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ษิมมี (อาหรับ: ذمي, ḏimmī, ออกเสียง: [ˈðɪmmiː]; โดยรวมเรียกว่า أهل الذمة, อะฮ์ลุษษิมมะฮ์, "ชาว ษิมมะฮ์") เป็นคำเรียกสมัยก่อน ที่ใช้หมายถึงที่อาศัยอยู่ในและได้รับการคุ้มครองตามกฎหมาย: 470 คำนี้แปลตรงตัวได้ว่า "ผู้ที่ได้รับการคุ้มครอง" หมายถึงข้อผูกพันของรัฐตามกฎหมาย ชะรีอะฮ์ ที่จะต้องคุ้มครองชีวิต ทรัพย์สิน และเสรีภาพทางศาสนาของปัจเจกบุคคลโดยแลกเปลี่ยนกับความภักดีต่อรัฐและการชำระเงิน ญิซยะฮ์ ซึ่งเป็นส่วนเติมเต็มของ ซะกาต ที่มุสลิมจ่ายษิมมี จะได้รับการยกเว้นหน้าที่บางอย่างที่มอบหมายไว้เฉพาะสำหรับมุสลิม และไม่ได้รับสิทธิพิเศษและเสรีภาพบางอย่างที่สงวนไว้เฉพาะแก่มุสลิม แต่นอกเหนือจากนั้นยังคงมีความเท่าเทียมภายใต้กฎหมายทรัพย์สิน สัญญา และข้อผูกมัด
ภายใต้กฎหมาย ชะรีอะฮ์ ชุมชน ษิมมี มักได้รับการบริหารด้วยกฎหมายของตนแทนกฎหมายบางประการที่บังคับใช้แก่ เช่น เคยได้รับอนุญาตให้มีเป็นของตนเอง และของจักรวรรดิออตโตมันอนุญาตให้ชุมชนษิมมีหลายแห่งปกครองตนเองภายใต้ นอกจากนี้ ชุมชน ษิมมี สามารถกระทำกิจบางอย่างที่ชุมชนมุสลิมห้ามได้ เช่น
ในอดีต สถานะษิมมีเคยนำไปใช้กับชาวยิว, คริสต์ศาสนิกชน และซึ่งถือว่าเป็น "" ตามเทววิทยาอิสลาม ต่อมาสถานะนี้ได้รับการนำไปใช้กับผู้นับถือศาสนาโซโรอัสเตอร์, ซิกข์, ฮินดู, เชน และพุทธ
มุสลิมสายกลาง (Moderate Muslim) โดยทั่วไปปฏิเสธระบบ ษิมมี เพราะมองว่าไม่เหมาะสมต่อสมัยรัฐชาติและประชาธิปไตย
ดูเพิ่ม
อ้างอิง
- Juan Eduardo Campo, บ.ก. (12 May 2010). "dhimmi". . Infobase Publishing. pp. 194–195.
Dhimmis are non-Muslims who live within Islamdom and have a regulated and protected status. ... In the modern period, this term has generally has occasionally been resuscitated, but it is generally obsolete.
- (26 March 2016). (PDF) (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Enlight Press. ISBN . คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 2019-08-02. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 December 2017.
- "Definition of DHIMMI". www.merriam-webster.com.
- (2007). Legal Traditions of the World. . pp. 218–219.
A Dhimmi is a non-Muslim subject of a state governed in accordance to sharia law. The term connotes an obligation of the state to protect the individual, including the individual's life, property, and freedom of religion and worship, and required loyalty to the empire, and a poll tax known as the jizya, which complemented the Islamic tax paid by the Muslim subjects, called Zakat.
- H. Patrick Glenn, Legal Traditions of the World. , 2007, p. 219.
- The French scholar Gustave Le Bon (the author of La civilisation des Arabes) writes "that despite the fact that the incidence of taxation fell more heavily on a Muslim than a non-Muslim, the non-Muslim was free to enjoy equally well with every Muslim all the privileges afforded to the citizens of the state. The only privilege that was reserved for the Muslims was the seat of the caliphate, and this, because of certain religious functions attached to it, which could not naturally be discharged by a non-Muslim." Mun'im Sirry (2014), Scriptural Polemics: The Qur'an and Other Religions, p.179. . ISBN .
- (2007). The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists. . p. 204. ISBN .
According to the dhimma status system, non-Muslims must pay a poll tax in return for Muslim protection and the privilege of living in Muslim territory. Per this system, non-Muslims are exempt from military service, but they are excluded from occupying high positions that involve dealing with high state interests, like being the president or prime minister of the country. In Islamic history, non-Muslims did occupy high positions, especially in matters that related to fiscal policies or tax collection.
- (1995). Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages. . p. 74. ISBN . สืบค้นเมื่อ 10 April 2010.
- Al-Misri, Reliance of the Traveler (edited and translated by ), p. 608. Amana Publications, 1994.
- Al-Misri, Reliance of the Traveler (ed. and trans. Nuh Ha Mim Keller), pp. 977, 986. Amana Publications, 1994.
- Ghazi, Kalin & Kamali 2013, pp. 240–1.
- (2004). The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture. . p. 107. ISBN .
The conqueror gave both Hindus and Buddhists the same status as the Christians, Jews and Sabaeans the Middle East. They were all "dhimmi" ('protected people')
- (2008). Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice. . p. 89. ISBN . JSTOR j.ctt7sg8f.
- (2009). Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations. . p. 327. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511815300. ISBN .
- "[…] the overwhelming majority of moderate Muslims reject the dhimma system as ahistorical, in the sense that it is inappropriate for the age of nation-states and democracies." (23 January 2007). The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists. HarperOne. p. 214. ISBN .
บรรณานุกรม
- (1979). Muhammad and the Jews. Vikas Publishing House.
- Al-Hibri, Azizah Y. (2003). "An Islamic Perspective on Domestic Violence". 27 Fordham International Law Journal 195.
- (2012). "The jizya Verse (Q. 9:29): Tax Enforcement on Non-Muslims in the First Muslim State". Journal of Qur'anic Studies. 14 (2): 72–89. doi:10.3366/jqs.2012.0056. ISSN 1465-3591.
- Bravmann, Meïr M. (1966). "The ancient background of the Qur'ānic Concept Al-Ğizyatu 'an Yadin". Arabica. 13 (3): 307. doi:10.1163/157005866X00525.
- Bosworth, C. E. (1982). The Concept of Dhimma in Early Islam In Benjamin Braude and B. Lewis, eds., Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning of a Plural Society 2 vols., New York: Holmes & Meier Publishing. ISBN
- Cahen, Claude. "Djizya (i)". ใน P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; ; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (บ.ก.). Online. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.
- Klorman, Bat-Zion Eraqi (Fall 2007). "Muslim Society as an Alternative: Jews Converting to Islam". Jewish Social Studies. 14 (1).
- Cohen, Mark (1995). Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages. Princeton University Press. ISBN .
- Courbage, Youssef; Fargues, Philippe (1995). Christians and Jews under Islam. London: I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN .
- (2003). Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition. Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
- Goddard, Hugh (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Chicago: New Amsterdam Books. ISBN .
- Eraqi-Klorman, Bat-Zion; Reeva Spector Simon; Michael Menachem Laskier; และคณะ, บ.ก. (2003). The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times. Columbia, NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN .
- Karsh, Ephraim (2006). Islamic Imperialism: A History. Yale University Press. ISBN .
- Lapidus, Ira M. (2002). A History of Islamic Societies (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
- (2002). The Arabs in History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN .
- Lewis, Bernard (1984). . Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN .
- (1998). . . ISBN .
- (1979). "Jews Under Muslim Rule: The Case Of Persia". The Wiener Library Bulletin. XXXII (New series 49/50).
- (2000). The Ordinances of Government (Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya w'al-Wilayat al-Diniyya). Lebanon: Garnet Publishing. ISBN .
- (2000). Israel and Ishmael : Studies in Muslim-Jewish Relations. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN .
- Power, Samantha (2002). . New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN .
- al-Qattan, Najwa (1999). "Dhimmis in the Muslim Court: Legal Autonomy and Religious Discrimination". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 31 (3): 429–444. doi:10.1017/S0020743800055501. ISSN 0020-7438. S2CID 159763960.
- ; Ibrahim, Kalin; (2013). (PDF). The Islamic Texts Society Cambridge. ISBN . คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 2017-07-09. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2020-11-05.
- Stillman, Norman (1979). The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. ISBN .
- (1930). The Caliphs and their non-Muslim Subjects: a Critical Study of the Covenant of Umar. London: Humphrey Milford/Oxford University Press.
- Viré, F. "Kird". ใน P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; ; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (บ.ก.). Online. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.
- Waines, David (2003). An Introduction to Islam. Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
- Wehr, Hans (1976). J. Milton Cowan (บ.ก.). A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic. Ithaca, New York: Spoken Language Services, Inc. ISBN .
- Wheatcroft, Andrew (2003). Infidels: A History of the Conflict between Christendom and Islam. Penguin Books. ISBN .
อ่านเพิ่ม
- Nabil Luka Babawi: Les droits et les devoirs des chrétiens dans l'état islamique et leurs conséquences sur la sécurité nationale, thèse de doctorat.
- Binswanger, Karl (1977). Untersuchungen zum Status der Nichtmuslime im Osmanischen Reich des 16. Jahrhunderts. Diss. Phil. (ภาษาเยอรมัน). München. ISBN .
- Choksy, Jamsheed (1997). Conflict and Cooperation: Zoroastrian Subalterns and Muslim Elites in Medieval Iranian Society. New York.
- Mark. R. Cohen: Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages. Princeton University Press, 1994.
- Fattal, Antoine (1958). Le statut légal des non-musulmans en pays d'Islam (ภาษาฝรั่งเศส). Beirut.
- and , eds, The legal status of ḏimmī-s in the Islamic West (second/eighth-ninth/fifteenth centuries) (Turnhoult, 2013).
- Friedmann, Yohanan (1998). "Classification of Unbelievers in Sunnī Muslim Law and Tradition". Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam (22).
- (1967–71). The Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza (4 vols.). Berkeley and Los Angeles. ISBN .
- (2010). In Ishmael's house: a History of Jews in Muslim Lands. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN .
- Nicola Melis, "Il concetto di ğihād", in P. Manduchi (a cura di), Dalla penna al mouse. Gli strumenti di diffusione del concetto di ğihād, Angeli, Milano 2006, pp. 23–54.
- Nicola Melis, "Lo statuto giuridico degli ebrei dell'Impero Ottomano", in M. Contu – N. Melis – G. Pinna (a cura di), Ebraismo e rapporti con le culture del Mediterraneo nei secoli XVIII–XX, Giuntina, Firenze 2003.
- Nicola Melis, Trattato sulla guerra. Il Kitāb al-ğihād di Molla Hüsrev, Aipsa, Cagliari 2002.
- Mohammad Amin Al-Midani: "La question des minorités et le statut des non-musulmans en Islam." In: La religion est-elle un obstacle à l'application des droits de l'homme?. colloque tenu les 10–11 décembre 2004 à Lyon.
- M. Levy-Rubin: "Shurut 'Umar and its alternatives: the legal debate on the status of the dhimmis." In: Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam. 30/2005
- Pessah Shinar: "Some remarks regarding the colours of male Jewish dress in North Africa and their Arabic-Islamic context." In: . 24/2000, pp. 380–395
แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น
- Islamic and Christian Spain in the early Middle Ages. Thomas F. Glick: Chapter 5: Ethnic relations
- Islam and its tolerance level 8 มกราคม 2009 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน
- Islamic Teaching On Dhimmi Status Creates An Atmosphere Of Intolerance 2015-07-06 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน from the Religious Freedom Packet 2014-09-10 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน of the Order of Saint Andrew the Apostle
- Bernard Lewis, Race and Slavery in the Middle East 2001-04-01 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน
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simmi xahrb ذمي ḏimmi xxkesiyng ˈdɪmmiː odyrwmeriykwa أهل الذمة xahlussimmah chaw simmah epnkhaeriyksmykxn thiichhmaythungthixasyxyuinaelaidrbkarkhumkhrxngtamkdhmay 470 khaniaepltrngtwidwa phuthiidrbkarkhumkhrxng hmaythungkhxphukphnkhxngrthtamkdhmay charixah thicatxngkhumkhrxngchiwit thrphysin aelaesriphaphthangsasnakhxngpceckbukhkhlodyaelkepliynkbkhwamphkditxrthaelakarcharaengin yisyah sungepnswnetimetmkhxng sakat thimuslimcaysimmi caidrbkarykewnhnathibangxyangthimxbhmayiwechphaasahrbmuslim aelaimidrbsiththiphiessaelaesriphaphbangxyangthisngwniwechphaaaekmuslim aetnxkehnuxcaknnyngkhngmikhwamethaethiymphayitkdhmaythrphysin syya aelakhxphukmd phayitkdhmay charixah chumchn simmi mkidrbkarbrihardwykdhmaykhxngtnaethnkdhmaybangprakarthibngkhbichaek echn ekhyidrbxnuyatihmiepnkhxngtnexng aelakhxngckrwrrdixxtotmnxnuyatihchumchnsimmihlayaehngpkkhrxngtnexngphayit nxkcakni chumchn simmi samarthkrathakicbangxyangthichumchnmuslimhamid echn inxdit sthanasimmiekhynaipichkbchawyiw khristsasnikchn aelasungthuxwaepn tamethwwithyaxislam txmasthananiidrbkarnaipichkbphunbthuxsasnaosorxsetxr sikkh hindu echn aelaphuthth muslimsayklang Moderate Muslim odythwipptiesthrabb simmi ephraamxngwaimehmaasmtxsmyrthchatiaelaprachathipityduephim Dhimmitude khasphththangkaremuxngechingduhminekiywkbsthanakhxngsimmi Ger toshav insasnayudah khuxphuxyuxasythiimichchawyiwinrthethwathipityyiw yisyah sunarxangxingJuan Eduardo Campo b k 12 May 2010 dhimmi Infobase Publishing pp 194 195 Dhimmis are non Muslims who live within Islamdom and have a regulated and protected status In the modern period this term has generally has occasionally been resuscitated but it is generally obsolete 26 March 2016 PDF phasaxngkvs Enlight Press ISBN 978 0994240989 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedim PDF emux 2019 08 02 subkhnemux 22 December 2017 Definition of DHIMMI www merriam webster com 2007 Legal Traditions of the World pp 218 219 A Dhimmi is a non Muslim subject of a state governed in accordance to sharia law The term connotes an obligation of the state to protect the individual including the individual s life property and freedom of religion and worship and required loyalty to the empire and a poll tax known as the jizya which complemented the Islamic tax paid by the Muslim subjects called Zakat H Patrick Glenn Legal Traditions of the World 2007 p 219 The French scholar Gustave Le Bon the author of La civilisation des Arabes writes that despite the fact that the incidence of taxation fell more heavily on a Muslim than a non Muslim the non Muslim was free to enjoy equally well with every Muslim all the privileges afforded to the citizens of the state The only privilege that was reserved for the Muslims was the seat of the caliphate and this because of certain religious functions attached to it which could not naturally be discharged by a non Muslim Mun im Sirry 2014 Scriptural Polemics The Qur an and Other Religions p 179 ISBN 978 0199359363 2007 The Great Theft Wrestling Islam from the Extremists p 204 ISBN 978 0061189036 According to the dhimma status system non Muslims must pay a poll tax in return for Muslim protection and the privilege of living in Muslim territory Per this system non Muslims are exempt from military service but they are excluded from occupying high positions that involve dealing with high state interests like being the president or prime minister of the country In Islamic history non Muslims did occupy high positions especially in matters that related to fiscal policies or tax collection 1995 Under Crescent and Cross The Jews in the Middle Ages p 74 ISBN 978 0 691 01082 3 subkhnemux 10 April 2010 Al Misri Reliance of the Traveler edited and translated by p 608 Amana Publications 1994 Al Misri Reliance of the Traveler ed and trans Nuh Ha Mim Keller pp 977 986 Amana Publications 1994 Ghazi Kalin amp Kamali 2013 pp 240 1 2004 The Empire of the Great Mughals History Art and Culture p 107 ISBN 978 1861891853 The conqueror gave both Hindus and Buddhists the same status as the Christians Jews and Sabaeans the Middle East They were all dhimmi protected people 2008 Jihad in Islamic History Doctrines and Practice p 89 ISBN 9780691138381 JSTOR j ctt7sg8f 2009 Shari a Theory Practice Transformations p 327 doi 10 1017 CBO9780511815300 ISBN 9780511815300 the overwhelming majority of moderate Muslims reject the dhimma system as ahistorical in the sense that it is inappropriate for the age of nation states and democracies 23 January 2007 The Great Theft Wrestling Islam from the Extremists HarperOne p 214 ISBN 978 0061189036 brrnanukrm 1979 Muhammad and the Jews Vikas Publishing House Al Hibri Azizah Y 2003 An Islamic Perspective on Domestic Violence 27 Fordham International Law Journal 195 2012 The jizya Verse Q 9 29 Tax Enforcement on Non Muslims in the First Muslim State Journal of Qur anic Studies 14 2 72 89 doi 10 3366 jqs 2012 0056 ISSN 1465 3591 Bravmann Meir M 1966 The ancient background of the Qur anic Concept Al Gizyatu an Yadin Arabica 13 3 307 doi 10 1163 157005866X00525 Bosworth C E 1982 The Concept of Dhimma in Early Islam In Benjamin Braude and B Lewis eds Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire The Functioning of a Plural Society 2 vols New York Holmes amp Meier Publishing ISBN 0 8419 0520 7 Cahen Claude Djizya i in P J Bearman Th Bianquis E van Donzel W P Heinrichs b k Online Brill Academic Publishers ISSN 1573 3912 Klorman Bat Zion Eraqi Fall 2007 Muslim Society as an Alternative Jews Converting to Islam Jewish Social Studies 14 1 Cohen Mark 1995 Under Crescent and Cross The Jews in the Middle Ages Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 01082 3 Courbage Youssef Fargues Philippe 1995 Christians and Jews under Islam London I B Tauris Publishers ISBN 978 1 86064 285 2 2003 Tolerance and Coercion in Islam Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 82703 4 Goddard Hugh 2000 A History of Christian Muslim Relations Chicago New Amsterdam Books ISBN 978 1 56663 340 6 Eraqi Klorman Bat Zion Reeva Spector Simon Michael Menachem Laskier aelakhna b k 2003 The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times Columbia NY Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 10796 9 Karsh Ephraim 2006 Islamic Imperialism A History Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 10603 9 Lapidus Ira M 2002 A History of Islamic Societies 2nd ed Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 77933 3 2002 The Arabs in History Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 280310 8 Lewis Bernard 1984 Princeton Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 00807 3 1998 ISBN 978 0 19 511233 7 1979 Jews Under Muslim Rule The Case Of Persia The Wiener Library Bulletin XXXII New series 49 50 2000 The Ordinances of Government Al Ahkam al Sultaniyya w al Wilayat al Diniyya Lebanon Garnet Publishing ISBN 978 1 85964 140 8 2000 Israel and Ishmael Studies in Muslim Jewish Relations Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 0 312 22228 4 Power Samantha 2002 New York Harper Perennial ISBN 978 0 06 054164 4 al Qattan Najwa 1999 Dhimmis in the Muslim Court Legal Autonomy and Religious Discrimination International Journal of Middle East Studies 31 3 429 444 doi 10 1017 S0020743800055501 ISSN 0020 7438 S2CID 159763960 Ibrahim Kalin 2013 PDF The Islamic Texts Society Cambridge ISBN 978 1 903682 83 8 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedim PDF emux 2017 07 09 subkhnemux 2020 11 05 Stillman Norman 1979 The Jews of Arab Lands A History and Source Book Philadelphia Jewish Publication Society of America ISBN 978 1 82760 198 4 1930 The Caliphs and their non Muslim Subjects a Critical Study of the Covenant of Umar London Humphrey Milford Oxford University Press Vire F Kird in P J Bearman Th Bianquis E van Donzel W P Heinrichs b k Online Brill Academic Publishers ISSN 1573 3912 Waines David 2003 An Introduction to Islam Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 53906 7 Wehr Hans 1976 J Milton Cowan b k A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic Ithaca New York Spoken Language Services Inc ISBN 978 0 87950 001 6 Wheatcroft Andrew 2003 Infidels A History of the Conflict between Christendom and Islam Penguin Books ISBN 978 0 14 025738 0 xanephimNabil Luka Babawi Les droits et les devoirs des chretiens dans l etat islamique et leurs consequences sur la securite nationale these de doctorat Binswanger Karl 1977 Untersuchungen zum Status der Nichtmuslime im Osmanischen Reich des 16 Jahrhunderts Diss Phil phasaeyxrmn Munchen ISBN 978 3 87828 108 5 Choksy Jamsheed 1997 Conflict and Cooperation Zoroastrian Subalterns and Muslim Elites in Medieval Iranian Society New York Mark R Cohen Under Crescent and Cross The Jews in the Middle Ages Princeton University Press 1994 Fattal Antoine 1958 Le statut legal des non musulmans en pays d Islam phasafrngess Beirut and eds The legal status of ḏimmi s in the Islamic West second eighth ninth fifteenth centuries Turnhoult 2013 Friedmann Yohanan 1998 Classification of Unbelievers in Sunni Muslim Law and Tradition Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 22 1967 71 The Mediterranean Society The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza 4 vols Berkeley and Los Angeles ISBN 9780520018679 2010 In Ishmael s house a History of Jews in Muslim Lands New Haven Conn Yale University Press ISBN 978 0300167153 Nicola Melis Il concetto di gihad in P Manduchi a cura di Dalla penna al mouse Gli strumenti di diffusione del concetto di gihad Angeli Milano 2006 pp 23 54 Nicola Melis Lo statuto giuridico degli ebrei dell Impero Ottomano in M Contu N Melis G Pinna a cura di Ebraismo e rapporti con le culture del Mediterraneo nei secoli XVIII XX Giuntina Firenze 2003 Nicola Melis Trattato sulla guerra Il Kitab al gihad di Molla Husrev Aipsa Cagliari 2002 Mohammad Amin Al Midani La question des minorites et le statut des non musulmans en Islam In La religion est elle un obstacle a l application des droits de l homme colloque tenu les 10 11 decembre 2004 a Lyon M Levy Rubin Shurut Umar and its alternatives the legal debate on the status of the dhimmis In Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 30 2005 Pessah Shinar Some remarks regarding the colours of male Jewish dress in North Africa and their Arabic Islamic context In 24 2000 pp 380 395aehlngkhxmulxunIslamic and Christian Spain in the early Middle Ages Thomas F Glick Chapter 5 Ethnic relations Islam and its tolerance level 8 mkrakhm 2009 thi ewyaebkaemchchin Islamic Teaching On Dhimmi Status Creates An Atmosphere Of Intolerance 2015 07 06 thi ewyaebkaemchchin from the Religious Freedom Packet 2014 09 10 thi ewyaebkaemchchin of the Order of Saint Andrew the Apostle Bernard Lewis Race and Slavery in the Middle East 2001 04 01 thi ewyaebkaemchchin