นฺหวี่เจิน (จีน: 女真) เป็นกลุ่มคนที่พูดภาษาตุงกูซิกในเอเชียตะวันออกสืบเชื้อสายมาจาก อาศัยอยู่ในภาคตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือของจีนหรือที่เรียกว่าแมนจูเรียก่อนศตวรรษที่ 18 หฺวัง ไท่จี๋ เปลี่ยนชื่อนฺหวี่เจินเป็นแมนจูในปี ค.ศ. 1635 กลุ่มชาวนฺหวี่เจินกลุ่มต่าง ๆ ใช้ชีวิตเป็นนักล่าสัตว์ คนเลี้ยงสัตว์กึ่งเร่ร่อน หรือเกษตรกร
ชาวนฺหวี่เจิน | |||||||||
ชื่อภาษาจีน | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
อักษรจีนตัวเต็ม | 女眞 | ||||||||
อักษรจีนตัวย่อ | 女真 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
ชื่อเกาหลีใต้ | |||||||||
ฮันกึล | 여진 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
ชื่อคีตัน | |||||||||
คีตัน | dʒuuldʒi |
ราชวงศ์หมิงจำแนกพวกเขาออกเป็น 3 กลุ่มซึ่งสะท้อนความใกล้ชิดกับหมิง:
- (จีน: 建州) นฺหวี่เจินบางส่วนผสมกับเกาหลีและจีนอาศัยอยู่ใกล้กับแม่น้ำมูดาน และเหลียวตง พวกเขาได้ชื่อว่าตัดเย็บเสื้อผ้าได้คล้ายกับชาวจีน และดำรงชีวิตด้วยการล่าสัตว์และตกปลา ทำการเกษตร ค้าขายไข่มุกและโสม
- (จีน: 海西) นฺหวี่เจินซึ่งตั้งชื่อตามแม่น้ำไห่ซีหรือซงฮัว เป็นชนเผ่าที่มีประชากรจำนวนมากและเป็นอิสระ ส่วนใหญ่เป็นผู้เลี้ยงสัตว์กึ่งเร่ร่อนทางตะวันตกและเกษตรกรผู้อยู่ประจำทางตะวันออก พวกเขาเป็นชาวนฺหวี่เจินที่ได้รับอิทธิพลอย่างมากจากชาวมองโกล
- (จีน: 野人) บางครั้งใช้เรียกนฺหวี่เจินทั้งหมด โดยเจาะจงกว่านั้นหมายถึงชาวเมืองทางตอนเหนือของแมนจูเรียที่มีประชากรน้อย เหนือหุบเขาแม่น้ำเหลียวและซงฮัว โดยหาเลี้ยงตัวเองด้วยการล่าสัตว์ ตกปลา เลี้ยงหมู และเกษตรกรรมบางส่วน
ชาวนฺหวี่เจินส่วนใหญ่เป็นที่รู้จักจากบรรพบุรุษของราชวงศ์จินและราชวงศ์ชิงที่พิชิตดินแดนจีน ราชวงศ์หลังซึ่งแต่เดิมเรียกตัวเองว่าจินยุคหลัง ก่อตั้งโดยหนูเอ่อร์ฮาชื่อ ผู้บัญชาการของเจี้ยนโจว นฺหวี่เจิน ผู้ซึ่งรวบรวมชนเผ่านฺหวี่เจินส่วนใหญ่ให้เป็นปึกแผ่น รวมประชากรทั้งหมดของพวกเขาเข้ากับกองทหารที่สืบทอดกันมาซึ่งรู้จักกันในชื่อแปดกองธงและอุปถัมภ์การสร้างอักษรสำหรับภาษาของตนซึ่งอิงจากอักษรมองโกล ในปี ค.ศ. 1635 คำว่า แมนจู ถูกกำหนดให้เป็นชื่อเดียวสำหรับชนชาตินั้น
อ้างอิง
- Grand Dictionnaire Ricci de la Langue Chinoise, Vol. IV, Paris: Institut Ricci, 2001, p. 697. (ในภาษาฝรั่งเศส) & (ในภาษาจีน)
- [The State Name of the Liao Dynasty was not “Qara Khitai (Liao Khitai )”] (PDF). 愛新覚羅烏拉熙春女真契丹学研究 (ภาษาจีน). คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 27 September 2011.
- Zarrow, Peter (2015-09-23). Educating China: Knowledge, Society and Textbooks in a Modernizing World, 1902–1937 (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Cambridge University Press. p. 191. ISBN .
Fan and Han noted that the Jurchens were of the Eastern Hu race (Donghuzu)
- Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Wiles, Sue (2014-03-13). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Tang Through Ming, 618-1644 (ภาษาอังกฤษ). M.E. Sharpe. p. 222. ISBN .
The Jin dynasty was established by the Jurchen people, ancestors of the Manchus who later founded the Qing dynasty.
- Roth Li 2002, pp. 11–13.
แหล่งข้อมูล
- ; Jin, Shi (2007), "Manchuria from the Fall of the Yuan to the Rise of the Manchu State (1368–1636)" (PDF), Ritsumeikan Bungaku, pp. 12–34
- Arnold, Lauren (1999), Mark Stephen Mir (บ.ก.), Princely Gifts and Papal Treasures: The Franciscan Mission to China and Its Influence on the Art of the West, 1250–1350, Desiderata Press, p. p. 179, ISBN
- Bretschneider, E. (2013), "Pei Shi Ki", Mediaeval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources: Fragments towards the Knowledge of the Geography and History of Central and Western Asia from the 13th to the 17th Century, Vol. I, London: Routledge, Trench, Trübner, & Co., p. 25, ISBN
- Breuker, Remco E. (2010), Establishing a Pluralist Society in Medieval Korea, 918-1170: History, Ideology and Identity in the Koryŏ Dynasty, Brill's Korean Studies Library, vol. 1, Leiden: Brill, pp. 220-221, ISBN
- Chan Hok-lam (1988), "The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-hsi, and Hsüan-te Reigns, 1399–1435", ใน Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett; John K. Fairbank (บ.ก.), The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Pt. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 182–304, ISBN
- Clark, Donald N. (1998), "Sino-Korean Tributary Relations under the Ming", ใน Denis C. Twitchett; Frederick W. Mote (บ.ก.), The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Pt. 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 272–300, ISBN
- Cosmo, Nicola Di (2007), The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China: "My Service in the Army", by Dzengseo, Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia, vol. 3, Routledge, p. 3, ISBN
- Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1997), The Manchus, Blackwell Publishers
- Dardess, John W. (2012), Ming China, 1368–1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire, Rowman & Littlefield, p. 18, ISBN
- Elliott, Mark C. (2001), The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China (illustrated, reprint ed.), Stanford University Press, ISBN
- Fox, Ralph (1936), Genghis Khan, Harcourt & Brace, p. 278
- Franke, Herbert (1990), "The Forest Peoples of Manchuria: Kitans and Jurchens", ใน Denis Sinor (บ.ก.), The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Vol. I, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 400–423, ISBN
- Franke, Herbert (1994), "The Chin Dynasty", ใน Twitchett, Denis C.; Franke, Herbert (บ.ก.), The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 215–320, ISBN
- Gernet, Jacques (1972), Le Monde Chinois [A History of Chinese Civilization], Cambridge: translated by J.R. Foster and Charles Hartman for Cambridge University Press in 1982, p. 356, ISBN
- Goodrich, Luther Carrington, บ.ก. (1976), Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644, vol. 2, Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee (illustrated ed.), Columbia University Press, p. 1066, ISBN
- Gorelova, Liliya M., บ.ก. (2002), Manchu Grammar, Part 8, Handbook of Oriental Studies, vol. 7, Brill Academic Pub, pp. 13–14, ISBN
- Hoong Teik Toh (2005), Materials for a Genealogy of the Niohuru Clan with Introductory Remarks on Manchu Onomastics, Aetas Manjurica, vol. 10, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz KG, ISBN
- Howorth, H.H. (October 1871), James Summers (บ.ก.), "The Origines of the Manchus", The Phœnix: A Monthly Magazine for India, Burma, Siam, China, Japan, & Eastern Asia, vol. II no. 16, London, pp. 53–57
- Huang, Pei (1990), "New Light on The Origins of The Manchus", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 50 (1): 239–282, doi:10.2307/2719229, JSTOR 2719229
- Huttman, William (1843), "An Account of Peking", Fisher's Colonial Magazine and Commercial Maritime Journal, Vol. II, London: Fisher, Son, & Co., p. 178
- Janhunen, Juha (2004), "From Choson to Jucher: On the Possibilities of Ethnonymic Continuity in Greater Manchuria", ใน Marek Stachowski; Kinga Maciuszak (บ.ก.), (PDF), Krakow: Jagiellonian University Press, pp. 67 ff, คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 2017-05-10, สืบค้นเมื่อ 2023-03-27
- Kane, Daniel (1997), "Language Death and Language Revivalism: The Case of Manchu", Central Asiatic Journal, vol. 41, pp. 231–249
- Keane, Augustus Henry; Quiggin, A. Hingston; Haddon, A.C. (1920), Man: Past and Present, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 279, ISBN
- Lach, Donald F.; Kley, Edwin J. Van (1998), Asia in the Making of Europe, Vol. III, p. 1760
- Lanciotti, Lionello, บ.ก. (1980), La donna nella Cina imperiale e nella Cina repubblicana, Civiltà veneziana: Studi, vol. 36, L. S. Olschki, ISBN , ISSN 0069-438X
- Meng, Sen (2006), 《满洲开国史讲义》 [Lecture Notes on Early Manchu History], Zhonghua Book Co., ISBN
- Mitamura, Taisuke (1970), Chinese eunuchs: the structure of intimate politics, C.E. Tuttle Co., p. 54, ISBN
- Morgan, E. Delmar (1872), "An Expedition through Manchuria, from Pekin to Blagovestchensk, in 1870, by the Archimandrite Palladius, Chief of the Russo-Greek Church Mission at Pekin", The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol. XLII, London: William Clowes & Sons for John Murray, p. 159
- (1815–1823), , Macao: East India Company's Press
- Morrison, Robert (1820), Part II.—Vol. II., Printed at the Honorable East India company's press, by P.P. Thoms; [etc., etc.] of Morrison (1815–1823).
- Mote, Frederick (1999), Imperial China, 900–1800, Harvard University Press, p. 195
- Muto, Tomio (1939), Pan-Pacific, Pan-Pacific Union, pp. 113–114
- Pelliot, Paul (1959), Notes on Marco Polo, Vol. I, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, §161: Ciorcia
- Perdue, Peter C (2009), China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia (reprint ed.), Harvard University Press, p. 127, ISBN , สืบค้นเมื่อ 10 March 2014
- Peterson, Willard J., บ.ก. (2002), The Cambridge History of China, Volume 9: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800, Pt. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 13, 31, ISBN
- Rachewiltz, Igor De, บ.ก. (1993), "In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200–1300)", Asiatische Forschungen: Monographienreihe zur Geschichte, Kultur und Sprache der Völker Ost- und Zentralasiens, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 121: 112, ISBN , ISSN 0571-320X, สืบค้นเมื่อ 10 March 2014
- Ravenstein, Ernest George; Keane, Augustus Henry, บ.ก. (1882), The Universal Geography, Vol. VII, J.S. Virtue & Co., p. 121
- Rawski, Evelyn S. (Nov 1996), "Presidential Address: Reenvisioning the Qing: The Significance of the Qing Period in Chinese History", The Journal of Asian Studies, Association for Asian Studies, 55 (4): 829–850, doi:10.2307/2646525, JSTOR 2646525, S2CID 162388379
- Rawski, Evelyn S. (15 November 1998), The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions, University of California Press, p. 43, ISBN
- Reardon-Anderson, James (October 2000), "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty", Environmental History, Forest History Society and American Society for Environmental History, 5 (4): 503–530, doi:10.2307/3985584, JSTOR 3985584, S2CID 143541438
- Rockhill, William Woodville (1967), The Journey of William of Rubruck to The Eastern Parts of the World, 1253-55, As Narrated by Himself, With Two Accounts of the Earlier Journey of John of Pian de Carpine
- Ross, John (1891), The Manchus, or, The Reigning Dynasty of China: Their Rise and Progress, London: Elliot Stock, p. 76
- Rossabi, Morris (1998), "The Ming and Inner Asia", ใน Denis C. Twitchett; Frederick W. Mote (บ.ก.), The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Pt. 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 221–71, ISBN
- Roth Li, Gertraude. "State Building Before 1644". In Peterson (2002).
- Seth, Michael J. (2006), A Concise History of Korea: From the Neolithic Period Through the Nineteenth Century, Rowman & Littlefield, p. 138, ISBN
- Seth, Michael J. (16 October 2010), A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, p. 144, ISBN
- Stolberg, Eva M. (2015), "Tungusic", ใน (บ.ก.), Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures, and Contemporary Issues, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 713–714, ISBN
- Serruys, Henry (1955), "Sino-J̌ürčed relations during the Yung-Lo period, 1403–1424", Asiatische Forschungen, O. Harrassowitz, 4: 22, ISBN , ISSN 0571-320X
- (2000), , East Asian Studies 210: Introduction to Nomadic Cultures, Western Washington University, คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2010-06-01, สืบค้นเมื่อ 16 February 2014
- (1855), Translation of the Ts'ing Wan K'e Mung, A Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language, with Introductory Notes on Manchu Literature, Shanghai: London Mission Press, p. lxxvi
- Wang, Yuan-kang (6 December 2010), Harmony and War: Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics, Columbia University Press, p. 301, ISBN
- Wei Cuiyi Wei Ts'ui-i; Karl W. Luckert (1998), Uighur Stories from along the Silk Road, University Press of America, p. 91
- Williams, Henry Smith (1904), The Historians' History of the World: Poland, The Balkans, Turkey, Minor Eastern States, China, Japan, Outlook Company, p. 272
- Wittfogel, Karl August; Fêng, Chia-shêng (March 1946), History of Chinese Society: Liao, 907–1125, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 36, American Philosophical Society, p. 10, ISBN
- Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tyron, Darrell T., บ.ก. (1996), Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, vol. 1, Walter de Gruyter, p. 828, ISBN
- (1860), "On an Ancient Inscription in the Neu-chih Language", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. XVII, London: John W. Parker & Son, pp. 331–345
- Yule, Henry (1878), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 5 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 627 , ใน Baynes, T. S. (บ.ก.),
- Yule, Henry (1911). . ใน Chisholm, Hugh (บ.ก.). สารานุกรมบริตานิกา ค.ศ. 1911. Vol. 6 (11 ed.). สำนักพิมพ์มหาวิทยาลัยเคมบริดจ์. p. 189.
- Zhang Boquan (1984), 《金史简编》, Liaoning People's Publishing, pp. 97–98
- Zhang Feng (2008), , ISA's 49th Annual Convention, San Francisco, March 26–29, 2008, International Relations Department The London School of Economics and Political Science, pp. 29, 30, คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 20 April 2014, สืบค้นเมื่อ 18 April 2014
wikipedia, แบบไทย, วิกิพีเดีย, วิกิ หนังสือ, หนังสือ, ห้องสมุด, บทความ, อ่าน, ดาวน์โหลด, ฟรี, ดาวน์โหลดฟรี, mp3, วิดีโอ, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, รูปภาพ, เพลง, เพลง, หนัง, หนังสือ, เกม, เกม, มือถือ, โทรศัพท์, Android, iOS, Apple, โทรศัพท์โมบิล, Samsung, iPhone, Xiomi, Xiaomi, Redmi, Honor, Oppo, Nokia, Sonya, MI, PC, พีซี, web, เว็บ, คอมพิวเตอร์
n hwiecin cin 女真 epnklumkhnthiphudphasatungkusikinexechiytawnxxksubechuxsaymacak xasyxyuinphakhtawnxxkechiyngehnuxkhxngcinhruxthieriykwaaemncueriykxnstwrrsthi 18 h wng ithci epliynchuxn hwiecinepnaemncuinpi kh s 1635 klumchawn hwiecinklumtang ichchiwitepnnklastw khneliyngstwkungerrxn hruxekstrkrchawn hwiecinchuxphasacinxksrcintwetm女眞xksrcintwyx女真karthxdesiyngphasacinklangmatrthanhny hwiphinxinNǚzhenewd iclsJu chenchuxekahliithnkul여진karthxdesiyngxarxaryeojinchuxkhitnkhitndʒuuldʒi rachwngshmingcaaenkphwkekhaxxkepn 3 klumsungsathxnkhwamiklchidkbhming cin 建州 n hwiecinbangswnphsmkbekahliaelacinxasyxyuiklkbaemnamudan aelaehliywtng phwkekhaidchuxwatdeybesuxphaidkhlaykbchawcin aeladarngchiwitdwykarlastwaelatkpla thakarekstr khakhayikhmukaelaosm cin 海西 n hwiecinsungtngchuxtamaemnaihsihruxsnghw epnchnephathimiprachakrcanwnmakaelaepnxisra swnihyepnphueliyngstwkungerrxnthangtawntkaelaekstrkrphuxyupracathangtawnxxk phwkekhaepnchawn hwiecinthiidrbxiththiphlxyangmakcakchawmxngokl cin 野人 bangkhrngicheriykn hwiecinthnghmd odyecaacngkwannhmaythungchawemuxngthangtxnehnuxkhxngaemncueriythimiprachakrnxy ehnuxhubekhaaemnaehliywaelasnghw odyhaeliyngtwexngdwykarlastw tkpla eliynghmu aelaekstrkrrmbangswn chawn hwiecinswnihyepnthiruckcakbrrphburuskhxngrachwngscinaelarachwngschingthiphichitdinaedncin rachwngshlngsungaetedimeriyktwexngwacinyukhhlng kxtngodyhnuexxrhachux phubychakarkhxngeciynocw n hwiecin phusungrwbrwmchnephan hwiecinswnihyihepnpukaephn rwmprachakrthnghmdkhxngphwkekhaekhakbkxngthharthisubthxdknmasungruckkninchuxaepdkxngthngaelaxupthmphkarsrangxksrsahrbphasakhxngtnsungxingcakxksrmxngokl inpi kh s 1635 khawa aemncu thukkahndihepnchuxediywsahrbchnchatinnxangxingGrand Dictionnaire Ricci de la Langue Chinoise Vol IV Paris Institut Ricci 2001 p 697 inphasafrngess amp inphasacin The State Name of the Liao Dynasty was not Qara Khitai Liao Khitai PDF 愛新覚羅烏拉熙春女真契丹学研究 phasacin khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedim PDF emux 27 September 2011 Zarrow Peter 2015 09 23 Educating China Knowledge Society and Textbooks in a Modernizing World 1902 1937 phasaxngkvs Cambridge University Press p 191 ISBN 978 1 107 11547 7 Fan and Han noted that the Jurchens were of the Eastern Hu race Donghuzu Lee Lily Xiao Hong Wiles Sue 2014 03 13 Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women Tang Through Ming 618 1644 phasaxngkvs M E Sharpe p 222 ISBN 978 0 7656 4316 2 The Jin dynasty was established by the Jurchen people ancestors of the Manchus who later founded the Qing dynasty Roth Li 2002 pp 11 13 aehlngkhxmul Jin Shi 2007 Manchuria from the Fall of the Yuan to the Rise of the Manchu State 1368 1636 PDF Ritsumeikan Bungaku pp 12 34 Arnold Lauren 1999 Mark Stephen Mir b k Princely Gifts and Papal Treasures The Franciscan Mission to China and Its Influence on the Art of the West 1250 1350 Desiderata Press p p 179 ISBN 9780967062808 Bretschneider E 2013 Pei Shi Ki Mediaeval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources Fragments towards the Knowledge of the Geography and History of Central and Western Asia from the 13th to the 17th Century Vol I London Routledge Trench Trubner amp Co p 25 ISBN 9781136380211 Breuker Remco E 2010 Establishing a Pluralist Society in Medieval Korea 918 1170 History Ideology and Identity in the Koryŏ Dynasty Brill s Korean Studies Library vol 1 Leiden Brill pp 220 221 ISBN 978 9004183254 Chan Hok lam 1988 The Chien wen Yung lo Hung hsi and Hsuan te Reigns 1399 1435 in Frederick W Mote Denis Twitchett John K Fairbank b k The Cambridge History of China Volume 7 The Ming Dynasty 1368 1644 Pt 1 Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 182 304 ISBN 0521243327 Clark Donald N 1998 Sino Korean Tributary Relations under the Ming in Denis C Twitchett Frederick W Mote b k The Cambridge History of China Volume 8 The Ming Dynasty 1368 1644 Pt 2 Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 272 300 ISBN 0521243335 Cosmo Nicola Di 2007 The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth Century China My Service in the Army by Dzengseo Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia vol 3 Routledge p 3 ISBN 978 1135789558 Crossley Pamela Kyle 1997 The Manchus Blackwell Publishers Dardess John W 2012 Ming China 1368 1644 A Concise History of a Resilient Empire Rowman amp Littlefield p 18 ISBN 978 1 4422 0490 4 Elliott Mark C 2001 The Manchu Way The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China illustrated reprint ed Stanford University Press ISBN 0804746842 Fox Ralph 1936 Genghis Khan Harcourt amp Brace p 278 Franke Herbert 1990 The Forest Peoples of Manchuria Kitans and Jurchens in Denis Sinor b k The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia Vol I Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 400 423 ISBN 9780521243049 Franke Herbert 1994 The Chin Dynasty in Twitchett Denis C Franke Herbert b k The Cambridge History of China Volume 6 Alien Regimes and Border States 907 1368 Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 215 320 ISBN 9780521243315 Gernet Jacques 1972 Le Monde Chinois A History of Chinese Civilization Cambridge translated by J R Foster and Charles Hartman for Cambridge University Press in 1982 p 356 ISBN 9780521497817 Goodrich Luther Carrington b k 1976 Dictionary of Ming Biography 1368 1644 vol 2 Association for Asian Studies Ming Biographical History Project Committee illustrated ed Columbia University Press p 1066 ISBN 023103833X Gorelova Liliya M b k 2002 Manchu Grammar Part 8 Handbook of Oriental Studies vol 7 Brill Academic Pub pp 13 14 ISBN 9004123075 Hoong Teik Toh 2005 Materials for a Genealogy of the Niohuru Clan with Introductory Remarks on Manchu Onomastics Aetas Manjurica vol 10 Wiesbaden Otto Harrassowitz KG ISBN 9783447051965 Howorth H H October 1871 James Summers b k The Origines of the Manchus The Phœnix A Monthly Magazine for India Burma Siam China Japan amp Eastern Asia vol II no 16 London pp 53 57 Huang Pei 1990 New Light on The Origins of The Manchus Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 50 1 239 282 doi 10 2307 2719229 JSTOR 2719229 Huttman William 1843 An Account of Peking Fisher s Colonial Magazine and Commercial Maritime Journal Vol II London Fisher Son amp Co p 178 Janhunen Juha 2004 From Choson to Jucher On the Possibilities of Ethnonymic Continuity in Greater Manchuria in Marek Stachowski Kinga Maciuszak b k PDF Krakow Jagiellonian University Press pp 67 ff khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedim PDF emux 2017 05 10 subkhnemux 2023 03 27 Kane Daniel 1997 Language Death and Language Revivalism The Case of Manchu Central Asiatic Journal vol 41 pp 231 249 Keane Augustus Henry Quiggin A Hingston Haddon A C 1920 Man Past and Present Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 279 ISBN 9780521234108 Lach Donald F Kley Edwin J Van 1998 Asia in the Making of Europe Vol III p 1760 Lanciotti Lionello b k 1980 La donna nella Cina imperiale e nella Cina repubblicana Civilta veneziana Studi vol 36 L S Olschki ISBN 9788822229397 ISSN 0069 438X Meng Sen 2006 满洲开国史讲义 Lecture Notes on Early Manchu History Zhonghua Book Co ISBN 7101050301 Mitamura Taisuke 1970 Chinese eunuchs the structure of intimate politics C E Tuttle Co p 54 ISBN 9780804806534 Morgan E Delmar 1872 An Expedition through Manchuria from Pekin to Blagovestchensk in 1870 by the Archimandrite Palladius Chief of the Russo Greek Church Mission at Pekin The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Vol XLII London William Clowes amp Sons for John Murray p 159 1815 1823 Macao East India Company s Press Morrison Robert 1820 Part II Vol II Printed at the Honorable East India company s press by P P Thoms etc etc of Morrison 1815 1823 Mote Frederick 1999 Imperial China 900 1800 Harvard University Press p 195 Muto Tomio 1939 Pan Pacific Pan Pacific Union pp 113 114 Pelliot Paul 1959 Notes on Marco Polo Vol I Paris Imprimerie Nationale 161 Ciorcia Perdue Peter C 2009 China Marches West The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia reprint ed Harvard University Press p 127 ISBN 978 0674042025 subkhnemux 10 March 2014 Peterson Willard J b k 2002 The Cambridge History of China Volume 9 The Ch ing Dynasty to 1800 Pt 1 Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 13 31 ISBN 0 521 24334 3 Rachewiltz Igor De b k 1993 In the Service of the Khan Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol Yuan Period 1200 1300 Asiatische Forschungen Monographienreihe zur Geschichte Kultur und Sprache der Volker Ost und Zentralasiens Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 121 112 ISBN 3447033398 ISSN 0571 320X subkhnemux 10 March 2014 Ravenstein Ernest George Keane Augustus Henry b k 1882 The Universal Geography Vol VII J S Virtue amp Co p 121 Rawski Evelyn S Nov 1996 Presidential Address Reenvisioning the Qing The Significance of the Qing Period in Chinese History The Journal of Asian Studies Association for Asian Studies 55 4 829 850 doi 10 2307 2646525 JSTOR 2646525 S2CID 162388379 Rawski Evelyn S 15 November 1998 The Last Emperors A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions University of California Press p 43 ISBN 978 0 520 92679 0 Reardon Anderson James October 2000 Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty Environmental History Forest History Society and American Society for Environmental History 5 4 503 530 doi 10 2307 3985584 JSTOR 3985584 S2CID 143541438 Rockhill William Woodville 1967 The Journey of William of Rubruck to The Eastern Parts of the World 1253 55 As Narrated by Himself With Two Accounts of the Earlier Journey of John of Pian de Carpine Ross John 1891 The Manchus or The Reigning Dynasty of China Their Rise and Progress London Elliot Stock p 76 Rossabi Morris 1998 The Ming and Inner Asia in Denis C Twitchett Frederick W Mote b k The Cambridge History of China Volume 8 The Ming Dynasty 1368 1644 Pt 2 Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 221 71 ISBN 0521243335 Roth Li Gertraude State Building Before 1644 In Peterson 2002 Seth Michael J 2006 A Concise History of Korea From the Neolithic Period Through the Nineteenth Century Rowman amp Littlefield p 138 ISBN 978 0 7425 4005 7 Seth Michael J 16 October 2010 A History of Korea From Antiquity to the Present Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers p 144 ISBN 978 0 7425 6717 7 Stolberg Eva M 2015 Tungusic in b k Native Peoples of the World An Encyclopedia of Groups Cultures and Contemporary Issues Abingdon Routledge pp 713 714 ISBN 9781317463993 Serruys Henry 1955 Sino J urced relations during the Yung Lo period 1403 1424 Asiatische Forschungen O Harrassowitz 4 22 ISBN 0742540057 ISSN 0571 320X 2000 East Asian Studies 210 Introduction to Nomadic Cultures Western Washington University khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 2010 06 01 subkhnemux 16 February 2014 1855 Translation of the Ts ing Wan K e Mung A Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language with Introductory Notes on Manchu Literature Shanghai London Mission Press p lxxvi Wang Yuan kang 6 December 2010 Harmony and War Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics Columbia University Press p 301 ISBN 978 0 231 52240 3 Wei Cuiyi Wei Ts ui i Karl W Luckert 1998 Uighur Stories from along the Silk Road University Press of America p 91 Williams Henry Smith 1904 The Historians History of the World Poland The Balkans Turkey Minor Eastern States China Japan Outlook Company p 272 Wittfogel Karl August Feng Chia sheng March 1946 History of Chinese Society Liao 907 1125 Transactions of the American Philosophical Society vol 36 American Philosophical Society p 10 ISBN 978 1 4223 7719 2 Wurm Stephen Adolphe Muhlhausler Peter Tyron Darrell T b k 1996 Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific Asia and the Americas vol 1 Walter de Gruyter p 828 ISBN 3110134179 1860 On an Ancient Inscription in the Neu chih Language Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland Vol XVII London John W Parker amp Son pp 331 345 Yule Henry 1878 China in Baynes T S b k Encyclopaedia Britannica vol 5 9th ed New York Charles Scribner s Sons p 627 Yule Henry 1911 China in Chisholm Hugh b k saranukrmbritanika kh s 1911 Vol 6 11 ed sankphimphmhawithyalyekhmbridc p 189 Zhang Boquan 1984 金史简编 Liaoning People s Publishing pp 97 98 Zhang Feng 2008 ISA s 49th Annual Convention San Francisco March 26 29 2008 International Relations Department The London School of Economics and Political Science pp 29 30 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 20 April 2014 subkhnemux 18 April 2014