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  • วิกิพีเดีย

เช อชาต อ งกฤษ race ค อ ระบบการจำแนกมน ษย เป นประชากรหร อกล มขนาดใหญ และแตกต างก นช ดเจน โดยล กษณะจ โนไทป และฟ โนไทป ท ส

เชื้อชาติ

เชื้อชาติ
www.wiki3.th-th.nina.azhttps://www.wiki3.th-th.nina.az

เชื้อชาติ (อังกฤษ: race) คือ ระบบการจำแนกมนุษย์เป็นประชากรหรือกลุ่มขนาดใหญ่และแตกต่างกันชัดเจน โดยลักษณะจีโนไทป์และฟีโนไทป์ที่สืบทอดได้ บรรพบุรุษทางภูมิศาสตร์ รูปลักษณ์ทางกาย (ethnicity) และสถานภาพสังคม ช่วงต้นคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 20 คำนี้มักใช้กันแพร่หลาย ในความหมายทางอนุกรมวิธาน เพื่อแสดงการแยกความแตกต่างทางพันธุกรรมของประชากรมนุษย์ที่นิยามโดยฟีโนไทป์ การบังคับใช้กฎหมายใช้ประโยชน์จากเชื้อชาติในการรวบรวมข้อมูลผู้ต้องสงสัยในบางประเทศ การใช้หมวดหมู่เชื้อชาติเหล่านี้มักถูกวิพากษ์วิจารณ์ว่า ทำให้ความเข้าใจในการแปรผันทางชีววิทยามนุษย์ที่ล้าสมัยไปแล้วยังคงอยู่ และส่งเสริมทัศนคติโดยทั่วไปของสังคม (stereotype) เพราะในหลายสังคม การจัดกลุ่มเชื้อชาติสอดคล้องอย่างใกล้ชิดกับแบบแผนของการแบ่งชั้นทางสังคม สำหรับนักสังคมศาสตร์ที่กำลังศึกษาความไม่เสมอภาคทางสังคมแล้ว เชื้อชาติสามารถเป็นตัวแปรสำคัญได้ ในฐานะตัวแปรทางสังคมวิทยา หมวดหมู่เชื้อชาติอาจสะท้อนสิ่งบ่งชี้อัตวิสัย อัตลักษณ์ตัวตน และสถาบันทางสังคมได้บางส่วน

สรุปความทางนิติศาสตร์และนิติเวชวิทยาศาสตร์

เชื้อชาติ คือ ระบบทางพันธุ์กรรม(DNA) หรือ ลักษณะทางกายวิภาคศาสตร์(สรีระวิทยา)ได้แก่ เล็บ,ขน,ผม,ฟัน,ผิวหนัง ซึ่งสามารถบ่งบอกถึงระบบหมู่โลหิต A,B,AB,O หรือ ระบบABO เป็นสิ่งที่มีติดตัวมาแต่กำเนิดไม่สามารถบอกเลิกระบบหมู่โลหิต หรือ ยกเลิกระบบหมู่โลหิตดังกล่าวได้ แต่สามารถโอนถ่าย และ/หรือ ถ่ายเทให้แก่กันและกันได้ด้วยหลักทางการแพทย์และพยาบาลที่ถูกต้องตามหลักมาตรฐานสากลโลก(W.H.O.) ซึ่งสามารถพิสูจน์ได้ด้วยกฏเกณฑ์ทางนิติเวชวิทยาศาสตร์.

อ้างอิง

  1. ดู
    • Lie 2004
    • Thompson & Hickey 2005
    • Gordon 1964 []
    • AAA 1998
    • Palmié 2007
    • Mevorach 2007
    • Segal 1991
    • Bindon 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBindon2005 ()

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echuxchati xngkvs race khux rabbkarcaaenkmnusyepnprachakrhruxklumkhnadihyaelaaetktangknchdecn odylksnacionithpaelafionithpthisubthxdid brrphburusthangphumisastr ruplksnthangkay ethnicity aelasthanphaphsngkhm chwngtnkhriststwrrsthi 20 khanimkichknaephrhlay inkhwamhmaythangxnukrmwithan ephuxaesdngkaraeykkhwamaetktangthangphnthukrrmkhxngprachakrmnusythiniyamodyfionithp karbngkhbichkdhmayichpraoychncakechuxchatiinkarrwbrwmkhxmulphutxngsngsyinbangpraeths karichhmwdhmuechuxchatiehlanimkthukwiphakswicarnwa thaihkhwamekhaicinkaraeprphnthangchiwwithyamnusythilasmyipaelwyngkhngxyu aelasngesrimthsnkhtiodythwipkhxngsngkhm stereotype ephraainhlaysngkhm karcdklumechuxchatisxdkhlxngxyangiklchidkbaebbaephnkhxngkaraebngchnthangsngkhm sahrbnksngkhmsastrthikalngsuksakhwamimesmxphakhthangsngkhmaelw echuxchatisamarthepntwaeprsakhyid inthanatwaeprthangsngkhmwithya hmwdhmuechuxchatixacsathxnsingbngchixtwisy xtlksntwtn aelasthabnthangsngkhmidbangswnsrupkhwamthangnitisastraelanitiewchwithyasastrechuxchati khux rabbthangphnthukrrm DNA hrux lksnathangkaywiphakhsastr srirawithya idaek elb khn phm fn phiwhnng sungsamarthbngbxkthungrabbhmuolhit A B AB O hrux rabbABO epnsingthimitidtwmaaetkaenidimsamarthbxkelikrabbhmuolhit hrux ykelikrabbhmuolhitdngklawid aetsamarthoxnthay aela hrux thayethihaekknaelakniddwyhlkthangkaraephthyaelaphyabalthithuktxngtamhlkmatrthansaklolk W H O sungsamarthphisucniddwykteknththangnitiewchwithyasastr xangxingdu Lie 2004 Thompson amp Hickey 2005 Gordon 1964 txngkarelkhhna AAA 1998 Palmie 2007 Mevorach 2007 Segal 1991 Bindon 2005harvnb error no target CITEREFBindon2005 brrnanukrmAbraham Carolyn 7 April 2009 The Globe and Mail Phillip Crawley khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 17 July 2011 subkhnemux 2011 02 04 17 May 1998 American Anthropological Association Statement on Race AAAnet org American Anthropological Association subkhnemux 18 April 2009 AAPA 1996 PDF 101 4 569 70 doi 10 1002 ajpa 1331010408 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedim PDF emux 2004 07 23 Alexander Michelle 2010 The New Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness New York The New Press Amundson Ron 2005 Disability Ideology and Quality of Life A Bias in Biomedical Ethics in Wasserman David T Wachbroit Robert Samuel Bickenbach Jerome Edmund b k Quality of life and human difference genetic testing health care and disability pp 101 24 ISBN 9780521832014 Andreasen Robin O 2000 Race Biological Reality or Social Construct 67 Suppl S653 66 doi 10 1086 392853 JSTOR 188702 S2CID 144176104 Angier Natalie 22 August 2000 Do Races Differ Not Really DNA Shows The New York Times subkhnemux 9 August 2010 Appiah Kwame Anthony 1992 In My Father s House Africa in the Philosophy of Culture ISBN 9780195068528 Armelagos George Smay Diana 2000 PDF Transforming Anthropology 9 2 19 29 doi 10 1525 tran 2000 9 2 19 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedim PDF emux 2018 08 18 subkhnemux 2022 11 26 Bamshad Michael Olson Steve E 10 November 2003 PDF 289 6 78 85 Bibcode 2003SciAm 289f 78B doi 10 1038 scientificamerican1203 78 PMID 14631734 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedim PDF emux 14 June 2007 Bamshad M Wooding S Salisbury BA Stephens JC August 2004 Deconstructing the relationship between genetics and race Nat Rev Genet 5 8 598 609 doi 10 1038 nrg1401 PMID 15266342 S2CID 12378279 Banton Michael 1977 The idea of race paperback Boulder Westview Press ISBN 0891587195 Barbujani Guido 1 June 2005 Human Races Classifying People vs Understanding Diversity Current Genomics 6 4 215 226 doi 10 2174 1389202054395973 S2CID 18992187 Bell Mark 2009 PDF Racism and Equality in the European Union doi 10 1093 acprof oso 9780199297849 001 0001 ISBN 9780199297849 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedim PDF emux 2 December 2012 Black Sue Ferguson Elidh 2011 Forensic Anthropology 2000 to 2010 ISBN 978 1 439 84588 2 Blank Rebecca M Dabady Marilyn 2004 Chapter 2 Measuring racial discrimination National Research Council U S Panel on Methods for Assessing Discrimination National Adademies Press p 317 ISBN 9780309091268 Bloche Gregg M 2004 Race Based Therapeutics New England Journal of Medicine 351 20 2035 37 doi 10 1056 NEJMp048271 PMID 15533852 S2CID 1467851 Boas Franz 1912 Change in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants 14 3 530 62 doi 10 1525 aa 1912 14 3 02a00080 PMC 2986913 Boyd William C 1950 Genetics and the races of man an introduction to modern physical anthropology Boston Little Brown and Company p 207 Brace C Loring Montagu Ashley 1965 Man s evolution an introduction to physical anthropology New York Brace C Loring 2000 Evolution in an Anthropological View Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 978 0 7425 0263 5 Brace C Loring 2000a Does Race Exist An antagonist s perspective NOVA PBS subkhnemux 11 October 2010 Brace C Loring 2005 Race is a four letter word Oxford University Press ISBN 9780195173512 Caspari Rachel March 2003 From types to populations A century of race physical anthropology and the American Anthropological Association American Anthropologist 105 1 65 76 doi 10 1525 aa 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The discourse of race in modern China Stanford Stanford University Press ISBN 9780804719940 August 2003 Human genetic diversity Lewontin s fallacy BioEssays 25 8 798 801 doi 10 1002 bies 10315 PMID 12879450 S2CID 17361449 Ehrlich Paul Holm Richard W 1964 A Biological View of Race in Ashley Montagu b k The Concept of Race Collier Books pp 153 179 Fullwiley Duana 2011 Chapter 6 Can DNA Witness Race in Krimsky Sheldon Sloan Kathleen b k Race and the Genetic Revolution Science Myth and Culture ISBN 978 0 231 52769 9 subkhnemux 31 August 2013 Gill G W 2000a Does Race Exist A proponent s perspective NOVA PBS subkhnemux 2009 04 18 Gitschier Jane 2005 The Whole Side of It An Interview with Neil Risch 1 1 e14 doi 10 1371 journal pgen 0010014 PMC 1183530 PMID 17411332 Gordon Milton Myron 1964 Assimilation in American life the role of race religion and national origins Oxford ISBN 978 0 19 500896 8 2001 The Emperor s New Clothes Biological Theories of Race at the Millennium ISBN 9780813528472 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Culture p 132 ISBN 978 0 231 52769 9 subkhnemux 31 August 2013 Kaplan J M Winther R G 2013 Prisoners of Abstraction The Theory and Measure of Genetic Variation and the Very Concept of Race PDF 7 401 412 doi 10 1002 9780470015902 a0005857 Keita S O Y Kittles R A Royal C D M Bonney G M Furbert Harris P Dunston G M Rotimi C M 2004 Conceptualizing human variation 36 11s S17 520 doi 10 1038 ng1455 PMID 15507998 Kennedy Kenneth A R 1995 But Professor Why Teach Race Identification if Races Don t Exist 40 5 15386J doi 10 1520 jfs15386j King Desmond 2007 Making people work Democratic consequences of workfare in Beem Christopher Mead Lawrence M b k Welfare Reform and Political Theory New York Russell Sage Foundation Publications pp 65 81 ISBN 978 0 87154 588 6 Lee Jayne Chong Soon 1997 Review essay Navigating the topology of race in Gates E Nathaniel b k Critical Race Theory Essays on the Social Construction and Reproduction of Race Vol 4 The Judicial Isolation of the Racially Oppressed New York Garland Pub pp 393 426 ISBN 9780815326038 Lee Sandra SJ Mountain Joanna Koenig Barbara Altman Russ 2008 The ethics of characterizing difference guiding principles on using racial categories in human genetics Genome Biol 9 7 404 doi 10 1186 gb 2008 9 7 404 PMC 2530857 PMID 18638359 Lewis B 1990 Race and slavery in the Middle East New York ISBN 0195062833 Lie John 2004 Modern Peoplehood Cambridge MA ISBN 0674013271 Lieberman L February 2001 How Caucasoids got such big crania and why they shrank from Morton to Rushton 42 1 69 95 doi 10 1086 318434 PMID 14992214 S2CID 224794908 Lieberman Leonard Kirk Rodney 1997 Teaching About Human Variation An Anthropological Tradition for the Twenty first Century in Rice Patricia Kottak Conrad Phillip White Jane G Furlow Richard H b k The Teaching of Anthropology Problems Issues and Decisions Mayfield Pub p 381 ISBN 1 55934 711 2 Lieberman L Kirk R C Corcoran M 2003 PDF 66 3 21 ISSN 0033 2003 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedim PDF emux 13 August 2012 Lieberman Leonard Jackson Fatimah Linda C 1995 Race and Three Models of Human Origins 97 2 231 42 doi 10 1525 aa 1995 97 2 02a00030 S2CID 53473388 Lieberman Leonard Hampton Raymond E Littlefield Alice Hallead Glen 1992 Race in Biology and Anthropology A Study of College Texts and Professors Journal of Research in Science Teaching 29 3 301 321 Bibcode 1992JRScT 29 301L doi 10 1002 tea 3660290308 Lewontin Richard C 1972 The Apportionment of Human Diversity Evolutionary Biology 6 381 97 doi 10 1007 978 1 4684 9063 3 14 ISBN 978 1 4684 9065 7 S2CID 21095796 Livingstone Frank B Dobzhansky Theodosius 1962 On the Non Existence of Human Races 3 3 279 81 doi 10 1086 200290 JSTOR 2739576 S2CID 144257594 Long J C Kittles R A August 2003 Human genetic diversity and the nonexistence of biological races Human Biology 75 4 449 71 doi 10 1353 hub 2003 0058 PMID 14655871 S2CID 26108602 2009 Update to Long and Kittles s Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races 2003 Fixation on an 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26 Muffoletto Robert 2003 Ethics A discourse of power TechTrends 47 6 62 66 doi 10 1007 BF02763286 S2CID 144150827 Nobles Melissa 2000 Shades of citizenship race and the census in modern politics Stanford CA ISBN 0 8047 4059 3 Ossorio P Duster T 2005 Controversies in biomedical behavioral and forensic sciences Am Psychol 60 1 115 128 doi 10 1037 0003 066X 60 1 115 PMID 15641926 Ousley Stephen Jantz Richard Freid Donna 18 February 2009 Understanding race and human variation Why forensic anthropologists are good at identifying race 139 1 68 76 doi 10 1002 ajpa 21006 PMID 19226647 S2CID 24410231 Owens K King M C 1999 Genomic Views of Human History Science 286 5439 451 453 doi 10 1126 science 286 5439 451 PMID 10521333 Palmie Stephan May 2007 Genomics divination racecraft 34 2 205 22 doi 10 1525 ae 2007 34 2 205 Pigliucci Massimo September 2013 What are we to make of the concept of race Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and 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143 62 doi 10 1007 s10539 009 9193 7 S2CID 3013094 Segal Daniel A 1991 The European Allegories of Racial Purity Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 7 5 7 9 doi 10 2307 3032780 JSTOR 3032780 Serre D Paabo S September 2004 Evidence for gradients of human genetic diversity within and among continents 14 9 1679 85 doi 10 1101 gr 2529604 PMC 515312 PMID 15342553 Schaefer Richard T b k 2008 Encyclopedia of Race Ethnicity and Society Sage p 1096 ISBN 9781412926942 Slotkin J S 1965 The Eighteenth Century Readings in early Anthropology pp 175 243 Smaje Chris 1997 Not just a social construct Theorising race and ethnicity 31 2 307 27 doi 10 1177 0038038597031002007 S2CID 145703746 Smedley A 1999 Race in North America origin and evolution of a worldview 2nd ed Boulder Westview Press ISBN 0813334489 Smedley Audrey 2002 Science and the Idea of Race A Brief History in Fish Jefferson M b k Race and Intelligence Separating Science from Myth Mahwah NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates p 172 ISBN 0805837574 Smedley Audrey 2007 PDF Race Human Variation and Disease Consensus and Frontiers March 14 17 2007 in Warrenton Virginia khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedim PDF emux 2019 11 13 subkhnemux 2022 11 26 Sober Elliott 2000 Philosophy of biology 2nd ed Boulder CO Westview Press ISBN 978 0813391267 Stocking George W 1968 Race Culture and Evolution Essays in the History of Anthropology p 380 ISBN 9780226774947 Takaki R 1993 A different mirror a history of multicultural America paperback Boston Little Brown ISBN 0316831123 Tang Hua Quertermous Tom Rodriguez Beatriz Kardia Sharon L R Zhu Xiaofeng Brown Andrew Pankow James S Province Michael A Hunt Steven C Boerwinkle Eric Schork Nicholas J Risch Neil J 2005 Genetic Structure Self Identified Race Ethnicity and Confounding in Case Control Association Studies The American Journal of Human Genetics 76 2 268 275 doi 10 1086 427888 PMC 1196372 PMID 15625622 Templeton Alan R 1998 Human Races A Genetic and Evolutionary Perspective 100 3 632 650 doi 10 1525 aa 1998 100 3 632 ISSN 0002 7294 JSTOR 682042 Templeton Alan R 2002 The genetic and evolutionary significance of human races in Fish J M b k Race and Intelligence Separating Science from Myth Mahwah NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Templeton Alan R September 2013 Biological Races in Humans Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 44 3 262 271 doi 10 1016 j shpsc 2013 04 010 ISSN 1369 8486 PMC 3737365 PMID 23684745 Thompson William Hickey Joseph 2005 Society in Focus Boston ISBN 0 205 41365 X Todorov T 1993 On human diversity Cambridge MA ISBN 0674634381 Weiss Rick 16 December 2005 Scientists Find a DNA Change That Accounts for Light Skin The Washington Post Willing Richard 16 August 2005 DNA tests offer clues to suspect s race USA Today Wilson E O Brown W L 1953 The Subspecies Concept and Its Taxonomic Application Systematic Zoology 2 3 97 110 doi 10 2307 2411818 JSTOR 2411818 Winfield A G 2007 Eugenics and education in America Institutionalized racism and the implications of history ideology and memory New York Peter Lang Publishing Inc pp 45 46 Witherspoon D J Wooding S Rogers A R Marchani E E Watkins W S Batzer M A Jorde L B 2007 Genetic Similarities Within and Between Human Populations Genetics 176 1 351 59 doi 10 1534 genetics 106 067355 PMC 1893020 PMID 17339205 Witzig R 15 October 1996 The medicalization of race scientific legitimization of a flawed social construct 125 8 675 679 doi 10 7326 0003 4819 125 8 199610150 00008 PMID 8849153 S2CID 41786914 Wright Sewall 1978 Evolution and the Genetics of Populations Vol 4 Variability Within and Among Natural Populations Chicago Univ Chicago Press p 438 Xing Jinchuan Watkins W Scott Shlien Adam Walker Erin Huff Chad D Witherspoon David J Zhang Yuhua Simonson Tatum S Weiss Robert B Schiffman Joshua D Malkin David Woodward Scott R Jorde Lynn B 2010 Toward a more uniform sampling of human genetic diversity A survey of worldwide populations by high density genotyping Genomics 96 4 199 210 doi 10 1016 j ygeno 2010 07 004 ISSN 0888 7543 PMC 2945611 PMID 20643205 aehlngkhxmulxunwikimiediykhxmmxnsmisuxthiekiywkhxngkb echuxchati bthkhwammnusy manusywithya aelaeruxngthiekiywkhxngniyngepnokhrng khunsamarthchwywikiphiediyidodykarephimetimkhxmuldk

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