the Twenty First Century phasaxngkvs pp 189 224 ISBN 978 3 030 20579 9 subkhnemux 21 March 2021 odythang Soviet born British journalist Peter Pomerantsev documented the typical newsroom antics in one of Russia s largest propaganda outlets RT News formerly known as Russia Today When his acquaintance composed a piece that referenced the Soviet Union s occupation of Estonia in 1945 the writer was chewed out by his boss who maintained the belief that Russians saved Estonia Any other descriptions of the events of 1945 were unacceptable assaults on Russia s integrity apparently so the boss demanded that he amend his text Reire Gunda 2015 PDF Rocznik Instytutu Europy Srodkowo Wschodniej 13 4 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedim PDF emux 2021 11 04 subkhnemux 21 March 2021 odythang Center for International Studies Nowadays Russia attacks the Western value of rationality and uses the argument of the second opinion or plurality of opinions The phrase the second opinion has even become the slogan of RT For instance this propaganda channel used the public opinion s contention as to the nature of the Iraq war to sell itself as an impartial objective media outlet in the USA Overall Russian propaganda involves a clash of political systems which is more dangerous than the old school Soviet propaganda Faris Rob Roberts Hal October 2018 Epistemic Crisis Network Propaganda Manipulation Disinformation and Radicalization in American Politics p 358 doi 10 1093 oso 9780190923624 001 0001 ISBN 978 0 19 092362 4 OCLC 1045162158 subkhnemux 21 March 2021 The emphasis on disorientation appears in the literature on modern Russian propaganda both in inward focused applications and in its international propaganda outlets Sputnik and RT formerly Russia Today Here the purpose is not to convince the audience of any particular truth but instead to make it impossible for people in the society subject to the propagandist s intervention to tell truth from non truth Karlsen Geir Hagen 5 August 2016 Tools of Russian Influence Information and Propaganda in Heier Tormod b k Ukraine and Beyond Russia s Strategic Security Challenge to Europe phasaxngkvs p 199 doi 10 1007 978 3 319 32530 9 9 ISBN 978 3 319 32530 9 subkhnemux 28 February 2022 odythang The propaganda apparatus proper consists of four means media social media political communication and diplomacy and covert active measures all tied together in a coordinated manner The main international media channel is the RT broadcaster and website formerly known as Russia Today It is complemented by Sputnik radio and website news and video agencies and the Russia Beyond the Headlines news supplement making up a news conglomerate operating in almost 40 languages Izak Stefan January 2019 Ab using the topic of migration by pro Kremlin propaganda Case study of Slovakia PDF Journal of Comparative Politics phasaxngkvs 12 1 58 ISSN 1338 1385 subkhnemux 28 February 2022 Almost all important media in Russia are state controlled and used to feed Russian audience with Kremlin propaganda For international propaganda Kremlin uses agencies like RT and Sputnik Both are available in many language variations and in many countries Hansen 2017 Aim of this propaganda is to exploit weak spots and controversial topics in our case migration to the EU and use them to harm integrity of the West Pomerantsev and Weiss 2014 Oates Sarah Steiner Sean 17 December 2018 Projecting Power Understanding Russian Strategic Narrative Russia s Public Foreign Policy Narratives PDF Russian Analytical Digest 229 Vol 17 pp 2 5 doi 10 3929 ethz b 000311091 subkhnemux 21 March 2021 odythang The analysis of Russian strategic narrative allows us to understand more clearly the logic in Russian propaganda found on English language outlets such as RT and more effectively deter Russian information aggression Ajir Media Vailliant Bethany Fall 2018 Russian Information Warfare Implications for Deterrence Theory 12 3 70 89 ISSN 1936 1815 JSTOR 26481910 subkhnemux 21 March 2021 The real world repercussions of these objectives are identified through several forms of attack The first is through disseminating official Russian state propaganda abroad via foreign language news channels as well as Western media Most notable is the creation of the very successful government financed international TV news channel Russia Today RT Bicknell Bob 11 December 2005 Russian News English Accent phasaxngkvsaebbxemrikn subkhnemux 11 March 2021 Kramer Andrew E 22 August 2010 Russian Cable Station Plays to U S The New York Times Ukraine hits back at Russian TV onslaught BBC 2014 MacFarquhar Neil 28 August 2016 A Powerful Russian Weapon The Spread of False Stories The New York Times subkhnemux 29 August 2016 Oremus Will 2017 03 16 Irony Dies Again as Russia Today Launches Fake News Debunker phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 2021 12 17 Golovchenko Yevgeniy 11 December 2020 Measuring the scope of pro Kremlin disinformation on Twitter Humanities and Social Sciences Communications phasaxngkvs 7 1 1 11 doi 10 1057 s41599 020 00659 9 ISSN 2662 9992 The impact of Russian state controlled news outlets which are frequent sources of pro Kremlin disinformation is concentrated in one highly popular news outlet RT When it comes to overt reach the Russian government openly funds English speaking outlets such as Sputnik News and RT These outlets serve as a frequent source of pro Kremlin disinformation both according to scholars fact checkers and Western authorities BBC 2019 Elliot 2019 Thornton 2015 Walker Christopher 2016 The Hijacking of Soft Power PDF 27 1 49 63 doi 10 1353 jod 2016 0007 S2CID 31802016 subkhnemux 21 March 2021 odythang State or state friendly media in Russia Life News NTV Channel One Russia and Russia 24 disseminate not just the Kremlin s narratives but also outright fakery to domestic audiences and those in the Russian speaking space These outlets spread the same stories via social media as well RT meanwhile pushes this manipulated content out to international audiences Fletcher Richard Cornia Alessio 1 January 2018 Measuring the reach of fake news and online disinformation in Europe PDF Australasian Policing 10 2 subkhnemux 25 February 2022 odythang Mediterraneo Cronaca For comparative purposes we also included two prominent Russian news sites which have featured in European policy discussions around disinformation namely Russia Today RT and Sputnik These Russian state backed organisations are clearly different from sites that engage in for profit fabrication of false news but both independent fact checkers and the EU s European External Action Service East Stratcom Task Force have identified multiple instances where these sites have published disinformation Borges Priscila Monteiro Gambarato Renira Rampazzo 29 January 2019 The Role of Beliefs and Behavior on Facebook A Semiotic Approach to Algorithms Fake News and Transmedia Journalism phasaxngkvs 13 603 618 ISSN 1932 8036 subkhnemux 26 February 2022 Notorious examples of fake news masquerading as news can be found in reports broadcast on the U S cable news channel Fox News Schram amp Fording 2018 and the Russian international television network RT Russia Today Dowling 2017 Thus there are also a number of fake news reports published by traditional media outlets White 2017 generating a consequent increase in distrust for traditional journalism Siddique 2018 LoGiurato Brett 30 April 2014 Russia s Propaganda Channel Just Got A Journalism Lesson From The US State Department subkhnemux 11 March 2021 Crowley Michael 1 May 2014 Tit for Tat Putin s Maddening Propaganda Trick Time subkhnemux 11 March 2021 Plunkett John 18 July 2014 Russia Today reporter resigns in protest at MH17 coverage The Guardian subkhnemux 11 March 2021 Brian Stelter 24 March 2014 Putin TV in Chaos CNN 2077 4 11 Airwaves wobbly The Economist 6 July 2010 Yablokov Ilya November 2015 Conspiracy Theories as a Russian Public Diplomacy Tool The Case of Russia Today RT PDF 35 3 4 301 315 doi 10 1111 1467 9256 12097 S2CID 142728966 subkhnemux 21 March 2021 odythang Among the conspiratorial ideas that feature in RT s broadcasts two types are of particular interest the first includes genuinely American conspiracy theories and the second includes ideas of conspiracy in relations between the US and Russia The analysis of these two types of conspiracy theories offers an opportunity to explore how they are employed to undermine US domestic and foreign policies Elswah Mona 1 October 2020 Anything that Causes Chaos The Organizational Behavior of Russia Today RT 70 5 623 645 doi 10 1093 joc jqaa027 subkhnemux 21 March 2021 Across our interviews our respondents agreed that the goals of the channel since 2008 have been and still are as follows First to push the idea that Western countries have as many problems as Russia Second to encourage conspiracy theories about media institutions in the West in order to discredit and delegitimize them This is clearly adherent to the channel s Questions More slogan Third to create controversy and to make people criticize the channel because it suggests that the channel is important an approach that would particularly help RT managers get more funding from the government 2011 Introduction Conspiracy Theories A Critical Introduction phasaxngkvs pp 9 10 doi 10 1057 9780230349216 ISBN 978 1 349 32350 0 subkhnemux 21 March 2021 odythang The channel has provided the likes of Alex Jones Webster Tarpley David Ray Griffin and Jim Marrs with the opportunity to promote to an international audience their ideas about the New World Order 9 11 the Bilderberg group or the climate change conspiracy all while being treated with absolute deference by the channel s journalists Embedded video clips of appearances on Russia Today have become a regular feature on the websites of American conspiracy theorists where they are brandished as a sign of credibility and mainstream recognition Dukalskis Alexander 2021 Making the World Safe for Dictatorship phasaxngkvs ISBN 978 0 19 752014 7 Gray Rosie 13 March 2014 How The Truth Is Made At Russia Today phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 11 March 2021 Zinets Natalia Prentice Alessandra 19 August 2014 Balmforth Richard b k Ukraine bans Russian TV channels for airing war propaganda Reuters Robin Pomeroy ed subkhnemux 12 December 2020 Anstrate Vita 30 June 2020 Kremlin propaganda channel RT banned in Latvia subkhnemux 30 June 2020 Radijo ir televizijos komisija uzdraude Lietuvoje retransliuoti RT programas lrt lt phasalithweniy 8 July 2020 subkhnemux 8 July 2020 Russia s RT channel blocked by German regulators Deutsche Welle 2 February 2022 subkhnemux 23 February 2022 Peter Zimonjic 16 March 2022 CRTC bans Russian state controlled TV channels RT RT France from Canadian airwaves CBC News Chmielewski Dawn 1 March 2022 Roku is removing RT from the Roku Channel Store in Europe source Reuters phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 1 March 2022 Russian backed RT channel to lose Sky TV slot in UK within 24 hours the Guardian phasaxngkvs 2022 03 01 subkhnemux 2022 03 01 YouTube to block channels linked to Russia s RT and Sputnik across Europe Reuters 1 March 2022 subkhnemux 1 March 2022 Dwoskin Elizabeth Zakrzewski Cat De Vynck Gerrit 1 March 2022 Major social media platforms ban Russian state media in Europe The Washington Post subkhnemux 1 March 2022 Newman Jared 2022 03 01 Here s which tech companies have and haven t banned Russia s state sponsored RT media app Fast Company phasaxngkvsaebbxemrikn subkhnemux 2022 03 01 Reuters 2022 02 28 Microsoft to remove RT apps ban Russian state owned media ads Reuters phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 2022 03 01 Emerson Sarah Apple Halted Product Sales In Russia And Disabled Apple Maps Features In Ukraine BuzzFeed News phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 2022 03 01 aehlngkhxmulxunwikimiediykhxmmxnsmisuxthiekiywkhxngkb rsesiythuedy ewbistthangkar inphasaxngkvs eyxrmn frngess sepn xahrb aelarsesiy

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