อิหร่านซาฟาวิด หรือ เปอร์เซียซาฟาวิด เรียกอีกอย่างว่า จักรวรรดิซาฟาวิด (เปอร์เซีย: شاهنشاهی صفوی Šāhanšāhi-ye Safavi) เป็นหนึ่งในจักรวรรดิอิหร่านที่ใหญ่และดำรงอยู่นานที่สุดหลังการพิชิตจักรวรรดิเปอร์เซียของมุสลิมในคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 7 ปกครองโดยราชวงศ์ซาฟาวิดใน ค.ศ. 1501 ถึง 1736 ส่วนใหญ่ถือเป็นจัดเริ่มต้นของ เช่นเดียวกันกับหนึ่งใน ชาฮ์ซาฟาวิด สถาปนาชีอะฮ์นิกายสิบสองอิมามเป็น ถือเป็นหนึ่งในจุดเปลี่ยนที่สำคัญที่สุดในประวัติศาสตร์อิสลาม
ดินแดนอิหร่านอันไพศาล ملک وسیعالفضای ایران รัฐอิหร่าน مملکت ایران ممالک محروسهٔ ایران | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1501–1736 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(ธงชาติ (ค.ศ. 1576–1732))[1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
สถานะ | จักรวรรดิ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
เมืองหลวง | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ภาษาทั่วไป | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ศาสนา | ชีอะฮ์สิบสองอิมาม (ราชการ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
การปกครอง | ราชาธิปไตย | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1501–1524 | (องค์แรก) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1732–1736 | (องค์สุดท้าย) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1501–1507 | (คนแรก) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1729–1736 | Nader Qoli Beg (คนสุดท้าย) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
สภานิติบัญญัติ | สภาแห่งรัฐ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ยุคประวัติศาสตร์ | สมัยใหม่ตอนต้น | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• สถาปนาโดย | 1301 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• ก่อตั้ง | 22 ธันวาคม 1501 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• การรุกรานของ | 1722 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• การพิชิตอีกครั้งโดยนอเดร์ชอฮ์ | 1726–1729 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• สิ้นสุด | 8 มีนาคม 1736 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• นอเดร์ชอฮ์สวมมงกุฎ | 8 มีนาคม ค.ศ. 1736 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
พื้นที่ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ค.ศ. 1630 | 2,900,000 ตารางกิโลเมตร (1,100,000 ตารางไมล์) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ประชากร | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• ค.ศ. 1650 | 8–10 ล้านคน | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
สกุลเงิน | Tuman, (รวม ), Shahi
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a ศาสนาประจำชาติ b ภาษาราชการ, เหรียญกษาปณ์, การบริหารราชการพลเรือน, ราชสำนัก (เมื่อเอสแฟฮอนกลายเป็นเมืองหลวง), วรรณกรรม, วาทกรรมเทววิทยา, จดหมายโต้ตอบทางการทูต, ประวัติศาสตร์, สำนักทางศาสนา, กวี c ราชสำนัก, บุคคลสำคัญทางศาสนา, ทหาร, ภาษาแม่, กวี d ราชสำนัก |
ฝ่ายซาฟาวิดปกครองในช่วง ค.ศ. 1501 ถึง 1722 (ฟื้นฟูในช่วง ค.ศ. 1729 ถึง 1736 และ ค.ศ. 1750 ถึง 1773) และในช่วงสูงสุดสามารถควบคุมพื้นที่ที่ปัจจุบันคืออิหร่าน อาเซอร์ไบจาน บาห์เรน อาร์มีเนีย จอร์เจียตะวันออก ส่วนหนึ่งของคอเคซัสเหนือ อิรัก คูเวต และอัฟกานิสถาน เช่นเดียวกันกับพื้นที่ส่วนหนึ่งของตุรกี ซีเรีย ปากีสถาน เติร์กเมนิสถาน และอุซเบกิสถาน
แม้ว่าจักรวรรดินี้ล่มสลายใน ค.ศ. 1736 มรดกที่ทิ้งไว้คือการฟื้นฟูอิหร่านในฐานะฐานที่มั่นทางเศรษฐกิจระหว่างโลกตะวันออกกับโลกตะวันตก การสถาปนารัฐและระบบข้าราชการประจำที่มีประสิทธิภาพ ซึ่งอิงตาม"(การตรวจสอบและถ่วงดุล)" และ ซาฟาวิดยังทิ้งร่องรอยจนถึงปัจจุบันด้วยการ เช่นเดียวกันกับการขยายอิสลามนิกายชีอะฮ์ไปยังพื้นที่ตะวันออกกลาง เอเชียกลาง คอเคซัส อานาโตเลีย อ่าวเปอร์เซีย และเมโสโปเตเมีย
อ้างอิง
- "... the Order of the Lion and the Sun, a device which, since the 17 century at least, appeared on the national flag of the Safavids the lion representing 'Ali and the sun the glory of the Shiʻi faith", Mikhail Borisovich Piotrovskiĭ, J. M. Rogers, Hermitage Rooms at Somerset House, Courtauld Institute of Art, Heaven on earth: Art from Islamic Lands: Works from the State Hermitage Museum and the Khalili Collection, Prestel, 2004, p. 178.
- Ghereghlou, Kioumars (October–December 2017). "Chronicling a Dynasty on the Make: New Light on the Early Ṣafavids in Ḥayātī Tabrīzī's Tārīkh (961/1554)". . 137 (4): 827. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.137.4.0805 – โดยทาง .
Shah Ismāʿīl's enthronement took place in Tabrīz immediately after the battle of Sharūr, on 1 Jumādā II 907/22 December 1501.
- Elton L. Daniel, The History of Iran (Greenwood Press, 2001) p. 95
- Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (2020). The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Oxford University Press. pp. 92–94. ISBN .
- Blake, Stephen P., ed. (2013), "Safavid, Mughal, and Ottoman Empires", Time in Early Modern Islam: Calendar, Ceremony, and Chronology in the Safavid, Mughal and Ottoman Empires, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 21–47, doi:10.1017/CBO9781139343305.004, ISBN , retrieved 2021-11-10
- Ferrier, RW, A Journey to Persia: Jean Chardin's Portrait of a Seventeenth-century Empire, p. ix.
- The New Encyclopedia of Islam, Ed. Cyril Glassé, (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2008), 449.
- Roemer, H. R. (1986). "The Safavid Period". The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 189–350. ISBN , p. 331: "Depressing though the condition in the country may have been at the time of the fall of Safavids, they cannot be allowed to overshadow the achievements of the dynasty, which was in many respects to prove essential factors in the development of Persia in modern times. These include the maintenance of Persian as the official language and of the present-day boundaries of the country, adherence to the Twelever Shiʻi, the monarchical system, the planning and architectural features of the urban centers, the centralised administration of the state, the alliance of the Shiʻi Ulama with the merchant bazaars, and the symbiosis of the Persian-speaking population with important non-Persian, especially Turkish speaking minorities".
- Rudi Matthee, "Safavids 2022-09-01 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน" in Encyclopædia Iranica, accessed on April 4, 2010. "The Persian focus is also reflected in the fact that theological works also began to be composed in the Persian language and in that Persian verses replaced Arabic on the coins." "The political system that emerged under them had overlapping political and religious boundaries and a core language, Persian, which served as the literary tongue, and even began to replace Arabic as the vehicle for theological discourse".
- Ronald W Ferrier, The Arts of Persia. Yale University Press. 1989, p. 9.
- John R Perry, "Turkic-Iranian contacts", Encyclopædia Iranica, January 24, 2006: "... written Persian, the language of high literature and civil administration, remained virtually unaffected in status and content"
- Cyril Glassé (ed.), The New Encyclopedia of Islam, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, revised ed., 2003, ISBN , p. 392: "Shah Abbas moved his capital from Qazvin to Isfahan. His reigned marked the peak of Safavid dynasty's achievement in art, diplomacy, and commerce. It was probably around this time that the court, which originally spoke a Turkic language, began to use Persian"
- Arnold J. Toynbee, A Study of History, V, pp. 514–515. Excerpt: "in the heyday of the Mughal, Safawi, and Ottoman regimes New Persian was being patronized as the language of literae humaniores by the ruling element over the whole of this huge realm, while it was also being employed as the official language of administration in those two-thirds of its realm that lay within the Safawi and the Mughal frontiers"
- Mazzaoui, Michel B; Canfield, Robert (2002). "Islamic Culture and Literature in Iran and Central Asia in the early modern period". Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN .
Safavid power with its distinctive Persian-Shiʻi culture, however, remained a middle ground between its two mighty Turkish neighbors. The Safavid state, which lasted at least until 1722, was essentially a "Turkish" dynasty, with Azeri Turkish (Azerbaijan being the family's home base) as the language of the rulers and the court as well as the Qizilbash military establishment. Shah Ismail wrote poetry in Turkish. The administration nevertheless was Persian, and the Persian language was the vehicle of diplomatic correspondence (insha'), of belles-lettres (adab), and of history (tarikh).
- Ruda Jurdi Abisaab. "Iran and Pre-Independence Lebanon" in Houchang Esfandiar Chehabi, Distant Relations: Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 Years, IB Tauris 2006, p. 76: "Although the Arabic language was still the medium for religious scholastic expression, it was precisely under the Safavids that hadith complications and doctrinal works of all sorts were being translated to Persian. The ʻAmili (Lebanese scholars of Shiʻi faith) operating through the Court-based religious posts, were forced to master the Persian language; their students translated their instructions into Persian. Persianization went hand in hand with the popularization of 'mainstream' Shiʻi belief."
- Savory, Roger M.; Karamustafa, Ahmet T. (2012). "ESMĀʿĪL I ṢAFAWĪ: His poetry". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Floor, Willem; Javadi, Hasan (2013). "The Role of Azerbaijani Turkish in Safavid Iran". Iranian Studies. 46 (4): 569–581. doi:10.1080/00210862.2013.784516. S2CID 161700244.
- ; Sabagh, Georges (1998). The Persian Presence in the Islamic World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 240. ISBN .
- Axworthy, Michael (2010). The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant. I.B. Tauris. p. 33. ISBN .
- (2007). Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge University Press. p. 213. ISBN .
qizilbash normally spoke Azari brand of Turkish at court, as did the Safavid shahs themselves; lack of familiarity with the Persian language may have contributed to the decline from the pure classical standards of former times
- Zabiollah Safa (1986), "Persian Literature in the Safavid Period", The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN , pp. 948–965. P. 950: "In day-to-day affairs, the language chiefly used at the Safavid court and by the great military and political officers, as well as the religious dignitaries, was Turkish, not Persian; and the last class of persons wrote their religious works mainly in Arabic. Those who wrote in Persian were either lacking in proper tuition in this tongue, or wrote outside Iran and hence at a distance from centers where Persian was the accepted vernacular, endued with that vitality and susceptibility to skill in its use which a language can have only in places where it truly belongs."
- Price, Massoume (2005). Iran's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. p. 66. ISBN .
The Shah was a native Turkic speaker and wrote poetry in the Azerbaijani language.
- Blow 2009, pp. 165–166 "Georgian, Circassian and Armenian were also spoken [at the court], since these were the mother-tongues of many of the ghulams, as well as of a high proportion of the women of the harem. Figueroa heard Abbas speak Georgian, which he had no doubt acquired from his Georgian ghulams and concubines."
- (2010). Visualizing Belief and Piety in Iranian Shiism. A&C Black. pp. 182–3. ISBN .
- , ed., Iran, a Country study. 1989. University of Michigan, p. 313.
- Emory C. Bogle. Islam: Origin and Belief. University of Texas Press. 1989, p. 145.
- Stanford Jay Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. 1977, p. 77.
- Andrew J. Newman, Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire, IB Tauris (2006).[]
- (2017) [2008]. "Safavid Dynasty". . New York: Columbia University. doi:10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_509. ISSN 2330-4804. จากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 25 May 2022. สืบค้นเมื่อ 23 June 2022.
- Streusand, Douglas E., Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals (Boulder, Col : Westview Press, 2011) ("Streusand"), p. 135.
- (2012) [1995]. "Ṣafawids". ใน ; ; ; Lewis, B.; ; (บ.ก.). . Vol. 8. Leiden and Boston: . doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0964. ISBN .
บรรณานุกรม
- Blow, David (2009). Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who Became an Iranian Legend. I.B. Tauris. ISBN .
- Khanbaghi, Aptin (2006). The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran. I.B. Tauris. ISBN .
- (2015). Historical Dictionary of Georgia (2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN .
- Savory, Roger (2007). Iran under the Safavids. . ISBN .
- Sicker, Martin (2001). The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN .
- Yarshater, Ehsan (2001). Encyclopædia Iranica. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN .
อ่านเพิ่ม
- , บ.ก. (2021). The Safavid World. Abingdon, Oxon: . ISBN .
- , บ.ก. (2021). Safavid Persia in the Age of Empires. The Idea of Iran, Vol. 10. London: . ISBN .
- Christoph Marcinkowski (tr.),Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India and Early Ottoman Turkey, Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2003, ISBN .
- Christoph Marcinkowski (tr., ed.),Mirza Rafi‘a's : A Manual of Later Safavid Administration. Annotated English Translation, Comments on the Offices and Services, and Facsimile of the Unique Persian Manuscript, Kuala Lumpur, ISTAC, 2002, ISBN .
- Christoph Marcinkowski,From Isfahan to Ayutthaya: Contacts between Iran and Siam in the 17th Century, Singapore, Pustaka Nasional, 2005, ISBN .
- "The Voyages and Travels of the Ambassadors", Adam Olearius, translated by John Davies (1662),
- Hasan Javadi; Willem Floor (2013). "The Role of Azerbaijani Turkish in Safavid Iran". Iranian Studies. Routledge. 46 (4): 569–581. doi:10.1080/00210862.2013.784516. S2CID 161700244.
แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น
- History of the Safavids on Iran Chamber
- "Safavid dynasty", Encyclopædia Iranica by Rudi Matthee
- The History Files: Rulers of Persia
- BBC History of Religion
- "Georgians in the Safavid administration", Encyclopædia Iranica
- Artistic and cultural history of the Safavids from the Metropolitan Museum of Art
- History of Safavid art
- Why is Safavid history important? (Iran Chamber Society)
- "Iran ix. Religions in Iran (2) Islam in Iran (2.3) Shiʿism in Iran Since the Safavids: Safavid Period", Encyclopædia Iranica by Hamid Algar
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mrdkthithingiwkhuxkarfunfuxihraninthanathanthimnthangesrsthkicrahwangolktawnxxkkbolktawntk karsthapnarthaelarabbkharachkarpracathimiprasiththiphaph sungxingtam kartrwcsxbaelathwngdul aela safawidyngthingrxngrxycnthungpccubndwykar echnediywknkbkarkhyayxislamnikaychixahipyngphunthitawnxxkklang exechiyklang khxekhss xanaoteliy xawepxresiy aelaemosopetemiyxangxing the Order of the Lion and the Sun a device which since the 17 century at least appeared on the national flag of the Safavids the lion representing Ali and the sun the glory of the Shiʻi faith Mikhail Borisovich Piotrovskiĭ J M Rogers Hermitage Rooms at Somerset House Courtauld Institute of Art Heaven on earth Art from Islamic Lands Works from the State Hermitage Museum and the Khalili Collection Prestel 2004 p 178 Ghereghlou Kioumars October December 2017 Chronicling a Dynasty on the Make New Light on the Early Ṣafavids in Ḥayati Tabrizi s Tarikh 961 1554 137 4 827 doi 10 7817 jameroriesoci 137 4 0805 odythang Shah Ismaʿil s enthronement took place in Tabriz immediately after the battle of Sharur on 1 Jumada II 907 22 December 1501 Elton L Daniel The History of Iran Greenwood Press 2001 p 95 Bang Peter Fibiger Bayly C A Scheidel Walter 2020 The Oxford World History of Empire Volume One The Imperial Experience phasaxngkvs Oxford University Press pp 92 94 ISBN 978 0 19 977311 4 Blake Stephen P ed 2013 Safavid Mughal and Ottoman Empires Time in Early Modern Islam Calendar Ceremony and Chronology in the Safavid Mughal and Ottoman Empires Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 21 47 doi 10 1017 CBO9781139343305 004 ISBN 978 1 107 03023 7 retrieved 2021 11 10 Ferrier RW A Journey to Persia Jean Chardin s Portrait of a Seventeenth century Empire p ix The New Encyclopedia of Islam Ed Cyril Glasse Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers 2008 449 Roemer H R 1986 The Safavid Period The Cambridge History of Iran Vol 6 The Timurid and Safavid Periods Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 189 350 ISBN 0 521 20094 6 p 331 Depressing though the condition in the country may have been at the time of the fall of Safavids they cannot be allowed to overshadow the achievements of the dynasty which was in many respects to prove essential factors in the development of Persia in modern times These include the maintenance of Persian as the official language and of the present day boundaries of the country adherence to the Twelever Shiʻi the monarchical system the planning and architectural features of the urban centers the centralised administration of the state the alliance of the Shiʻi Ulama with the merchant bazaars and the symbiosis of the Persian speaking population with important non Persian especially Turkish speaking minorities Rudi Matthee Safavids 2022 09 01 thi ewyaebkaemchchin in Encyclopaedia Iranica accessed on April 4 2010 The Persian focus is also reflected in the fact that theological works also began to be composed in the Persian language and in that Persian verses replaced Arabic on the coins The political system that emerged under them had overlapping political and religious boundaries and a core language Persian which served as the literary tongue and even began to replace Arabic as the vehicle for theological discourse Ronald W Ferrier The Arts of Persia Yale University Press 1989 p 9 John R Perry Turkic Iranian contacts Encyclopaedia Iranica January 24 2006 written Persian the language of high literature and civil administration remained virtually unaffected in status and content Cyril Glasse ed The New Encyclopedia of Islam Lanham Maryland Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers revised ed 2003 ISBN 0 7591 0190 6 p 392 Shah Abbas moved his capital from Qazvin to Isfahan His reigned marked the peak of Safavid dynasty s achievement in art diplomacy and commerce It was probably around this time that the court which originally spoke a Turkic language began to use Persian Arnold J Toynbee A Study of History V pp 514 515 Excerpt in the heyday of the Mughal Safawi and Ottoman regimes New Persian was being patronized as the language of literae humaniores by the ruling element over the whole of this huge realm while it was also being employed as the official language of administration in those two thirds of its realm that lay within the Safawi and the Mughal frontiers Mazzaoui Michel B Canfield Robert 2002 Islamic Culture and Literature in Iran and Central Asia in the early modern period Turko Persia in Historical Perspective Cambridge University Press pp 86 87 ISBN 978 0 521 52291 5 Safavid power with its distinctive Persian Shiʻi culture however remained a middle ground between its two mighty Turkish neighbors The Safavid state which lasted at least until 1722 was essentially a Turkish dynasty with Azeri Turkish Azerbaijan being the family s home base as the language of the rulers and the court as well as the Qizilbash military establishment Shah Ismail wrote poetry in Turkish The administration nevertheless was Persian and the Persian language was the vehicle of diplomatic correspondence insha of belles lettres adab and of history tarikh Ruda Jurdi Abisaab Iran and Pre Independence Lebanon in Houchang Esfandiar Chehabi Distant Relations Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 Years IB Tauris 2006 p 76 Although the Arabic language was still the medium for religious scholastic expression it was precisely under the Safavids that hadith complications and doctrinal works of all sorts were being translated to Persian The ʻAmili Lebanese scholars of Shiʻi faith operating through the Court based religious posts were forced to master the Persian language their students translated their instructions into Persian Persianization went hand in hand with the popularization of mainstream Shiʻi belief Savory Roger M Karamustafa Ahmet T 2012 ESMAʿiL I ṢAFAWi His poetry Encyclopaedia Iranica Floor Willem Javadi Hasan 2013 The Role of Azerbaijani Turkish in Safavid Iran Iranian Studies 46 4 569 581 doi 10 1080 00210862 2013 784516 S2CID 161700244 Sabagh Georges 1998 The Persian Presence in the Islamic World Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 240 ISBN 978 0521591850 Axworthy Michael 2010 The Sword of Persia Nader Shah from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant I B Tauris p 33 ISBN 978 0857721938 2007 Iran Under the Safavids Cambridge University Press p 213 ISBN 978 0 521 04251 2 qizilbash normally spoke Azari brand of Turkish at court as did the Safavid shahs themselves lack of familiarity with the Persian language may have contributed to the decline from the pure classical standards of former times Zabiollah Safa 1986 Persian Literature in the Safavid Period The Cambridge History of Iran vol 6 The Timurid and Safavid Periods Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 20094 6 pp 948 965 P 950 In day to day affairs the language chiefly used at the Safavid court and by the great military and political officers as well as the religious dignitaries was Turkish not Persian and the last class of persons wrote their religious works mainly in Arabic Those who wrote in Persian were either lacking in proper tuition in this tongue or wrote outside Iran and hence at a distance from centers where Persian was the accepted vernacular endued with that vitality and susceptibility to skill in its use which a language can have only in places where it truly belongs Price Massoume 2005 Iran s Diverse Peoples A Reference Sourcebook ABC CLIO p 66 ISBN 978 1 57607 993 5 The Shah was a native Turkic speaker and wrote poetry in the Azerbaijani language Blow 2009 pp 165 166 Georgian Circassian and Armenian were also spoken at the court since these were the mother tongues of many of the ghulams as well as of a high proportion of the women of the harem Figueroa heard Abbas speak Georgian which he had no doubt acquired from his Georgian ghulams and concubines 2010 Visualizing Belief and Piety in Iranian Shiism A amp C Black pp 182 3 ISBN 978 1 4411 4907 7 ed Iran a Country study 1989 University of Michigan p 313 Emory C Bogle Islam Origin and Belief University of Texas Press 1989 p 145 Stanford Jay Shaw History of the Ottoman Empire Cambridge University Press 1977 p 77 Andrew J Newman Safavid Iran Rebirth of a Persian Empire IB Tauris 2006 txngkarelkhhna 2017 2008 Safavid Dynasty New York Columbia University doi 10 1163 2330 4804 EIRO COM 509 ISSN 2330 4804 cakaehlngedimemux 25 May 2022 subkhnemux 23 June 2022 Streusand Douglas E Islamic Gunpowder Empires Ottomans Safavids and Mughals Boulder Col Westview Press 2011 Streusand p 135 2012 1995 Ṣafawids in Lewis B b k Vol 8 Leiden and Boston doi 10 1163 1573 3912 islam COM 0964 ISBN 978 90 04 16121 4 brrnanukrmBlow David 2009 Shah Abbas The Ruthless King Who Became an Iranian Legend I B Tauris ISBN 978 0857716767 Khanbaghi Aptin 2006 The Fire the Star and the Cross Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran I B Tauris ISBN 978 1845110567 2015 Historical Dictionary of Georgia 2 ed Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 978 1442241466 Savory Roger 2007 Iran under the Safavids ISBN 978 0521042512 Sicker Martin 2001 The Islamic World in Decline From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 978 0275968915 Yarshater Ehsan 2001 Encyclopaedia Iranica Routledge amp Kegan Paul ISBN 978 0933273566 xanephim b k 2021 The Safavid World Abingdon Oxon ISBN 978 1 138 94406 0 b k 2021 Safavid Persia in the Age of Empires The Idea of Iran Vol 10 London ISBN 978 0 7556 3378 4 Christoph Marcinkowski tr Persian Historiography and Geography Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran the Caucasus Central Asia India and Early Ottoman Turkey Singapore Pustaka Nasional 2003 ISBN 9971 77 488 7 Christoph Marcinkowski tr ed Mirza Rafi a s A Manual of Later Safavid Administration Annotated English Translation Comments on the Offices and Services and Facsimile of the Unique Persian Manuscript Kuala Lumpur ISTAC 2002 ISBN 983 9379 26 7 Christoph Marcinkowski From Isfahan to Ayutthaya Contacts between Iran and Siam in the 17th Century Singapore Pustaka Nasional 2005 ISBN 9971 77 491 7 The Voyages and Travels of the Ambassadors Adam Olearius translated by John Davies 1662 Hasan Javadi Willem Floor 2013 The Role of Azerbaijani Turkish in Safavid Iran Iranian Studies Routledge 46 4 569 581 doi 10 1080 00210862 2013 784516 S2CID 161700244 aehlngkhxmulxunwikimiediykhxmmxnsmisuxthiekiywkhxngkb xihransafawid History of the Safavids on Iran Chamber Safavid dynasty Encyclopaedia Iranica by Rudi Matthee The History Files Rulers of Persia BBC History of Religion Georgians in the Safavid administration Encyclopaedia Iranica Artistic and cultural history of the Safavids from the Metropolitan Museum of Art History of Safavid art Why is Safavid history important Iran Chamber Society Iran ix Religions in Iran 2 Islam in Iran 2 3 Shiʿism in Iran Since the Safavids Safavid Period Encyclopaedia Iranica by Hamid Algar