บทความเกี่ยวกับสิ่งมีชีวิตนี้ เนื่องจากไม่มีชื่อสามัญเป็นภาษาไทย |
Nepenthes rafflesiana ( ได้ชื่อตามโทมัส สแตมฟอร์ด แรฟเฟิลส์) หรือมีอีกชื่อหนึ่งว่า Raffles' pitcher-plant เป็นหม้อข้าวหม้อแกงลิงที่มีการกระจายตัวกว้างทั้งในเกาะบอร์เนียว, เกาะสุมาตรา, มาเลเซียตะวันตก, และ ประเทศสิงคโปร์ N. rafflesiana นั้นมีความหลากหลายสูงมาก (ส่วนอีกชนิดคือ N. mirabilis) ด้วยมีรูปแบบมากมายและหลากหลายรายละเอียด ในบอร์เนียวมีอย่างน้อยสี่รูปแบบที่ต่างกัน รูปแบบขนาดยักษ์ของพืชชนิดนี้สร้างหม้อที่มีขนาดใหญ่มากสามารถแข่งขันกับ N. rajah ได้เลยทีเดียว
Nepenthes rafflesiana | |
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Nepenthes rafflesiana จากเกาะบอร์เนียว | |
สถานะการอนุรักษ์ | |
การจำแนกชั้นทางวิทยาศาสตร์ | |
โดเมน: | ยูแคริโอต |
อาณาจักร: | พืช |
เคลด: | พืชมีท่อลำเลียง |
เคลด: | พืชดอก |
เคลด: | พืชใบเลี้ยงคู่แท้ |
อันดับ: | คาร์เนชัน |
วงศ์: | หม้อข้าวหม้อแกงลิง |
สกุล: | หม้อข้าวหม้อแกงลิง (1835) |
สปีชีส์: | Nepenthes rafflesiana |
ชื่อทวินาม | |
Nepenthes rafflesiana (1835) | |
ชื่อพ้อง | |
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การกระจายพันธุ์และถิ่นอาศัย
Nepenthes rafflesiana เป็นหม้อข้าวหม้อแกงลิงพื้นราบที่มีการกระจายพันธุ์กว้าง ทั่วไปพบในบอร์เนียวและบางส่วนของหมู่เกาะรีอู แต่มีการกระจายพันธุ์อย่างจำกัดในเพนนิซูล่า มาเลเซียและสุมาตรา มันมีการกระจายพันธุ์แค่เพียงทางตอนใต้ของเพนนิซูล่า มาเลเซีย โดยเฉพาะในรัฐยะโฮร์มีมากเป็นพิเศษเมื่อเทียบกับที่แห่งอื่น เท่าที่มีการบันทึก N. rafflesiana พบในชายฝั่งตะวันตกของสุมาตรา ระหว่างอินทรปุระและบารุส
ปกติ N. rafflesiana จะขึ้นในบริเวณกลางแจ้ง, ดินเป็นทราย, ความชื้นสูง พบในป่าฝนเขตร้อน,ป่าพรุ, ป่าสันทรายชายหาด และผาริมทะเล มันขึ้นที่ระดับความสูง 0 ถึง 1,200 ม.จากระดับน้ำทะเล
ลักษณะทางพฤกษศาสตร์
Nepenthes rafflesiana เป็นไม้เลื้อย ลำต้นอาจไต่ได้สูงถึง 15 เมตร และหนาถึง 10 มม. ยาว 20 ซม.อาจยาวมากกว่า 110 ซม.
หม้อของ N. rafflesiana ป่องออกและมีปีกชายฝอยขนาดใหญ่ ขนาดของหม้อส่วนใหญ่มีความสูงไม่เกิน 20 ซม. แม้ว่าบางครั้งอาจพบขนาดใหญ่ซึ่งมีหม้อยาวมากกว่า 35 ซม. และกว้าง 15 ซม. หม้อบนรูปกรวยและยกขึ้นเป็นพิเศษที่ด้านหน้าของเพอริสโตม หม้อล่างและหม้อบนมีลักษณะพิเศษของเพอริสโตมคือมีคอคอดที่ยาวซึ่งยาวถึง 3 ซม. หรือมากกว่า
สีของหม้อมีความหลากหลายมากจากม่วงดำจนถึงขาว โดยทั่วไป N. rafflesiana มีสีเขียวอ่อนมีจุดสีม่วงเข้มโดยตลอดหม้อในหม้อล่างและสีครีมในหม้อบน
ช่อดอกเป็นแบบสูง 16 ถึง 70 ซม. มีดอกเดี่ยวสีแดงหรือม่วง บางครั้งก็มีสองดอกบนก้านเดียวกัน
เมื่อยังเล็กต้นปกคลุมไปด้วยขนยาว, ร่วงง่าย, สีน้ำตาลหรือสีขาว เมื่อโตขึ้นมีสิ่งปกคลุมบางและสั้น เป็นขนสีน้ำตาล หรือไม่มีเลย
หน่วยอนุกรมวิธานต่ำกว่าระดับชนิด
เพราะมีการกระจายเป็นวงกว้าง N. rafflesiana จึงมีถิ่นอาศัยหลากหลายทำให้เกิดความหลากหลายของลักษณะและสีของหม้อ ตามการแจกแจงหน่วยอนุกรมวิธานต่ำกว่าระดับชนิดของ N. rafflesiana ที่ระบุบไว้ รวมทั้งที่ไม่พิจารณายอมรับในปัจจุบันและสี่ความแตกต่างของอนุกรมวิธานเข้าด้วยกัน
- Nepenthes rafflesiana f. alba Hort.Westphal (2000) nom.nud.
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. alata & (1990)
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. ambigua (1895)
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. elongata Hort. ex (1897) nom.nud. [=?]
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. excelsior (Hort.Williams) (1895) [=(N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana) × N. rafflesiana]
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. glaberrima (1873)
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. hookeriana (auct. non : Hort. ex ) (1886) [=]
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. insignis (1882)
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. longicirrhosa Tamin & in (1986) nom.nud. [=]
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. minor (1886)
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. nigropurpurea (1882)
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. nivea (1873)
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. pallida Hort. ex (1883) [=( × N. gracilis) × N. rafflesiana]
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. striata Hort. ex (1859)nom.nud.
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. subglandulosa & Hafiza (2006)[] [=]
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. typica (1895)
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. viridis Hort. ex (1859)nom.nud.
- Nepenthes rafflesiana var. vittata Lauffenburger (1995) nom.nud.
- Nepenthes rafflesiana "glaberrima" (1880) [=]
- N. rafflesiana lower pitcher with a winged tendril
- Giant form of N. rafflesiana with wavy laminar margins
- Lower traps of a light pitchered variant
ลูกผสมตามธรรมชาติ
ลูกผสมตามธรรมชาติของ N. rafflesiana ที่มีการบันทึกไว้
- N. albomarginata × N. rafflesiana
- N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana [=N. × hookeriana]
- ? (N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis [=N. × hookeriana × N. mirabilis]
- N. bicalcarata × N. rafflesiana
- ? (N. bicalcarata × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis var. echinostoma
- × N. rafflesiana
- N. gracilis × N. rafflesiana
- × N. rafflesiana
- N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana (including N. mirabilis var. echinostoma × N. rafflesiana)
-
-
- N. gracilis × N. rafflesiana
- N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana
- N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana
- N. mirabilis var. echinostoma × N. rafflesiana
อ้างอิง
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- Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes rafflesiana 2020-08-21 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน. Carnivorous Plant Database.
- Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo) , Kota Kinabalu.
- Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo) , Kota Kinabalu.
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bthkhwamekiywkbsingmichiwitnimichuxbthkhwamepnchuxwithyasastr enuxngcakimmichuxsamyepnphasaithy Nepenthes rafflesiana idchuxtamothms saetmfxrd aerfefils hruxmixikchuxhnungwa Raffles pitcher plant epnhmxkhawhmxaeknglingthimikarkracaytwkwangthnginekaabxreniyw ekaasumatra maelesiytawntk aela praethssingkhopr N rafflesiana nnmikhwamhlakhlaysungmak swnxikchnidkhux N mirabilis dwymirupaebbmakmayaelahlakhlayraylaexiyd inbxreniywmixyangnxysirupaebbthitangkn rupaebbkhnadykskhxngphuchchnidnisranghmxthimikhnadihymaksamarthaekhngkhnkb N rajah idelythiediywNepenthes rafflesianaNepenthes rafflesiana cakekaabxreniywsthanakarxnurkskhwamesiyngta IUCN 3 1 karcaaenkchnthangwithyasastrodemn yuaekhrioxtxanackr phuchekhld phuchmithxlaeliyngekhld phuchdxkekhld phuchibeliyngkhuaethxndb kharenchnwngs hmxkhawhmxaeknglingskul hmxkhawhmxaekngling 1835 spichis Nepenthes rafflesianachuxthwinamNepenthes rafflesiana 1835 chuxphxngchuxphxng Nepenthes hookeriana Low 1848 nom nud Nepenthes kookeriana Low ex Becc 1886 Nepenthes nigropurpurea Mast Mast 1882 Nepenthes raflesea Rafarin 1869 Nepenthes sanderi Hort 1908 Nepenthes sanderiana Burb 1904 Nepenthes rafflesiana auct non Jack Low 1848 Nepenthes rafflesiana auct non Jack Hook f 1873 N rafflesiana Nepenthes rafflesiana auct non Jack Haberl 1893 N gymnamphora karkracayphnthuaelathinxasythinxasyodythwipkhxng N rafflesiana Nepenthes rafflesiana epnhmxkhawhmxaeknglingphunrabthimikarkracayphnthukwang thwipphbinbxreniywaelabangswnkhxnghmuekaarixu aetmikarkracayphnthuxyangcakdinephnnisula maelesiyaelasumatra mnmikarkracayphnthuaekhephiyngthangtxnitkhxngephnnisula maelesiy odyechphaainrthyaohrmimakepnphiessemuxethiybkbthiaehngxun ethathimikarbnthuk N rafflesiana phbinchayfngtawntkkhxngsumatra rahwangxinthrpuraaelabarus pkti N rafflesiana cakhuninbriewnklangaecng dinepnthray khwamchunsung phbinpafnekhtrxn paphru pasnthraychayhad aelapharimthael mnkhunthiradbkhwamsung 0 thung 1 200 m cakradbnathaellksnathangphvkssastrraylaexiydkhxngephxrisotminhmxlang Nepenthes rafflesiana epnimeluxy latnxacitidsungthung 15 emtr aelahnathung 10 mm yaw 20 sm xacyawmakkwa 110 sm hmxkhxng N rafflesiana pxngxxkaelamipikchayfxykhnadihy khnadkhxnghmxswnihymikhwamsungimekin 20 sm aemwabangkhrngxacphbkhnadihysungmihmxyawmakkwa 35 sm aelakwang 15 sm hmxbnrupkrwyaelaykkhunepnphiessthidanhnakhxngephxrisotm hmxlangaelahmxbnmilksnaphiesskhxngephxrisotmkhuxmikhxkhxdthiyawsungyawthung 3 sm hruxmakkwa sikhxnghmxmikhwamhlakhlaymakcakmwngdacnthungkhaw odythwip N rafflesiana misiekhiywxxnmicudsimwngekhmodytlxdhmxinhmxlangaelasikhriminhmxbn chxdxkepnaebbsung 16 thung 70 sm midxkediywsiaednghruxmwng bangkhrngkmisxngdxkbnkanediywkn emuxyngelktnpkkhlumipdwykhnyaw rwngngay sinatalhruxsikhaw emuxotkhunmisingpkkhlumbangaelasn epnkhnsinatal hruximmielyhnwyxnukrmwithantakwaradbchnidrupaebbsixxnkhxngkaraeckaecngchnidniaetdngedimepn Nepenthes rafflesiana var nivea ephraamikarkracayepnwngkwang N rafflesiana cungmithinxasyhlakhlaythaihekidkhwamhlakhlaykhxnglksnaaelasikhxnghmx tamkaraeckaecnghnwyxnukrmwithantakwaradbchnidkhxng N rafflesiana thirabubiw rwmthngthiimphicarnayxmrbinpccubnaelasikhwamaetktangkhxngxnukrmwithanekhadwykn Nepenthes rafflesiana f alba Hort Westphal 2000 nom nud Nepenthes rafflesiana var alata amp 1990 Nepenthes rafflesiana var ambigua 1895 Nepenthes rafflesiana var elongata Hort ex 1897 nom nud Nepenthes rafflesiana var excelsior Hort Williams 1895 N ampullaria N rafflesiana N rafflesiana Nepenthes rafflesiana var glaberrima 1873 Nepenthes rafflesiana var hookeriana auct non Hort ex 1886 Nepenthes rafflesiana var insignis 1882 Nepenthes rafflesiana var longicirrhosa Tamin amp in 1986 nom nud Nepenthes rafflesiana var minor 1886 Nepenthes rafflesiana var nigropurpurea 1882 Nepenthes rafflesiana var nivea 1873 Nepenthes rafflesiana var pallida Hort ex 1883 N gracilis N rafflesiana Nepenthes rafflesiana var striata Hort ex 1859 nom nud Nepenthes rafflesiana var subglandulosa amp Hafiza 2006 txngkarxangxing Nepenthes rafflesiana var typica 1895 Nepenthes rafflesiana var viridis Hort ex 1859 nom nud Nepenthes rafflesiana var vittata Lauffenburger 1995 nom nud Nepenthes rafflesiana glaberrima 1880 N rafflesiana lower pitcher with a winged tendril Giant form of N rafflesiana with wavy laminar margins Lower traps of a light pitchered variantlukphsmtamthrrmchatilukphsmtamthrrmchatikhxng N rafflesiana thimikarbnthukiw N albomarginata N rafflesiana N ampullaria N rafflesiana N hookeriana N ampullaria N rafflesiana N mirabilis N hookeriana N mirabilis N bicalcarata N rafflesiana N bicalcarata N rafflesiana N mirabilis var echinostoma N rafflesiana N gracilis N rafflesiana N rafflesiana N mirabilis N rafflesiana including N mirabilis var echinostoma N rafflesiana N ampullaria N rafflesiana N ampullaria N rafflesiana N gracilis N rafflesiana N mirabilis N rafflesiana N mirabilis N rafflesiana N mirabilis var echinostoma N rafflesianaxangxingwikimiediykhxmmxnsmisuxthiekiywkhxngkb Nepenthes rafflesiana wikisxrs mingantnchbbekiywkb Curtis s Botanical Magazine Volume 73 4285 Clarke C M 2018 Nepenthes rafflesiana IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 e T39689A143963510 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2018 1 RLTS T39689A143963510 en subkhnemux 19 November 2021 Schlauer J N d Nepenthes rafflesiana 2020 08 21 thi ewyaebkaemchchin Carnivorous Plant Database Phillipps A amp A Lamb 1996 Pitcher Plants of Borneo Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu Clarke C M 2001 Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia Natural History Publications Borneo Kota Kinabalu inphasaeyxrmn Beck G 1895 Wiener Illustrirte Garten Zeitung 20 3 6 96 107 141 150 182 192 217 229 xangxingphidphlad payrabu lt ref gt imthuktxng immikarkahndkhxkhwamsahrbxangxingchux baramensis xangxingphidphlad payrabu lt ref gt imthuktxng immikarkahndkhxkhwamsahrbxangxingchux hemsleyana inphasalatin Hooker J D 1873 In A de Candolle 17 90 105 Clarke C M 1997 Another Nice Trip to Sumatra 26 1 4 10 inphasafrngess Teysmann M J E 1859 Enumeration des plantes envoyees 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Tan W K C L Wong amp C K Frazier 1996 Nepenthes rafflesiana and gracilis Nature Malaysiana 21 82 85 Bednar B L 1985 Nepenthes dominii and var intermedia PDF 14 4 105 106 xanephim Anonymous 1848 New garden plants published in books The Gardeners Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 1848 6 87 Anonymous 1881 Messrs Veitch s Nepenthes house The Gardeners Chronicle new series 16 410 598 599 Anonymous 1883 Mr A E Ratcliff s Nepenthes The Gardeners Chronicle 20 497 18 19 Anonymous 1887 Nepenthes culture The Gardeners Chronicle series 3 2 41 442 443 Adam J H 1997 Prey spectra of Bornean Nepenthes species Nepenthaceae in relation to their habitat PDF Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 20 2 3 121 134 Adam J H amp C C Wilcock 1999 Palynological study of Bornean Nepenthes Nepenthaceae PDF Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 22 1 1 7 Adam J H E M Nurulhuda H Abdul Halim O Abdul Rahim A H Hafiza G K Gopir L M Pilik R Omar M B Qasim J Salimon S Abdul Rahim amp M M 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Gaume 2008 Contribution of pitcher fragrance and fluid viscosity to high prey diversity in a Nepenthes carnivorous plant from Borneo Journal of Biosciences 33 1 121 136 doi 10 1007 s12038 008 0028 5 Di Giusto B M Gueroult N Rowe amp L Gaume 2009 Chapter 7 The Waxy Surface in Nepenthes Pitcher Plants Variability Adaptive Significance and Developmental Evolution In S N Gorb ed Functional Surfaces in Biology Adhesion Related Phenomena Volume 2 Springer pp 183 204 Di Giusto B J M Bessiere M Gueroult L B L Lim D J Marshall M Hossaert McKey amp L Gaume 2010 Flower scent mimicry masks a deadly trap in the carnivorous plant Nepenthes rafflesiana Journal of Ecology 98 4 845 856 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2745 2010 01665 x Dixon W E 1889 Nepenthes The Gardeners Chronicle series 3 6 144 354 Frazier C K 2000 Reproductive isolating mechanisms and fitness among tropical pitcher plants Nepenthes and their hybrids video The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society San Francisco USA Gaume 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at Glasnevin The Gardeners Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 1872 11 359 360 Masters M T 1872 The cultivated species of Nepenthes The Gardeners Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 1872 16 540 542 McPherson S R amp A Robinson 2012 Redfern Natural History Productions Poole McPherson S R amp A Robinson 2012 Redfern Natural History Productions Poole McPherson S R amp A Robinson 2012 Redfern Natural History Productions Poole Meimberg H A Wistuba P Dittrich amp G Heubl 2001 Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data Plant Biology 3 2 164 175 doi 10 1055 s 2001 12897 inphasaeyxrmn Meimberg H 2002 Molekular systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s l PDF Ph D thesis Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Munich Meimberg H amp G Heubl 2006 Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae Plant Biology 8 6 831 840 doi 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Science Publishers New York Torres Rivera J J 2007 A case of Nepenthes rafflesiana with a lotus like flower 36 3 81 82 inphasaxinodniesiy Uji T 2003 Keanekaragaman dan potensi flora di Cagar Alam Muara Kendawangan Kalimantan Barat Flora diversity and its potential in Muara Kendawangan Nature Reserve West Kalimantan Biodiversitas 4 1 112 117 inphasaxinodniesiy Yogiara 2004 Analisis komunitas bakteri cairan kantung semar Nepenthes spp menggunakan teknik terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism T RFLP dan amplified ribosomul DNA restriction analysis ARDRA PDF M Sc thesis Bogor Agricultural University Bogor Yogiara A Suwanto amp M T Suhartono 2006 A complex bacterial community living in pitcher plant fluid Jurnal Mikrobiologi Indonesia 11 1 9 14 Zulaiha Shireen bte Mohd Salleh 2009 Carbon and nitrogen metabolism and mineral nutrition of carnivorous pitcher plants under greenhouse conditions M Sc thesis Nanyang Technological University Singapore James Wong and the Malaysian Garden video BBC Two