ศาสนาชาวบ้านจีน หรือ ศาสนาเฉิน (อังกฤษ: Shenism มาจาก จีน: 神; พินอิน: Shén แปลว่า เทพเจ้า) หรือ เทวนิยมแบบจีน เป็นขนบทางศาสนาของชาวฮั่น ที่มาจากการบูชาบรรพชนและพลังธรรมชาติ การไล่ผี รวมถึงความเชื่อในระบบธรรมชาติที่เป็นไปตามอิทธิพลของมนุษย์และอมนุษย์ ตามที่ปรากฏในเรื่องปรัมปราจีน เมื่อถึงคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 11 (ราชวงศ์ซ่ง) คติเหล่านี้เริ่มผสมผสานกับความเชื่อเรื่องกรรมและการเวียนว่ายตายเกิดของศาสนาพุทธ และลำดับชั้นเทพเจ้าของศาสนาเต๋า จนก่อให้เกิดระบบศาสนาที่แพร่หลายดังปัจจุบัน
ศาสนาพื้นบ้านจีนมีที่มา รูปแบบ ภูมิหลัง พิธีกรรม และปรัชญา ที่แตกต่างหลากหลาย แต่มีแนวคิดหลักร่วมกันคือ สวรรค์เป็นที่มาของศีลธรรม เอกภพมีพลังงานชีวิต และบรรพชนเป็นผู้ควรเคารพนับถือ
ในสมัยราชวงศ์หมิงและราชวงศ์ชิง ราชสำนักยินยอมให้แต่ละชุมชนนับถือศาสนาชาวบ้านของตนได้หากทำให้สังคมมีระเบียบ แต่จะปราบปรามทันทีที่พบว่าเป็นภัยต่อความมั่นคงของราชสำนัก หลังระบอบสมบูรณาญาสิทธิราชย์ล่มสลายลง รัฐบาลและชนชั้นนำเริ่มมองว่าศาสนาพื้นบ้านเป็นเรื่องงมงายและล้าสมัยของพวกศักดินา จนถึงคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 20 ในประเทศไต้หวันและคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 21 ในประเทศจีน ปัญญาชนจึงเริ่มยอมรับศาสนาชาวบ้านมากขึ้น
เชิงอรรถ
อ้างอิง
- Teiser (1995), p. 378.
- Overmyer (1986), p. 51.
- Fan, Chen 2013. p. 5-6
- Madsen, Richard (October 2010). (PDF). Journal of Democracy. 21 (4): 64–65. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 2013-11-01. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2018-09-25.
- Gaenssbauer (2015), p. 28-37.
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- บทความ
- Fenggang Yang. Stand still and watch 6 มกราคม 2014 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน. In . The Immanent Frame, 2013.
- Prasenjit Duara. Chinese religions in comparative historical perspective 17 มกราคม 2014 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน. In . The Immanent Frame, 2013.
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- Nathan Schneider. The future of China's past: An interview with Mayfair Yang 6 มกราคม 2014 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน. The Immanent Frame, 2010.
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sasnachawbancin hrux sasnaechin xngkvs Shenism macak cin 神 phinxin Shen aeplwa ethpheca hrux ethwniymaebbcin epnkhnbthangsasnakhxngchawhn thimacakkarbuchabrrphchnaelaphlngthrrmchati karilphi rwmthungkhwamechuxinrabbthrrmchatithiepniptamxiththiphlkhxngmnusyaelaxmnusy tamthipraktineruxngprmpracin emuxthungkhriststwrrsthi 11 rachwngssng khtiehlanierimphsmphsankbkhwamechuxeruxngkrrmaelakarewiynwaytayekidkhxngsasnaphuthth aelaladbchnethphecakhxngsasnaeta cnkxihekidrabbsasnathiaephrhlaydngpccubnkradassiaedngekhiynkhaxthisthanthisalecaphxekhaihy salecacin bnekaasichng sasnaphunbancinmithima rupaebb phumihlng phithikrrm aelaprchya thiaetktanghlakhlay aetmiaenwkhidhlkrwmknkhux swrrkhepnthimakhxngsilthrrm exkphphmiphlngnganchiwit aelabrrphchnepnphukhwrekharphnbthux insmyrachwngshmingaelarachwngsching rachsankyinyxmihaetlachumchnnbthuxsasnachawbankhxngtnidhakthaihsngkhmmiraebiyb aetcaprabpramthnthithiphbwaepnphytxkhwammnkhngkhxngrachsank hlngrabxbsmburnayasiththirachylmslaylng rthbalaelachnchnnaerimmxngwasasnaphunbanepneruxngngmngayaelalasmykhxngphwkskdina cnthungkhriststwrrsthi 20 inpraethsithwnaelakhriststwrrsthi 21 inpraethscin pyyachncungerimyxmrbsasnachawbanmakkhunechingxrrthxangxing Teiser 1995 p 378 Overmyer 1986 p 51 Fan Chen 2013 p 5 6 Madsen Richard October 2010 PDF Journal of Democracy 21 4 64 65 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedim PDF emux 2013 11 01 subkhnemux 2018 09 25 Gaenssbauer 2015 p 28 37 brrnanukrm Adler Joseph 2005 Chinese Religion An Overview in Jones Lindsay b k Encyclopedia of Religion 2nd Ed Detroit Macmillan Reference USA Adler Joseph A 2011 The Heritage of Non Theistic Belief in China PDF Conference paper Toward a Reasonable World The Heritage of Western Humanism Skepticism and Freethought San Diego CA Cai Zongqi 2004 Chinese Aesthetics Ordering of Literature the Arts and the Universe in the Six Dynasties University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0824827915 Chamberlain Jonathan 2009 Chinese Gods An Introduction to Chinese Folk Religion Hong Kong Blacksmith Books ISBN 9789881774217 Chan Kim Kwong 2005 Religion in China in the Twenty first Century Some Scenarios Religion State amp Society 33 2 87 119 doi 10 1080 09637490500118570 S2CID 73530576 Chang Ruth H 2000 Understanding Di and Tian Deity and Heaven from Shang to Tang Dynasties 108 ISSN 2157 9679 Chau Adam Yuet 2005a Miraculous Response Doing Popular Religion in Contemporary China ISBN 9780804751605 2005 PDF Modern China 31 2 236 278 doi 10 1177 0097700404274038 S2CID 144130739 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedim PDF emux 30 thnwakhm 2013 2011 Modalities of Doing Religion and Ritual Polytropy Evaluating the Religious Market Model from the Perspective of Chinese Religious History Religion 41 4 457 568 doi 10 1080 0048721X 2011 624691 S2CID 146463577 2013 A Different Kind of Religious Diversity Ritual Service Providers and Consumers in China in Schmidt Leukel Perry Joachim Gentz b k Religious Diversity in Chinese Thought New York Palgrave MacMillan pp 141 156 ISBN 9781137333193 Cheng Manchao 1995 The Origin of Chinese Deities Beijing Foreign Languages Press ISBN 978 7119000305 Clart Philip 2014 Conceptualizations of Popular Religion in Recent Research in the People s Republic of China PDF International Symposium on Mazu and Chinese folk religion cin 媽祖與華人民間信仰 國際研討會論文集 Boyang Taipei pp 391 412 Clart Philip 2003 Confucius and the Mediums Is There a Popular Confucianism PDF T oung Pao 89 LXXXIX 1 38 doi 10 1163 156853203322691301 Clart Philip 1997 The Phoenix and the Mother The Interaction of Spirit Writing Cults and Popular Sects in Taiwan PDF Journal of Chinese Religions 25 1 32 doi 10 1179 073776997805306959 Davis Edward L 2005 Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture Routledge ISBN 978 0415241298 1892 The Religious System of China Its Ancient Forms Evolution History and Present Aspect Manners Customs and Social Institutions Connected Therewith Leiden Netherlands Brill 6 volumes Online at Les classiques des sciences sociales Universite du Quebec a Chicoutimi Scribd Vol 1 Vol 2 Vol 3 Vol 4 Vol 5 Vol 6 Didier John C 2009 In and Outside the Square The Sky and the Power of Belief in Ancient China and the World c 4500 BC AD 200 192 Volume I The Ancient Eurasian World and the Celestial Pivot Volume II Representations and Identities of High Powers in Neolithic and Bronze China Volume III Terrestrial and Celestial Transformations in Zhou and Early Imperial China Do Thien 2003 Vietnamese Supernaturalism Views from the Southern Region Anthropology of Asia Routledge ISBN 978 0415307994 Fan Lizhu Chen Na 2015 The Religiousness of Confucianism and the Revival of Confucian Religion in China Today Cultural Diversity in China 1 1 27 43 doi 10 1515 cdc 2015 0005 ISSN 2353 7795 Fan Lizhu Chen Na 2013 The Revival of Indigenous Religion in China PDF China Watch Preprint from The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion 2014 doi 10 1093 oxfordhb 9780195338522 013 024 Fowler Jeanine D 2005 An Introduction to the Philosophy and Religion of Taoism Pathways to Immortality Sussex Academic Press ISBN 978 1845190866 lingkesiy Goossaert Vincent Palmer David 2011 The Religious Question in Modern China University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0226304168 Gaenssbauer Monika 2015 Popular Belief in Contemporary China A Discourse Analysis Projekt Verlag ISBN 978 0226304168 Jin Ze 2005 PDF Religion and Cultural Change in China The Brookings Institution Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies Washington DC khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedim PDF emux 24 knyayn 2015 Jansen Thomas 2012 Sacred Texts in Nadeau Randall L b k The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions Wiley Blackwell Companions to Religion vol 82 John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 1444361971 Jones Stephen 2013 In Search of the Folk Daoists of North China Ashgate Publishing ISBN 978 1409481300 Lagerwey John Kalinowski Marc 2008 Early Chinese Religion Part One Shang Through Han 1250 BC 220 AD Early Chinese Religion Brill ISBN 978 9004168350 Law Pui Lam 2005 The Revival of Folk Religion and Gender Relationships in Rural China A Preliminary Observation Asian Folklore Studies 64 89 109 lingkesiy Li Ganlang 2009 台灣古建築圖解事典 四版五刷 ed Taipei 遠流出版社 pp 47 49 ISBN 978 9573249573 Li Lan 2016 Popular Religion in Modern China The New Role of Nuo Routledge ISBN 978 1317077954 2007 Within the Four Seas Introduction to Comparative Philosophy Peeters Publishers ISBN 978 9042918122 Little Stephen Eichman Shawn 2000 Taoism and the Arts of China University of California Press ISBN 978 0520227859 Littlejohn Ronnie 2010 Confucianism An Introduction I B Tauris ISBN 978 1848851740 Lu Daji Gong Xuezeng 2014 Marxism and Religion Religious Studies in Contemporary China Brill ISBN 978 9047428022 Medhurst Walter H 1847 A Dissertation on the Theology of the Chinese with a View to the Elucidation of the Most Appropriate Term for Expressing the Deity in the Chinese Language Mission Press Original preserved at The British Library Digitalised in 2014 Mou Zhongjian 2012 Taoism Brill ISBN 978 9004174535 1986 Religions of China The World as a Living System New York Harper amp Row ISBN 9781478609896 Overmyer Daniel L 2009 PDF Leiden Boston Brill ISBN 9789047429364 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedim PDF emux 16 June 2015 subkhnemux 24 May 2015 Ownby David 2008 Sect and Secularism in Reading the Modern Chinese Religious Experience Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions 144 144 doi 10 4000 assr 17633 Palmer David A 2011 Chinese Redemptive Societies and Salvationist Religion Historical Phenomenon or Sociological Category PDF Journal of Chinese Ritual Theatre and Folklore 172 21 72 Paper Jordan 1995 The Spirits are Drunk Comparative Approaches to Chinese Religion Albany NY State University of New York Press ISBN 978 0791423158 Pregadio Fabrizio 2013 The Encyclopedia of Taoism Routledge ISBN 978 1135796341 Two volumes 1 A L 2 L Z Pas Julian F 2014 Historical Dictionary of Taoism Historical Dictionaries of Religions Philosophies and Movements Albany NY Scarecrow Press B00IZ9E7EI Payette Alex February 2016 Local Confucian Revival in China Ritual Teachings Confucian Learning and Cultural Resistance in Shandong China Report 52 1 1 18 doi 10 1177 0009445515613867 S2CID 147263039 1997 Myths of Descent Racial Nationalism and Ethnic Minorities in the People s Republic of China in Dikotter Frank b k The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan Historical and Contemporary Perspectives Honolulu University of Hawai i Press pp 75 95 ISBN 9622094430 Shahar Meir Weller Robert Paul 1996 Unruly Gods Divinity and Society in China University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0190258146 Shi Yilong 石奕龍 2008 The Spontaneous Religious Practices of Han Chinese Peoples Shenxianism 中南民族大学学报 人文社会科学版 Journal of South Central University for Nationalities Humanities and Social Sciences 28 3 146 150 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 31 August 2019 Shen Qingsong Shun Kwong loi 2007 Confucian Ethics in Retrospect and Prospect Council for Research in Values amp Philosophy ISBN 978 1565182455 Sun Xiaochun Kistemaker Jacob 1997 The Chinese Sky During the Han Constellating Stars and Society Brill ISBN 978 9004107373 Tan Chee Beng 1983 Chinese Religion in Malaysia A General View Asian Folklore Studies 42 2 217 252 doi 10 2307 1178483 JSTOR 1178483 1996 The Spirits of Chinese Religion PDF in Donald S Lopez Jr b k Religions of China in Practice Princeton NJ Princeton University Press extracts at The Chinese Cosmos Basic Concepts Teiser Stephen F 1995 Popular Religion Journal of Asian Studies 54 2 378 395 doi 10 2307 2058743 JSTOR 2058743 S2CID 156063450 Tay Wei Leong 2010 Kang Youwei The Martin Luther of Confucianism and His Vision of Confucian Modernity and Nation PDF in Masashi Haneda b k Secularization Religion and the State University of Tokyo Center for Philosophy Wang Mingming 2011 PDF Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series 155 27 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedim PDF emux 16 October 2016 Wang Robin R 2004 Chinese Philosophy in an Era of Globalization State 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