25°18′N 83°01′E / 25.30°N 83.01°E
คงคา | |
---|---|
แม่น้ำคงคาที่พาราณสี | |
แผนที่แม่น้ำคงคา (สีเหลือง), แม่น้ำพรหมบุตร (สีม่วง) และ แม่น้ำเมฆา (สีเขียว) | |
ที่ตั้ง | |
ประเทศ | อินเดีย, บังกลาเทศ (เปลี่ยนชื่อเป็น แม่น้ำปัทมา) |
ลักษณะทางกายภาพ | |
ต้นน้ำ | จุดไหลบรรจบของแม่น้ำที่เทวปรยัค รัฐอุตตราขัณฑ์ กับ (ทางอุทกวิทยาเนื่องจากมีความยาวมากกว่า) และ (ต้นธารน้ำตาม) ต้นน้ำของคงคาประกอบด้วย: , , และ |
• ตำแหน่ง | เทวปรยัค |
ปากน้ำ | อ่าวเบงกอล |
• ตำแหน่ง | |
ความยาว | 2,525 km (1,569 mi) |
พื้นที่ลุ่มน้ำ | 1,320,000 km2 (510,000 sq mi) |
อัตราการไหล | |
• ตำแหน่ง | |
• เฉลี่ย | 16,648 m3/s (587,900 cu ft/s) |
• ต่ำสุด | 180 m3/s (6,400 cu ft/s) |
• สูงสุด | 70,000 m3/s (2,500,000 cu ft/s) |
อัตราการไหล | |
• ตำแหน่ง | อ่าวเบงกอล |
• เฉลี่ย | 38,129 m3/s (1,346,500 cu ft/s) |
ลุ่มน้ำ | |
ลำน้ำสาขา | |
• ซ้าย | , การ์รา, , ฆาฆรา, , , , |
• ขวา | ยมุนา, , , , , , , , Ajoy, ทาโมทร, รูปนารายัณ |
แม่น้ำคงคาเป็นในทวีปเอเชีย ไหลผ่านประเทศอินเดีย และ บังกลาเทศ มีความยาว 2,525 km (1,569 mi) จากต้นน้ำในเทือกเขาหิมาลัย ในรัฐอุตตราขัณฑ์ ไหลลงทางใต้ละตะวันออกผ่านในอินเดียเหนือเข้าสู่ประเทศบังกลาเทศ และไหลลงอ่าวเบงกอล เป็นแหล่งน้ำให้กับประชากร 11% ของโลก เนื่องจากพื้นที่ที่แม่น้ำไหลผ่านเป็นหนึ่งในพื้นที่ที่มีประชากรหนาแน่นที่สุดในโลก และเป็นแม่น้ำใหญ่ที่สุดอันดับที่สามในโลก
แม่น้ำคงคาเป็นแม่น้ำที่ศักดิ์สิทธิ์สูงสุดในศาสนาฮินดู และเป็นแม่น้ำสายสำคัญที่ช่วยให้ผู้คนริมฝั่งดำรงและดำเนินชีวิตได้ ในทางฮินดูนับถือแม่น้ำคงคาในรูปของพระแม่คงคา นอกจากนี้แม่น้ำคงคายังมีความสำคัญในทางประวัติศาสตร์ ราชธานีของจักรวรรดิและอาณาจักรในอดีตจำนวนมากตั้งรกรากริมฝั่งแม่น้ำคงคา เช่น ปาฏลีบุตร,, , กาษี, , , เดลี, ภคัลปุระ, , , และ โกลกาตา ของแม่น้ำคงคาอยู่ที่เมืองเทวปรยาค จุดบรรจบกับ ทางอุทกวิทยา (เพราะมีความยาวมากกว่า) และ ต้นน้ำในทางตำนานของฮินดู
แม่น้ำคงคามีปัญหา ซึ่งส่งผลกระทบต่อผู้คนและสัตว์ที่เกี่ยวพันกับแม่น้ำ ในแม่น้ำคงคาเป็นแหล่งอาศัยของปลาประมาณ 140 สปีชีส์ และสัตว์ครึ่งน้ำครึ่งบกอีกกส่า 90 สปีชีส์ รวมถึงสัตว์เลื้อยคลานและสัตว์เลี้ยงลูกด้วยนมอื่น ๆ ซึ่งมีสปีชีส์อย่างฆาริยัลและ ระดับของแบคทีเรียในแม่น้ำช่วงพาราณสีมีสูงมากกว่าหนึ่งร้อยเท่าของระดับปลอดภัยที่รัฐบาลอินเดียกำหนด โครงการ ซึ่งจัดตั้งขึ้นเพื่อทำความสะอาดแม่น้ำคงคาก็ล้มเหลวอย่างหนัก อันเป็นผลจาก, การขาดความใส่ใจจากรัฐบาล, การขาดความพร้อมทางเทคโนโลยี, การวางแผนทางสิ่งแวดล้อม และการขาดความร่วมมือจากผู้นำทางศาสนาในท้องถิ่น
อ้างอิง
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- , , 19 March 2010
บรรณานุกรม
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แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น
- , "The River" (the Ganges; review of , Unruly Waters: How Rains, Rivers, Coasts, and Seas Have Shaped Asia's History; , Ganges: The Many Pasts of an Indian River; and Victor Mallet, River of Life, River of Death: The Ganges and India's Future), , vol. LXVI, no. 15 (10 October 2019), pp. 34–36. "[I]n 1951 the average Indian [inhabitant of India] had access annually to 5,200 cubic meters of water. The figure today is 1,400... and will probably fall below 1,000 cubic meters – the UN's definition of '' – at some point in the next few decades. Compounding the problem of lower summer rainfall... India's is in freefall [due] to an increase in the number of ... Other contributors to India's seasonal dearth of water are leaks [and] the continued sowing of thirsty crops..." (p. 35.)
- Berwick, Dennison (1987). . Dennison Berwick. ISBN .
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- Hamilton, Francis (1822). An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges and its branches. A. Constable and company, Edinburgh.
- Singh, Indra Bir (1996), "Geological Evolution of the Ganga Plain", Journal of the Palaentological Society of India, 41: 99–137
แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น
อ้างอิงผิดพลาด: มีป้ายระบุ <ref>
สำหรับกลุ่มชื่อ "lower-alpha" แต่ไม่พบป้ายระบุ <references group="lower-alpha"/>
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sungcdtngkhunephuxthakhwamsaxadaemnakhngkhaklmehlwxyanghnk xnepnphlcak karkhadkhwamisiccakrthbal karkhadkhwamphrxmthangethkhonolyi karwangaephnthangsingaewdlxm aelakarkhadkhwamrwmmuxcakphunathangsasnainthxngthinxangxingLodrick Deryck O Ahmad Nafis 28 January 2021 Ganges River Encyclopedia Britannica subkhnemux 2 February 2021 Jain Agarwal amp Singh 2007 Suvedi 2005 Kumar Singh amp Sharma 2005 Society National Geographic 2019 10 01 Ganges River Basin National Geographic Society phasaxngkvs subkhnemux 2020 05 18 Alter Stephen 2001 Sacred Waters A Pilgrimage Up the Ganges River to the Source of Hindu Culture Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Trade amp Reference Publishers ISBN 978 0 15 100585 7 subkhnemux 30 July 2013 US TV host takes dig at Ganges Zeenews com 16 December 2009 subkhnemux 4 July 2012 Bhattacharji Sukumari Bandyopadhyay Ramananda 1995 Legends of Devi Orient Blackswan p 54 ISBN 978 81 250 0781 4 subkhnemux 27 April 2011 Ghosh A 1990 An encyclopaedia of Indian archaeology BRILL p 334 ISBN 978 90 04 09264 8 OCLC 313728835 subkhnemux 27 April 2011 Rice Earle 2012 The Ganges River Mitchell Lane Publishers Incorporated p 25 ISBN 978 1612283685 19 March 2010 brrnanukrm Abraham Wolf Rainer 2011 Megacities as Sources for Pathogenic Bacteria in Rivers and Their Fate Downstream PDF International Journal of Microbiology 2011 798292 1 13 doi 10 1155 2011 798292 PMC 2946570 PMID 20885968 Ali Jason R Aitchison Jonathan C 2005 Greater India Earth Science Reviews 72 3 4 169 88 Bibcode 2005ESRv 72 169A doi 10 1016 j earscirev 2005 07 005 Alley Kelly D 2002 On the banks of the Gaṅga when wastewater meets a sacred river University of Michigan Press ISBN 978 0472068081 Alter Stephen 2001 Sacred waters a pilgrimage up the Ganges River to the source of Hindu culture Harcourt ISBN 978 0151005857 2000 World Strategic Highways 1st ed Fitzroy Dearborn pp 223 27 doi 10 4324 9781315062204 ISBN 978 1579580988 Berga L 2006 Dams and Reservoirs Societies and Environment in the 21st Century Proceedings of the International Symposium on Dams in the Societies of the 21st Century 22nd International Congress on Large Dams ICOLD Barcelona Spain Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 0415404235 Bharati Radha Kant 2006 Interlinking of Indian rivers Lotus ISBN 978 8183820417 Blurton T Richard 1993 Hindu art Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0674391895 Brichieri Colombi Stephen Bradnock Robert W 2003 Geopolitics water and development in South Asia cooperative development in the Ganges Brahmaputra delta The Geographical Journal 169 1 43 64 doi 10 1111 1475 4959 t01 1 00002 Brune James N 1993 The seismic hazard at Tehri dam Tectonophysics 218 1 3 281 86 Bibcode 1993Tectp 218 281B doi 10 1016 0040 1951 93 90274 N Caso Frank Wolf Aaron T 2010 Freshwater Supply Global Issues Infobase ISBN 978 0816078264 Chakrabarti Dilip K 2001 4 The Archaeology of West Bengal The Bhagirathi Mouth and the Midnapur Coast Archaeological Geography of the Ganga Plain The Lower and the Middle Ganga Permanent Black ISBN 978 8178240169 Darian Steven G 2001 The Ganges in myth and history Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 8120817579 Dhungel Dwarika Nath Pun Santa B 2009 The Nepal India Water Relationship Challenges Springer Bibcode 2009niwr book D ISBN 978 1402084027 Dikshit K R 2007 India The Land Encyclopaedia Britannica pp 1 29 Dudgeon David 2005 River Rehabilitation for Conservation of Fish Biodiversity in Monsoonal Asia PDF Ecology and Society 10 2 15 doi 10 5751 ES 01469 100215 1982 Banaras city of light Columbia University ISBN 978 0231114479 1998 Ganga The Goddess Ganges in Hindu Sacred Geography in Hawley John Stratton Wulff Donna Marie b k Devi Goddesses of India University of California Motilal Banarasidass pp 137 53 ISBN 978 8120814912 Elhance Arun P 1999 Hydropolitics in the Third World Conflict and Cooperation in International River Basins United States Institute of Peace ISBN 978 1878379900 Gardner Gary 2003 Engaging Religion in the Quest for a Sustainable World in Bright Chris aelakhna b k State of the World 2003 Special 20th anniversary ed Norton pp 152 76 ISBN 978 0393323863 Ghosh A 1990 An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology Brill p 334 ISBN 978 9004092648 Gupta Avijit 2007 Large rivers geomorphology and management Wiley ISBN 978 0 470 84987 3 Haberman David L 2006 River of Love in an Age of Pollution The Yamuna River of Northern India University of California ISBN 978 0520247901 Hill Christopher V 2008 3 The Mauryan Empire and the Classical Age Irrigation in Early India South Asia an environmental history p 32 ISBN 978 1851099252 Hillary Sir Edmund 1980 From the ocean to the sky Ulverscroft ISBN 978 0708905876 Jain Sharad K Agarwal Pushpendra K Singh Vijay P 2007 Hydrology and water resources of India Springer Bibcode 2007hwri book J ISBN 978 1402051791 Krishna Murti C R 1991 The Ganga a scientific study Gaṅga Pariyojana Nidesalaya India Environment Research Committee Northern Book Centre ISBN 978 8172110215 OCLC 853267663 Kumar Rakesh Singh R D Sharma K D 10 September 2005 Water Resources of India PDF Current Science 89 5 794 811 PDF cakaehlngedimemux 14 October 2013 subkhnemux 13 October 2013 Los Angeles County Museum of Art Pal Pratapaditya 1988 Indian Sculpture 700 1800 University of California Press ISBN 978 0520064775 Maclean Kama 2008 Pilgrimage and power the Kumbh Mela in Allahabad 1765 1954 Oxford University Press US ISBN 978 0195338942 Markandya Anil Murty Maddipati Narasimha 2000 Cleaning up the Ganges a cost benefit analysis of the Ganga Action Plan Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0195649451 Mirza M Monirul Qader 2004 The Ganges water diversion environmental effects and implications Water Science and Technology Library Vol 49 Dordecht Springer pp 1 6 doi 10 1007 978 1 4020 2792 5 ISBN 978 9048166657 OCLC 853267663 Newby Eric 1998 Slowly down the Ganges Lonely Planet ISBN 978 0864426314 Pal Pratapaditya 1997 Divine images human visions the Max Tanenbaum collection of South Asian and Himalayan art in the National Gallery of Canada National Gallery of Canada ISBN 978 1896209050 Parua Pranab Kumar 2009 14 Necessity of Regional Co operation The Ganga water use in the Indian subcontinent Springer pp 267 72 ISBN 978 9048131020 Prakash Gyan 1999 6 Technologies of Government Another Reason Science and the Imagination of Modern India ISBN 978 0691004532 Puttick Elizabeth 2008 Mother Ganges India s Sacred River in b k The Healing Power of Water Hay House pp 241 52 ISBN 978 1401908775 Rahaman M M 2009 Water Policy 11 2 168 90 doi 10 2166 wp 2009 012 khlngkhxmulekaekbcakaehlngedimemux 27 September 2011 Rahaman M M 2009 Principles of transboundary water resources management and Ganges Treaties An Analysis International Journal of Water Resources Development 25 1 159 73 doi 10 1080 07900620802517574 S2CID 155016224 Rodda John C Ubertini Lucio 2004 The Basis of Civilization Water Science IAHS publication no 286 Wallingford Oxfordshire UK International Association of Hydrological Sciences IAHS International Commission on Water Resources Systems p 165 ISBN 978 1901502572 Sack DA Sack RB Nair GB Siddique AK 2004 Cholera Lancet 363 9404 223 33 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 03 15328 7 PMID 14738797 S2CID 208793200 Salman Salman M A Uprety Kishor 2002 Conflict and cooperation on South Asia s international rivers a legal perspective PDF World Bank Publications ISBN 978 0821353523 subkhnemux 27 April 2011 Sharma Ramesh C Bahuguna Manju Chauhan Punam 2008 Periphytonic diversity in Bhagirathi Preimpoundment study of Tehri dam reservoir Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering 50 4 255 62 PMID 19697759 Sheth Jagdish N 2008 Chindia Rising Tata McGraw Hill ISBN 978 0070657083 Singh Munendra Singh Amit K 2007 Bibliography of Environmental Studies in Natural Characteristics and Anthropogenic Influences on the Ganga River Environ Monit Assess 129 1 3 421 32 doi 10 1007 s10661 006 9374 7 PMID 17072555 S2CID 39845300 Singh Nirmal T 2005 Irrigation and soil salinity in the Indian subcontinent past and present Bethlehem PA Lehigh University ISBN 978 0934223782 Stone Ian 2002 Canal Irrigation in British India Perspectives on Technological Change in a Peasant Economy CUP ISBN 978 0521526630 Suvedi Suryaprasada 2005 International watercourses law for the 21st century the case of the river Ganges basin Ashgate ISBN 978 0754645276 Thapar Romila October 1971 The Image of the Barbarian in Early India Comparative Studies in Society and History 13 4 408 36 doi 10 1017 s0010417500006393 JSTOR 178208 Tiwari R C 2008 Environmental Scenario in India in Dutt Ashok K b k Explorations in Applied Geography PHI Learning ISBN 978 8120333840 Wangu Madhu Bazaz 2003 Images of Indian goddesses myths meanings and models Abhinav Publications ISBN 978 8170174165 Wink Andre 2002 From the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean Medieval History in Geographic Perspective Comparative Studies in Society and History 44 3 416 45 doi 10 1017 s001041750200021x JSTOR 3879375 S2CID 144649820 aehlngkhxmulxun The River the Ganges review of Unruly Waters How Rains Rivers Coasts and Seas Have Shaped Asia s History Ganges The Many Pasts of an Indian River and Victor Mallet River of Life River of Death The Ganges and India s Future vol LXVI no 15 10 October 2019 pp 34 36 I n 1951 the average Indian inhabitant of India had access annually to 5 200 cubic meters of water The figure today is 1 400 and will probably fall below 1 000 cubic meters the UN s definition of at some point in the next few decades Compounding the problem of lower summer rainfall India s is in freefall due to an increase in the number of Other contributors to India s seasonal dearth of water are leaks and the continued sowing of thirsty crops p 35 Berwick Dennison 1987 Dennison Berwick ISBN 978 0713719680 1864 Ganges canal A disquisition on the heads of the Ganges of Jumna canals North western Provinces London Printed for Private circulation 1820 Journal of a tour through part of the snowy range of the Himala Mountains and to the sources of the rivers Jumna and Ganges Rodwell and Martin London Hamilton Francis 1822 An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges and its branches A Constable and company Edinburgh Singh Indra Bir 1996 Geological Evolution of the Ganga Plain Journal of the Palaentological Society of India 41 99 137aehlngkhxmulxunwikimiediykhxmmxnsmisuxthiekiywkhxngkb aemnakhngkha aemnakhngkha thiokhrngkarphinxngkhxngwikiphiediy hakhwamhmaycakwikiphcnanukrmphaphaelasuxcakkhxmmxnsenuxhakhawcakwikikhawkhakhmcakwikikhakhmkhxmultnchbbcakwikisxrshnngsuxcakwikitarakhxmulcakwikisneths bthkhwampraethsxinediyniyngepnokhrng khunsamarthchwywikiphiediyidodykarephimetimkhxmul duephimthi okhrngkarwikipraethsxinediydk bthkhwamekiywkbphumisastrniyngepnokhrng khunsamarthchwywikiphiediyidodykarephimetimkhxmuldkhk xangxingphidphlad mipayrabu lt ref gt sahrbklumchux lower alpha aetimphbpayrabu lt references group lower alpha gt thisxdkhlxngkn