ความหมายของคำว่า จิตวิญญาณ (อังกฤษ: spirituality) ได้รับการพัฒนาและแผ่ขยายขึ้นตามกาลเวลา และความหมายต่าง ๆ เหล่านี้สามารถพบเห็นได้ควบคู่กัน โดยทั่วไปแล้ว จิตวิญญาณหมายถึงกระบวนการทางศาสนาที่เป็นการก่อเกิดใหม่ซึ่ง "มุ่งหวังที่จะฟื้นคืนรูปร่างเดิมของมนุษย์" มุ่งเน้นที่ "พระฉายาลักษณ์ของพระเจ้า" ดังที่เห็นได้จากศาสดาและคัมภีร์ของศาสนาต่าง ๆ ทั่วโลก คำนี้ใช้ในศาสนาคริสต์ยุคแรก เพื่ออ้างถึงชีวิตที่มุ่งเน้นไปที่พระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์ และมีการใช้คำนี้ในช่วงยุคกลางตอนปลาย เพื่ออธิบายถึงมุมมองจิตใจของชีวิตด้วย
ในยุคปัจจุบัน คำศัพท์นี้แพร่หลายไปยังประเพณีทางศาสนาอื่น ๆ และขยายความหมายเพื่ออ้างถึงประสบการณ์ที่หลากหลายยิ่งขึ้น รวมถึงประเพณีอันลึกลับและเกี่ยวข้องกับศาสนาด้วย การใช้งานสมัยใหม่มักจะอ้างถึงประสบการณ์ส่วนตัวเกี่ยวกับมิติอันศักดิ์สิทธิ์ และ "คุณค่าและความหมายที่ลึกซึ้งที่สุดที่ผู้คนดำรงชีวิต" มักจะอยู่ในบริบทที่แยกจาก สถาบันศาสนาองค์กร สิ่งนี้อาจเกี่ยวข้องกับความเชื่อในโลกเหนือธรรมชาติ ที่อยู่นอกเหนือจากที่สังเกตได้ในโลกทั่วไป การเติบโตส่วนบุคคล การแสวงหา ความหมายของชีวิตขั้นสูงสุดหรือความศักดิ์สิทธิ์ ประสบการณ์ทางศาสนา หรือการเผชิญหน้ากับ "มิติภายใน" ของตนเอง
อ้างอิง
- McCarroll, O'Connor & Meakes 2005.
- Koenig, King & Carson 2012.
- Cobb, Puchalski & Rumbold 2012.
- Waaijman 2000.
- Waaijman 2002.
- Wong & Vinsky 2009.
- "The medieval mind". The Psychologist. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2021-10-23. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2019-12-11.
- Safaria, Triantoro; Bashori, Khoiruddin (2022-10-27). "Relationship between Spirituality and Emotional Maturity with Cultural Intelligence in Preventing Culture Shock". Psympathic: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi. 9 (1): 45–54. doi:10.15575/psy.v9i1.15628. ISSN 2502-2903. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2023-01-06. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2023-01-06.
- Gorsuch & Miller 1999.
- Saucier & Skrzypinska 2006.
- Sheldrake 2007.
- Griffin 1988.
- Schuurmans-Stekhoven 2014.
- Houtman & Aupers 2007.
- Snyder & Lopez 2007.
- Sharf 2000.
บรรณานุกรม
สิ่งพิมพ์
- Cobb, Mark R.; Puchalski, Christina M.; Rumbold, Bruce (2012). Oxford Textbook of Spirituality in Healthcare.
- Comans, Michael (January 1993). "The Question of the Importance of Samadhi in Modern and Classical Advaita Vedanta". Philosophy East and West. 43 (1): 19–38. doi:10.2307/1399467. JSTOR 1399467. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2017-06-03. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2019-01-03.
- Dorff, Elliot N. (2018). Modern Conservative Judaism: Evolving Thought and Practice. University of Nebraska Press.
- Feuerstein, Georg (2003). The deeper dimension of yoga: Theory and practice. London: Shambhala. ISBN .
- Gorsuch, R.L.; Miller, W.R. (1999). "Assessing spirituality". ใน W.R. Miller (บ.ก.). Integrating spirituality into treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. pp. 47–64.
- Griffin, David Ray (1988). Spirituality and Society. SUNY.
- Hanegraaff, Wouter J. (1996). New Age Religion and Western Culture. Esotericism in the mirror of Secular Thought. Leiden/New York/Koln: Brill.
- Hori, Victor Sogen (1999). "Translating the Zen Phrase Book" (PDF). Nanzan Bulletin. 23. เก็บ (PDF)จากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2020-01-16. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2013-01-13.
- Houtman, Dick; Aupers, Stef (2007). "The Spiritual Turn and the Decline of Tradition: The Spread of Post-Christian Spirituality in 14 Western Countries, 1981–2000". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 46 (3): 305–320. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2007.00360.x.
- Kaplan, Dana Evan (2013). Contemporary Debates in American Reform Judaism: Conflicting Visions.
- Kaplan, Dana Evan (2018). A Life of Meaning: Embracing Reform Judaism's Sacred Path.
- (2002). Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East". Routledge.
- Koenig, H.G. (2008). "Research on religion, spirituality, and mental health: A review". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry.[]
- Koenig, Harold; King, Dana; Carson, Verna B. (2012). . Oxford University Press.
- McCarroll, Pam; O'Connor, Thomas St. James; Meakes, Elizabeth (2005). "Assessing plurality in Spirituality Definitions". ใน Meier; และคณะ (บ.ก.). Spirituality and Health: Multidisciplinary Explorations. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. pp. 44–59.
- McMahan, David L. (2008). The Making of Buddhist Modernism. Oxford University Press. ISBN .
- Morgan, Diane (2010). Essential Islam: a comprehensive guide to belief and practice. ABC-CLIO. ISBN .
- Nyanatiloka, Mahathera (1980). Buddhist Dictionary: Manual of Terms And Doctrines (4th ed.). Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society.
- Otterloo, Anneke; Aupers, Stef; Houtman, Dick (2012). "Trajectories to the New Age. The spiritual turn of the first generation of Dutch New Age teachers" (PDF). Social Compass. 59 (2): 239–56. doi:10.1177/0037768612440965. :1765/21876. S2CID 145189097. เก็บ (PDF)จากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2017-08-09. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2018-04-20.
- Puchalski, Christina; Vitillo, Robert; Hull, Sharon; Relle, Nancy (2014). "Spiritual Dimensions of Whole Person Care: Reaching National and International Consensus". Journal of Palliative Medicine. 17 (6): 642–656. doi:10.1089/jpm.2014.9427. PMC 4038982. PMID 24842136.
- Rambachan, Anatanand (1994). The Limits of Scripture: Vivekananda's Reinterpretation of the Vedas. University of Hawaii Press.
- Remes, Pauliina (2014). Neoplatonism. Routledge.
- Renard, Philip (2010). Non-Dualisme. De directe bevrijdingsweg. Cothen: Uitgeverij Juwelenschip.
- Roy, Sumita (2003). Aldous Huxley And Indian Thought. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
- Saucier, Gerard; Skrzypinska, Katarzyna (1 October 2006). "Spiritual But Not Religious? Evidence for Two Independent Dispositions" (PDF). Journal of Personality. 74 (5): 1257–92. 10.1.1.548.7658. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00409.x. JSTOR 27734699. PMID 16958702. เก็บ (PDF)จากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2017-08-08. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2013-03-05.
- Schuurmans-Stekhoven, J.B. (2010). "'Moved by the spirit': does spirituality moderate the inter-relationships between subjective well-being subscales?". Journal of Clinical Psychology. 66 (7): 709–725. doi:10.1002/jclp.20694. PMID 20527052.
- Schuurmans-Stekhoven, J.B. (2011). "Is it God or just the data that moves in mysterious ways? How well-being research might be mistaking faith for virtue?". Social Indicators Research. 100 (2): 313–330. doi:10.1007/s11205-010-9630-7. S2CID 144755003.
- Schuurmans-Stekhoven, J.B. (2013). "As a shepherd divideth his sheep from the goats": Does the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale encapsulate separable theistic and civility components?". Social Indicators Research. 110 (1): 131–146. doi:10.1007/s11205-011-9920-8. S2CID 144658300.
- Schuurmans-Stekhoven, J.B. (2013a). "Is God's call more than audible? A preliminary exploration of a two-dimensional model of theistic/spiritual beliefs and experiences". Australian Journal of Psychology. 65 (3): 146–155. doi:10.1111/ajpy.12015. S2CID 143149239.
- Schuurmans-Stekhoven, J.B. (2014). "Measuring Spirituality as Personal Belief in Supernatural Forces: Is the Character Strength Inventory-Spirituality subscale a brief, reliable and valid measure?". Implicit Religion. 17 (2): 211–222. doi:10.1558/imre.v17i2.211.
- Schuurmans-Stekhoven, J.B. (2017). "Spirit or Fleeting Apparition? Why Spirituality's Link with Social Support Might be Incrementally Invalid". Journal of Religion and Health. 56 (4): 1248–1262. doi:10.1007/s10943-013-9801-3. PMID 24297674. S2CID 4913532.
- Schuurmans-Stekhoven, J.B. (2019). "Conviction, character and coping: religiosity and personality are both uniquely associated with optimism and positive reappraising". Mental Health, Religion & Culture: 1–17.
- Sharf, Robert H. (1995). "Buddhist Modernism and the Rhetoric of Meditative Experience" (PDF). NUMEN. 42 (3): 228–283. doi:10.1163/1568527952598549. :2027.42/43810. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 2019-04-12. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2013-02-10.
- Sharf, Robert H. (2000). "The Rhetoric of Experience and the Study of Religion" (PDF). Journal of Consciousness Studies. 7 (11–12): 267–287. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 2013-05-13. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2013-01-13.
- Sheldrake, Philip (2007). A Brief History of Spirituality. Wiley-Blackwell.
- Sinari, Ramakant (2000). "Advaita and Contemporary Indian Philosophy". ใน Chattopadhyana (บ.ก.). History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization. Vol. II. Delhi: Centre for Studies in Civilizations.
- ; Lopez, Shane J. (2007). Positive Psychology. Sage Publications, Inc. ISBN .
- Sonsino, Rifat (2002). Six Jewish Spiritual Paths: A Rationalist Looks at Spirituality.
- Versluis, Arthur (2014). American Gurus: From Transcendentalism to New Age Religion. Oxford University Press.
- Waaijman, Kees (2000). Spiritualiteit. Vormen, grondslagen, methoden. Kampen/Gent: Kok/Carmelitana.
- Waaijman, Kees (2002). Spirituality: Forms, Foundations, Methods. Peeters Publishers.
- Wong, Yuk-Lin Renita; Vinsky, Jana (2009). "Speaking from the Margins: A Critical Reflection on the 'Spiritual-but-not-Religious' Discourse in Social Work". British Journal of Social Work. 39 (7): 1343–1359. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcn032.
- Yelle, Robert A. (December 2012). "Comparative Religion as Cultural Combat: Occidentalism and Relativism in Rajiv Malhotra's Being Different". International Journal of Hindu Studies. 16 (3): 335–348. doi:10.1007/s11407-012-9133-z. S2CID 144950049.
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khwamhmaykhxngchiwitkhnsungsudhruxkhwamskdisiththi prasbkarnthangsasna hruxkarephchiyhnakb mitiphayin khxngtnexngxangxingMcCarroll O Connor amp Meakes 2005 Koenig King amp Carson 2012 Cobb Puchalski amp Rumbold 2012 Waaijman 2000 Waaijman 2002 Wong amp Vinsky 2009 The medieval mind The Psychologist khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 2021 10 23 subkhnemux 2019 12 11 Safaria Triantoro Bashori Khoiruddin 2022 10 27 Relationship between Spirituality and Emotional Maturity with Cultural Intelligence in Preventing Culture Shock Psympathic Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi 9 1 45 54 doi 10 15575 psy v9i1 15628 ISSN 2502 2903 ekbcakaehlngedimemux 2023 01 06 subkhnemux 2023 01 06 Gorsuch amp Miller 1999 Saucier amp Skrzypinska 2006 Sheldrake 2007 Griffin 1988 Schuurmans Stekhoven 2014 Houtman amp Aupers 2007 Snyder amp Lopez 2007 Sharf 2000 brrnanukrmsingphimph Cobb Mark R Puchalski Christina M Rumbold Bruce 2012 Oxford Textbook of Spirituality in Healthcare Comans Michael January 1993 The Question of the Importance of Samadhi in Modern and Classical Advaita Vedanta Philosophy East and West 43 1 19 38 doi 10 2307 1399467 JSTOR 1399467 ekbcakaehlngedimemux 2017 06 03 subkhnemux 2019 01 03 Dorff Elliot N 2018 Modern Conservative Judaism Evolving Thought and Practice University of Nebraska Press Feuerstein Georg 2003 The deeper dimension of yoga Theory and practice London Shambhala ISBN 1 57062 935 8 Gorsuch R L Miller W R 1999 Assessing spirituality in W R Miller b k Integrating spirituality into treatment Washington DC American Psychological Association pp 47 64 Griffin David Ray 1988 Spirituality and Society SUNY Hanegraaff Wouter J 1996 New Age Religion and Western Culture Esotericism in the mirror of Secular Thought Leiden New York Koln Brill Hori Victor Sogen 1999 Translating the Zen Phrase Book PDF Nanzan Bulletin 23 ekb PDF cakaehlngedimemux 2020 01 16 subkhnemux 2013 01 13 Houtman Dick Aupers Stef 2007 The Spiritual Turn and the Decline of Tradition The Spread of Post Christian Spirituality in 14 Western Countries 1981 2000 Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 46 3 305 320 doi 10 1111 j 1468 5906 2007 00360 x Kaplan Dana Evan 2013 Contemporary Debates in American Reform Judaism Conflicting Visions Kaplan Dana Evan 2018 A Life of Meaning Embracing Reform Judaism s Sacred Path 2002 Orientalism and Religion Post Colonial Theory India and The Mystic East Routledge Koenig H G 2008 Research on religion spirituality and mental health A review Canadian Journal of Psychiatry txngkarxangxingetmrupaebb Koenig Harold King Dana Carson Verna B 2012 Oxford University Press McCarroll Pam O Connor Thomas St James Meakes Elizabeth 2005 Assessing plurality in Spirituality Definitions in Meier aelakhna b k Spirituality and Health Multidisciplinary Explorations Wilfrid Laurier Univ Press pp 44 59 McMahan David L 2008 The Making of Buddhist Modernism Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 518327 6 Morgan Diane 2010 Essential Islam a comprehensive guide to belief and practice ABC CLIO ISBN 978 0 313 36025 1 Nyanatiloka Mahathera 1980 Buddhist Dictionary Manual of Terms And Doctrines 4th ed Kandy Sri Lanka Buddhist Publication Society Otterloo Anneke Aupers Stef Houtman Dick 2012 Trajectories to the New Age The spiritual turn of the first generation of Dutch New Age teachers PDF Social Compass 59 2 239 56 doi 10 1177 0037768612440965 1765 21876 S2CID 145189097 ekb PDF cakaehlngedimemux 2017 08 09 subkhnemux 2018 04 20 Puchalski Christina Vitillo Robert Hull Sharon Relle Nancy 2014 Spiritual Dimensions of Whole Person Care Reaching National and International Consensus Journal of Palliative Medicine 17 6 642 656 doi 10 1089 jpm 2014 9427 PMC 4038982 PMID 24842136 Rambachan Anatanand 1994 The Limits of Scripture Vivekananda s Reinterpretation of the Vedas University of Hawaii Press Remes Pauliina 2014 Neoplatonism Routledge Renard Philip 2010 Non Dualisme De directe bevrijdingsweg Cothen Uitgeverij Juwelenschip Roy Sumita 2003 Aldous Huxley And Indian Thought Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd Saucier Gerard Skrzypinska Katarzyna 1 October 2006 Spiritual But Not Religious Evidence for Two Independent Dispositions PDF Journal of Personality 74 5 1257 92 10 1 1 548 7658 doi 10 1111 j 1467 6494 2006 00409 x JSTOR 27734699 PMID 16958702 ekb PDF cakaehlngedimemux 2017 08 08 subkhnemux 2013 03 05 Schuurmans Stekhoven J B 2010 Moved by the spirit does spirituality moderate the inter relationships between subjective well being subscales Journal of Clinical Psychology 66 7 709 725 doi 10 1002 jclp 20694 PMID 20527052 Schuurmans Stekhoven J B 2011 Is it God or just the data that moves in mysterious ways How well being research might be mistaking faith for virtue Social Indicators Research 100 2 313 330 doi 10 1007 s11205 010 9630 7 S2CID 144755003 Schuurmans Stekhoven J B 2013 As a shepherd divideth his sheep from the goats Does the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale encapsulate separable theistic and civility components Social Indicators Research 110 1 131 146 doi 10 1007 s11205 011 9920 8 S2CID 144658300 Schuurmans Stekhoven J B 2013a Is God s call more than audible A preliminary exploration of a two dimensional model of theistic spiritual beliefs and experiences Australian Journal of Psychology 65 3 146 155 doi 10 1111 ajpy 12015 S2CID 143149239 Schuurmans Stekhoven J B 2014 Measuring Spirituality as Personal Belief in Supernatural Forces Is the Character Strength Inventory Spirituality subscale a brief reliable and valid measure Implicit Religion 17 2 211 222 doi 10 1558 imre v17i2 211 Schuurmans Stekhoven J B 2017 Spirit or Fleeting Apparition Why Spirituality s Link with Social Support Might be Incrementally Invalid Journal of Religion and Health 56 4 1248 1262 doi 10 1007 s10943 013 9801 3 PMID 24297674 S2CID 4913532 Schuurmans Stekhoven J B 2019 Conviction character and coping religiosity and personality are both uniquely associated with optimism and positive reappraising Mental Health Religion amp Culture 1 17 Sharf Robert H 1995 Buddhist Modernism and the Rhetoric of Meditative Experience PDF NUMEN 42 3 228 283 doi 10 1163 1568527952598549 2027 42 43810 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedim PDF emux 2019 04 12 subkhnemux 2013 02 10 Sharf Robert H 2000 The Rhetoric of Experience and the Study of Religion PDF Journal of Consciousness Studies 7 11 12 267 287 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedim PDF emux 2013 05 13 subkhnemux 2013 01 13 Sheldrake Philip 2007 A Brief History of Spirituality Wiley Blackwell Sinari Ramakant 2000 Advaita and Contemporary Indian Philosophy in Chattopadhyana b k History of Science Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization Vol II Delhi Centre for Studies in Civilizations Lopez Shane J 2007 Positive Psychology Sage Publications Inc ISBN 978 0 7619 2633 7 Sonsino Rifat 2002 Six Jewish Spiritual Paths A Rationalist Looks at Spirituality Versluis Arthur 2014 American Gurus From Transcendentalism to New Age Religion Oxford University Press Waaijman Kees 2000 Spiritualiteit Vormen grondslagen methoden Kampen Gent Kok Carmelitana Waaijman Kees 2002 Spirituality Forms Foundations Methods Peeters Publishers Wong Yuk Lin Renita Vinsky Jana 2009 Speaking from the Margins A Critical Reflection on the Spiritual but not Religious Discourse in Social Work British Journal of Social Work 39 7 1343 1359 doi 10 1093 bjsw bcn032 Yelle Robert A December 2012 Comparative Religion as Cultural Combat Occidentalism and Relativism in Rajiv Malhotra s Being Different International Journal of Hindu Studies 16 3 335 348 doi 10 1007 s11407 012 9133 z S2CID 144950049