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ในชีววิทยา, อาณาจักร (อังกฤษ: kingdom, ละติน: regnum, พหูพจน์ regna) เป็นระดับใหญ่ที่สุดอันดับที่สองของสิ่งมีชีวิต อาณาจักรแบ่งย่อยต่อไปได้อีกเป็นไฟลัม ในหนังสือแบบเรียนชีววิทยาดั้งเดิมใช้ระบบหกอาณาจักร (Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea/Archaebacteria, และ Bacteria/Eubacteria) หรือระบบห้าอาณาจักร (Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista and Monera) ในปัจจุบัน การจำแนกชั้นโดยอาศัยแคลดิสติกส์เลี่ยงไม่ใช้คำว่า อาณาจักร เนื่องจากการจัดระบบอาณาจักรแบบดั้งเดิมไม่ใช่การจัดระบบแบบ (not monophyletic)
| Linnaeus 1735 | 1866 | 1925 | 1938 | 1969 | et al. 1977 | Woese et al. 1990 | 1993 | Cavalier-Smith 1998 | Ruggiero et al. 2015 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | — | 3 superkingdoms | |||||||
| 2 kingdoms | 3 kingdoms | — | (4 kingdoms) | (5 kingdoms) | (6 kingdoms) | — | (8 kingdoms) | (6 kingdoms) | (7 kingdoms) |
| — | Protista | Prokaryota | Monera | Monera | Eubacteria | Bacteria | Eubacteria | Bacteria | Bacteria |
| Archaebacteria | Archaea | Archaebacteria | Archaea | ||||||
| Eukaryota | Protista | Protista | Protista | Eucarya | Protozoa | Protozoa | |||
| Protozoa | |||||||||
| Vegetabilia | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | ||
| Fungi | Fungi | Fungi | Fungi | Fungi | |||||
| Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia |
ดูเพิ่ม
อ้างอิง
- Linnaeus, C. (1735). Systemae Naturae, sive regna tria naturae, systematics proposita per classes, ordines, genera & species.
- (1866). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Reimer, Berlin.
- (1925). "Pansporella perplexa. Réflexions sur la biologie et la phylogénie des protozoaires". Annales des Sciences Naturelles - Zoologie et Biologie Animale. 10-VIII: 5–84.
- (1937). Titres et Travaux Scientifiques (1906–1937). E. Sottano, Sète, France.
- (1938). "The kingdoms of organisms". Quarterly Review of Biology. 13 (4): 383–420. doi:10.1086/394568. S2CID 84634277.
- (1956). The Classification of Lower Organisms. Palo Alto: Pacific Books. p. 6. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.4474.
- (January 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms of organisms". Science. 163 (3863): 150–160. Bibcode:1969Sci...163..150W. doi:10.1126/science.163.3863.150. PMID 5762760.
- ; Balch, W.E.; Magrum, L.J.; Fox, G.E.; Wolfe, R.S. (August 1977). "An ancient divergence among the bacteria". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 9 (4): 305–311. Bibcode:1977JMolE...9..305B. doi:10.1007/BF01796092. PMID 408502. S2CID 27788891.
- ; Fox, G.E. (November 1977). "Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 74 (11): 5088–5090. Bibcode:1977PNAS...74.5088W. doi:10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088. PMC 432104. PMID 270744.
- ; Kandler, O.; Wheelis, M. (1990). "Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (12): 4576–4579. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.4576W. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. PMC 54159. PMID 2112744.
- (1981). "Eukaryote kingdoms: Seven or nine?". Bio Systems. 14 (3–4): 461–481. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2. PMID 7337818.
- (1992). "Origins of secondary metabolism". Ciba Foundation Symposium. Novartis Foundation Symposia. 171: 64–80, discussion 80–7. doi:10.1002/9780470514344.ch5. ISBN . PMID 1302186.
- Cavalier-Smith, T. (1993). "Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla". Microbiological Reviews. 57 (4): 953–994. doi:10.1128/mmbr.57.4.953-994.1993. PMC 372943. PMID 8302218.
- (1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life". Biological Reviews. 73 (3): 203–266. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x. PMID 9809012. S2CID 6557779.
- (2004). "Only six kingdoms of life" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 271 (1545): 1251–1262. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705. PMC 1691724. PMID 15306349. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2010-04-29.
- (June 2010). "Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree". Biol. Lett. 6 (3): 342–345. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948. PMC 2880060. PMID 20031978.
- Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; Bailly, Nicolas; Bourgoin, Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D.; Kirk, Paul M.; Thuesen, Erik V. (2015). "A higher level classification of all living organisms". PLOS ONE. 10 (4): e0119248. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1019248R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248. PMC 4418965. PMID 25923521.
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inchiwwithya xanackr xngkvs kingdom latin regnum phhuphcn regna epnradbihythisudxndbthisxngkhxngsingmichiwit xanackraebngyxytxipidxikepniflm inhnngsuxaebberiynchiwwithyadngedimichrabbhkxanackr Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista Archaea Archaebacteria aela Bacteria Eubacteria hruxrabbhaxanackr Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista and Monera inpccubn karcaaenkchnodyxasyaekhldistikseliyngimichkhawa xanackr enuxngcakkarcdrabbxanackraebbdngedimimichkarcdrabbaebb not monophyletic The various levels of the scientific classification system aepdladbkhnsakhy khxngkarcaaenkchnthangwithyasastr inhnungodemnprakxbdwyhnungxanackrkhunip tamaephnphaphimidaesdngladbkhnthixyuxun thixyurahwangni Linnaeus 1735 1866 1925 1938 1969 et al 1977 Woese et al 1990 1993 Cavalier Smith 1998 Ruggiero et al 2015 3 superkingdoms2 kingdoms 3 kingdoms 4 kingdoms 5 kingdoms 6 kingdoms 8 kingdoms 6 kingdoms 7 kingdoms Protista Prokaryota Monera Monera Eubacteria Bacteria Eubacteria Bacteria BacteriaArchaebacteria Archaea Archaebacteria ArchaeaEukaryota Protista Protista Protista Eucarya Protozoa ProtozoaProtozoaVegetabilia Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae PlantaeFungi Fungi Fungi Fungi FungiAnimalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animaliaduephimkarcaaenkchnthangwithyasastr xnukrmwithan chiwwithya aebkhthieriy phuch ophrthista mxenxra stw singmichiwit ehdraxangxingLinnaeus C 1735 Systemae Naturae sive regna tria naturae systematics proposita per classes ordines genera amp species 1866 Generelle Morphologie der Organismen Reimer Berlin 1925 Pansporella perplexa Reflexions sur la biologie et la phylogenie des protozoaires Annales des Sciences Naturelles Zoologie et Biologie Animale 10 VIII 5 84 1937 Titres et Travaux Scientifiques 1906 1937 E Sottano Sete France 1938 The kingdoms of organisms Quarterly Review of Biology 13 4 383 420 doi 10 1086 394568 S2CID 84634277 1956 The Classification of Lower Organisms Palo Alto Pacific Books p 6 doi 10 5962 bhl title 4474 January 1969 New concepts of kingdoms of organisms Science 163 3863 150 160 Bibcode 1969Sci 163 150W doi 10 1126 science 163 3863 150 PMID 5762760 Balch W E Magrum L J Fox G E Wolfe R S August 1977 An ancient divergence among the bacteria Journal of Molecular Evolution 9 4 305 311 Bibcode 1977JMolE 9 305B doi 10 1007 BF01796092 PMID 408502 S2CID 27788891 Fox G E November 1977 Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain the primary kingdoms Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 74 11 5088 5090 Bibcode 1977PNAS 74 5088W doi 10 1073 pnas 74 11 5088 PMC 432104 PMID 270744 Kandler O Wheelis M 1990 Towards a natural system of organisms proposal for the domains Archaea Bacteria and Eucarya Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 87 12 4576 4579 Bibcode 1990PNAS 87 4576W doi 10 1073 pnas 87 12 4576 PMC 54159 PMID 2112744 1981 Eukaryote kingdoms Seven or nine Bio Systems 14 3 4 461 481 doi 10 1016 0303 2647 81 90050 2 PMID 7337818 1992 Origins of secondary metabolism Ciba Foundation Symposium Novartis Foundation Symposia 171 64 80 discussion 80 7 doi 10 1002 9780470514344 ch5 ISBN 9780470514344 PMID 1302186 Cavalier Smith T 1993 Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla Microbiological Reviews 57 4 953 994 doi 10 1128 mmbr 57 4 953 994 1993 PMC 372943 PMID 8302218 1998 A revised six kingdom system of life Biological Reviews 73 3 203 266 doi 10 1111 j 1469 185X 1998 tb00030 x PMID 9809012 S2CID 6557779 2004 Only six kingdoms of life PDF Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 271 1545 1251 1262 doi 10 1098 rspb 2004 2705 PMC 1691724 PMID 15306349 subkhnemux 2010 04 29 June 2010 Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree Biol Lett 6 3 342 345 doi 10 1098 rsbl 2009 0948 PMC 2880060 PMID 20031978 Ruggiero Michael A Gordon Dennis P Orrell Thomas M Bailly Nicolas Bourgoin Thierry Brusca Richard C Cavalier Smith Thomas Guiry Michael D Kirk Paul M Thuesen Erik V 2015 A higher level classification of all living organisms PLOS ONE 10 4 e0119248 Bibcode 2015PLoSO 1019248R doi 10 1371 journal pone 0119248 PMC 4418965 PMID 25923521 bthkhwamchiwwithyaniyngepnokhrng khunsamarthchwywikiphiediyidodykarephimetimkhxmuldk