Magnolias

แมกโนเลีย
Magnolia sieboldii
การจำแนกชั้นทางวิทยาศาสตร์
อาณาจักร:	พืช
ไม่ได้จัดลำดับ:	พืชดอก
ไม่ได้จัดลำดับ:	Magnoliids
อันดับ:	Magnoliales
วงศ์:	วงศ์จำปี
สกุล:	Magnolia L.
Species
See text

สกุลแมกโนเลีย (อังกฤษ: magnolia) เป็นพืชดอกในวงศ์จำปีที่มีด้วยกันทั้งหมดราว 210 สปีชีส์ สกุลของพืชตั้งตามชื่อนักชีววิทยาชาวฝรั่งเศสชื่อ (Pierre Magnol)

ถิ่นกำเนิดของแมกโนเลียอยู่ทางตอนกลางของเอเชียตะวันออกและเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ รวมถึงในทวีปอเมริกา

แมกโนเลียเป็นสกุลไม้โบราณที่วิวัฒนาการขึ้นมาก่อนที่จะมีผึ้ง รูปทรงของดอกจึงเป็นทรงที่ล่อให้ด้วงมาช่วยผสมพันธุ์ ฉะนั้น (carpel) จึงค่อนข้างแข็งแรงเพื่อป้องกันความเสียหายจากการถูกปีนและถูกแทะโดยด้วงซากดึกดำบรรพ์ของ Magnolia acuminata ที่พบมีอายุกว่า 20 ล้านปีและพืชที่เป็นของวงศ์จำปีมีอายุกว่า 95 ล้านปี ลักษณะอีกอย่างหนึ่งแสดงว่าเป็นพันธุ์ไม้โบราณคือการขาดลักษณะแตกต่างของกลีบเลี้ยง (sepal) หรือกลีบดอก (petal)

ตัวอย่างสปีชีส์

สกุลย่อย Magnolia

.

Magnolia virginiana.

ส่วน Magnolia

• L. - Southern magnolia or Bull bay (SE US)
• Donn. Sm. - Guatemalan magnolia or Mamey (GUATEMALA, HONDURAS, EL SALVADOR)
  • Magnolia guatemalensis ssp. guatemalensis Guatemalan magnolia or Mamey (GUATEMALA)
  • Magnolia guatemalensis ssp. hondurensis (Molina) Vazquez Honduran magnolia (HONDURAS, EL SALVADOR)
• Vazquez . (W MEXICO)
• Vazquez . (W MEXICO)
  • Magnolia pacifica ssp. pacifica . (W MEXICO)
  • Magnolia pacifica ssp. pugana Iltis & Vazquez . (W MEXICO)
  • Magnolia pacifica ssp. tarahumara Vazquez . (W MEXICO)
• Vazquez & Iltis . (PANAMA)
• (Pittier) Dandy - Poas magnolia (COSTA RICA, PANAMA)
• Schltdl. . (E MEXICO)
• Meranda - Sharp's magnolia (CHIAPAS MEXICO)
• Seibert - Sister magnolia (COSTA RICA, PANAMA)
  • Magnolia sororum ssp. lutea Vazquez . (COSTA RICA, PANAMA)
  • Magnolia sororum ssp. sororum . (PANAMA)
• Vazquez - Mexican evergreen magnolia (NE MEXICO)
• Magnolia virginiana Linn - Sweetbay magnolia, Sweet magnolia, Sweet bay, Swamp bay, Swamp magnolia, Swamp laurel, Laurel magnolia, White bay, or Beaver tree (SOUTHEAST US)
• Dandy - Yoroconte magnolia (HONDURAS)

ส่วน Gwillimia

ส่วนย่อย Gwillimia

• Chun & Tsoong. . (HAINAN IS.)
• Benth - Champion's magnolia (S & SE CHINA)
• Magnolia coco (Lour.) DC. - Coconut magnolia (SE CHINA)
• Franchet - Chinese evergreen magnolia or Delavay's magnolia (YUNNAN (CHINA))
• (Finet & Gagnep.) Dandy . (SE YUNNAN (CHINA))
• Dunn - Henry's magnolia (YUNNAN (CHINA))
• Dandy - Dwarf magnolia (VIETNAM)
• Law et Zhou . (S CHINA)
• Roxb. . (NEPAL, BURMA)

ส่วนย่อย Blumiana

• (Miq.) Noot. . (BORNEO, SUMATRA)
• (Hook.f. & Thom.) H.Keng - Gai lie mu (NEPAL, BURMA)
• Noot. . (BORNEO)
• Magnolia liliifera (L.) Baillon - Egg magnolia (SE ASIA, BORNEO, PHILIPPINES, SINGAPORE, SUMATRA)
  • Magnolia liliifera var. angatensis (Blanco) Noot. . (PHILIPPINES)
  • Magnolia liliifera var. beccarii () Noot. . (BORNEO)
  • Magnolia liliifera var. liliifera . (SE ASIA)
  • Magnolia liliifera var. obovata (Korth.) Govaerts . (BORNEO)
  • Magnolia liliifera var. singapurensis (Ridley) Noot. . (SINGAPORE, SUMATRA)
• Noot. . (BORNEO)
• Dandy - Fragrant magnolia (BORNEO)
  • Magnolia persuaveolens ssp. persuaveolens . (BORNEO)
  • Magnolia persuaveolens ssp. rigida Noot. . (BORNEO)
• (Agostini) Noot. . (BORNEO)
• (Miq.) H.Keng . (SUMATRA, BORNEO)

ส่วน Talauma

ส่วนย่อย Talauma

• Standl. . (PANAMA)
• Ducke . (BRAZIL, PERU)
• (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
• (M.Nee) Govaerts . (BOLIVIA)
• (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
• (Triana & Planch) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
• (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
• (Little) Govaerts . (ECUADOR)
• (Lam.) Govaerts . (LESSER ANTILLES)
• (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
• (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
• (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
• (Pittier) Govaerts . (CENTRAL AMERICA)
• (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
• (Lozano) Govaerts . (BRAZIL)
• (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
• Vazquez-Garcia, Perez-Farrera, Martinez-Camilo, Muniz-Castro & Martinez-Melendez . (MEXICO)
• DC. . (MEXICO)
• (Urb.) Govaerts . (CUBA)
• (Lozano) Govaerts . (PANAMA)
• (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
• (Lozano) Govaerts . (ECUADOR)
• (A.St.-Hil.) Spreng. . (BRAZIL)
• (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
• Vazquez-Garcia, Veliz-Perez, Triboullier-Navas & Muniz-Castro . (GUATEMALA)
• (Lozano) Govaerts . (PERU, ECUADOR)
• (Pittier) Govaerts . (PANAMA, COLOMBIA)
• (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
• (A.St.-Hil.) Govaerts . (BRAZIL)
• (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
• (Lozano) Govaerts . (VENEZUELA)
• (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
• (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)

ส่วนย่อย Dugandiodendron

• (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
• (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
• (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
• (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
• Steyermark & Maguire - Chimanta magnolia (VENEZUELA)
• (Little) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
• (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
• (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
• (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
• (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
• Steyermark - Ptari-tepui magnolia (VENEZUELA)
• Little . (COLOMBIA, ECUADOR)
• (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)
• (Lozano) Govaerts . (COLOMBIA)

ส่วนย่อย Cubenses

• Bisse . (CUBA)
• Bisse . (CUBA)
• Urb. - Cuban magnolia (CUBA)
• Urb. - Dominican magnolia (HAITI)
• Urb. . (HAITI)
• Urb. & Ekman - Small-notched magnolia (HAITI)
• Howard - Hamor's magnolia (DOM. REP.)
• Urb. & Ekman - Pale magnolia (DOM. REP.)
• Bello - Puerto Rico magnolia (PUERTO RICO)
• Urban - Shining magnolia or Laurel magnolia (PUERTO RICO)

ส่วน Manglietia

• (Dandy) V.S.Kumar . (S CHINA)
• (Gagnep.) Dandy . (VIETNAM)
• Prantl . (SUMATRA, JAVA)
  • Magnolia blumei var. blumei . (SUMATRA, JAVA)
  • Magnolia blumei var. sumatrana (Miq.) Figlar & Noot. . (W SUMATRA)
• Figlar & Noot. . (W SUMATRA)
• (Hook.f. & Thoms.) D.C.Raju & M.P.Nayer . (ASSAM, N BURMA)
• (Dandy) V.S.Kumar . (VIETNAM, LAOS)
• (Dandy) V.S.Kumar . (SE CHINA, VIETNAM)
  • Magnolia conifera var. chingii (Dandy) V.S.Kumar . (SE CHINA)
  • Magnolia conifera var. conifera . (SE CHINA, VIETNAM)
• (Y.W.Law) V.S.Kumar . (GUANGDONG (CHINA))
• (Gapnep.) Dandy . (S CHINA, VIETNAM, LAOS)
• (Q.Y.Zheng) V.S.Kumar . (JIANGXI (CHINA))
• (Dandy ex Noot.) Figlar & Noot. . (BORNEO, MALAY PENIN.)
• Finet & Gagnep. . (VIETNAM, SW CHINA)
• V.S.Kumar . (SICHUAN (CHINA))
• (Oliv.) Hu . (VIETNAM, S CHINA)
  • Magnolia fordiana var. calcarea (X.H.Song) Chen & Noot. . (GUIZHOU (CHINA))
  • Magnolia fordiana var. fordiana . (VIETNAM, S CHINA)
  • Magnolia fordiana var. forrestii (W.W.Sm. Ex Dandy) Chen & Noot. . (SW CHINA)
  • Magnolia fordiana var. kwangtungensis (Merr.) Chen & Noot. . (SE CHINA)
• (Craib) V.S.Kumar . (SW CHINA, VIETNAM, THAILAND)
• (Hu & W.C.Cheng) V.S.Kumar . (YUNNAN (CHINA))
• Cubitt & W.W.Sm. . (SW CHINA, N BURMA, THAILAND)
• (Wall.) Blume . (S CHINA, NEPAL, BURMA)
• Figlar & Noot. . (SUMATRA)
• (B.L.Chen & S.C.Yang) V.S.Kumar . (SW CHINA)
• (Hu & W.C.Cheng) V.S.Kumar . (YUNNAN (CHINA))
• (Dandy) V.S.Kumar . (SE CHINA)
• (C.Y.Yu & Law) V.S.Kumar . (YUNNAN (CHINA))
• (H.T.Chang & B.L.Chen) V.S.Kumar . (YUNNAN (CHINA))
• (Dandy ex Gapnep.) V.S.Kumar . (VIETNAM)
• (Dandy) V.S.Kumar . (VIETNAM)
• (Dandy ex Noot.) Figlar & Noot. . (BORNEO)
• V.S.Kumar . (TIBET)
• (Dandy) V.S.Kumar . (N BURMA, THAILAND)
• (N.V.Tiep) V.S.Kumar . (YUNNAN (CHINA))
• (Y.W.Law) V.S.Kumar . (E CHINA)

ส่วน Kmeria

• Pierre . (VIETNAM, CAMBODIA)
• Figlar & Noot. . (YUNNAN, GUANGXI (CHINA))
• Magnolia thailandica Noot. & Chalermglin . (THAILAND)

ส่วน Rhytidospermum

.

ส่วนย่อย Rhytidospermum

• Thunb. - Japanese bigleaf magnolia or Japanese whitebark magnolia (JAPAN)
• Rehd. & Wilson - Houpu magnolia or Magnolia-bark (W CHINA)
  • Magnolia officinalis ssp. biloba Cheng & Law - Aoyehoupo magnolia (E CHINA)
  • Magnolia officinalis ssp. officinalis - Houpu magnolia or Magnolia-bark (E CHINA)
• W.W.Smith - Beaked magnolia (SW CHINA)
• (L.) L. - Umbrella magnolia or Umbrella-tree (SE US)

.

ส่วนย่อย Oyama

• Hook.f. & Thoms. - Globe magnolia or Hen magnolia (NEPAL, BURMA)
• K.Koch - Siebold's magnolia or Oyama magnolia (KOREA, E CHINA)
  • Magnolia sieboldii ssp. japonica K.Ueda . (JAPAN, CENTRAL CHINA)
  • Magnolia sieboldii ssp. sieboldii Siebold's magnolia or Oyama magnolia (JAPAN)
  • Magnolia sieboldii ssp. sinensis (Rehd. & Wilson) Spongberg - Chinese Oyama magnolia or Floreplena magnolia (CENTRAL CHINA)
• (Finet. & Gagnep.) Rehd. - Wilson's magnolia (SW CHINA)

.

ส่วน Auriculata

• Walt. - Fraser magnolia or Ear-leaved magnolia (SE US)
  • Magnolia fraseri var. fraseri - Fraser magnolia or Ear-leaved magnolia (SE US)
  • Magnolia fraseri var. pyramidata (Bartram) Pampanini - Pyramid magnolia (SE US)

var. ashei flower in female phase.

ส่วน Macrophylla

• Michx. - Bigleaf magnolia (SE US, E MEXICO)
  • Magnolia macrophylla var. ashei (Weatherby) D.Johnson - Ashe magnolia (SE US)
  • Magnolia macrophylla var. dealbata (Zuccarini) D.Johnson - Mexican bigleaf magnolia or Cloudforest magnolia (E MEXICO)
  • Magnolia macrophylla var. macrophylla - Bigleaf magnolia (SE US)

สกุลย่อย Yulania

ส่วน Yulania

.

ส่วนย่อย Yulania

• W.C.Cheng - Tianmu magnolia or Tienmu magnolia (E CHINA)
• Pampan - Spring hope magnolia (E CHINA)
• Hook.f. & Thomson - Campbell's magnolia (W CHINA, HIMALAYAS)
  • Magnolia campbellii var. alba Treseder . (HIMALAYAS)
  • Magnolia campbellii var. campbellii . (HIMALAYAS)
  • Magnolia campbellii var. mollicomata (W.W.Smith) F.Kingdon-Ward . (W CHINA, HIMALAYAS)
• Wilson - Huangshan magnolia (E CHINA)
• Rehd. & Wilson - Dawson's magnolia (SICHUAN (CHINA))
• Desr. - Yulan magnolia or Lilytree (E CHINA)
• DC. - Kobushi magnolia (JAPAN, KOREA)
• Desr. - Mulan magnolia, Purple magnolia, Red magnolia or Woody-orchid (C CHINA)
• (Sieb. & Zucc.) Maxim. - Willow-leafed magnolia (JAPAN)
• Rehd. & Wilson - Sargent's magnolia (W CHINA)
  • Magnolia sargentiana var. robusta Rehd. & Wilson . (SICHUAN (CHINA))
  • Magnolia sargentiana var. sargentiana . (W CHINA)
• Pampan - Sprenger's magnolia (SICHUAN (CHINA))
  • Magnolia sprengeri var. elongata (Rehd. & Wilson) Johnstone . (SICHUAN (CHINA))
  • Magnolia sprengeri var. sprengeri . (SICHUAN (CHINA))
• (Sieb. & Zucc.) Maxim. - Star magnolia (JAPAN)
• Thiéb.-Bern. - Saucer magnolia (HYBRID ORIGIN)
• Cheng - Zen magnolia (E CHINA)

ส่วนย่อย Tulipastrum

• (L.) L. - Cucumber tree or Blue magnolia (E NORTH AMERICA)
  • Magnolia acuminata var. acuminata - Cucumber tree or Blue magnolia (E NORTH AMERICA)
  • Magnolia acuminata var. subcordata (Spach) Dandy - Yellow cucumber tree (SE US)

ส่วนMichelia

Magnolia × alba.

ส่วนย่อย Michelia

• Magnolia × alba (DC.) Figlar & Noot. - White champaca (HYBRID ORIGIN)
• (Law & Wu) Figlar . (SW CHINA)
• Pierre . (SW CHINA, VIETNAM)
• A.DC. . (S CHINA, VIETNAM)
• (Noot.) Figlar & Noot. . (MALAYSIA, SUMATRA)
• (Gagnep.) Figlar . (VIETNAM)
• (Finet & Gagnep.) Figlar . (S CHINA)
• (L.) Baillon ex Pierre . (S INDIA, LESSER SUNDA IS., JAVA, MALAY PENIN.)
  • Magnolia champaca var. champaca . (S INDIA, LESSER SUNDA IS.)
  • Magnolia champaca var. pubinervia (Blume) Figlar & Noot. . (JAVA, MALAY PENIN.)
• (Dandy) Sima . (S CHINA, N VIETNAM)
• Maxim. . (JAPAN, SW CHINA)
• (H.T.Chang & B.L.Chen) Figlar . (SE YUNNAN (CHINA))
• Sima & Figlar . (SW CHINA)
• (Buch.-Ham. Ex DC.) Figlar . (SW CHINA, HIMALAYAS)
• (B.L.Chen & Noot.) Figlar . (YUNNAN (CHINA))
• Figlar . (SICHUAN (CHINA))
  • Magnolia ernestii ssp. ernestii . (SICHUAN (CHINA))
  • Magnolia ernestii ssp. szechuanica (Dandy) Sima & Figlar . (SICHUAN (CHINA))
• (Lour.) DC. - Banana-shrub or Chenille copperleaf (SE CHINA)
  • Magnolia figo var. crassipes (Law) Figlar & Noot. . (SE CHINA)
  • Magnolia figo var. figo . (SE CHINA)
  • Magnolia figo var. skinneriana ined. . (SE CHINA)
• (Law & Wu) Figlar . (VIETNAM, SW CHINA)
• (Finet & Gagnep.) Figlar . (S CHINA, VIETNAM)
• (Merr. Ex Dandy) Figlar . (S CHINA, VIETNAM)
• (Q.F.Zheng) Figlar . (SE CHINA)
• (H.T.Chang & B.L.Chen) Figlar . (YUNNAN (CHINA), VIET.?)
  • Magnolia fulva var. calcicola Sima & Yu . (YUNNAN (CHINA))
  • Magnolia fulva var. fulva . (YUNNAN (CHINA), VIET.?)
• (Law & R.Z.Zhou) Sima . (GUANGXI (CHINA))
• (Dandy) Figlar . (S CHINA, VIETNAM)
• (B.L.Chen & S.C.Lang) Figlar . (YUNNAN (CHINA))
• (H.T.Chang & B.L.Chen) Figlar . (JIANGXI (CHINA))
• (Dandy) Figlar . (BANGLADESH, ASSAM)
• (Bush.-Ham. ex DC.) Figlar . (VIETNAM, NEPAL)
• (Noot.) Figlar . (MALAYSIA, W SUMATRA)
• (W.W.Smith) Figlar . (SW CHINA, VIETNAM)
• (Wall.) Figlar & Noot. . (YUNNAN (CHINA), NEPAL)
• (Dandy) Figlar . (SW CHINA)
• (Dandy) Figlar . (S CHINA, N VIETNAM)
  • Magnolia macclurei var. macclurei . (S CHINA, N VIETNAM)
  • Magnolia macclurei var. sublanea Dandy . (GUANGDONG (CHINA))
• (King) King . (ASSAM)
• H.Lev. . (SE CHINA, VIETNAM)
• (Dandy) Figlar . (YUNNAN (CHINA), LAOS)
• (Dunn) Figlar . (SE CHINA, HAINAN IS.)
  • Magnolia maudiae var. hunanensis (C.L.Peng & L.H.Yan) Sima . (HUNAN (CHINA))
  • Magnolia maudiae var. maudiae . (SE CHINA, HAINAN IS.)
  • Magnolia maudiae var. platypetala (Hand.-Mazz.) Sima . (S-CENTRAL CHINA)
• (Dandy) Figlar . (S CHINA, VIETNAM)
• (B.L.Chen & S.C.Yang) Sima . (S CHINA)
• (Hand.-Mazz.) Figlar . (YUNNAN (CHINA))
• (Blume) Figlar & Noot. . (MALAYSIA to BORNEO)
• (Zenker) Figlar . (S INDIA, SRI LANKA)
• (Wall. Ex Hook.f. & Thomson) Figlar . (ASSAM)
• (Chun) Figlar & Noot. . (SE CHINA, N VIETNAM)
• (H.T.Chang & B.L.Chen) Sima . (YUNNAN (CHINA))
• P.Pharm . (PHILIPPINES)
• (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Figlar . (ASSAM)
• Magnolia rajaniana (Craib.) Figlar . (THAILAND)
• (King) Figlar & Noot. . (MALAY PENIN., W SUMATRA)
• (Chun & Y.F.Wu) Figlar . (HAINAN IS.)
• Magnolia sirindhorniae Noot. & Chalermglin - Princess Sirindhorn's magnolia (THAILAND)
• (C.Y.Wu ex Z.S.Yue) Sima . (SW CHINA)
• (Dandy) Figlar . (VIETNAM)
• (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. . (MALAYSIA, SUMATRA)
• (C.Y.Wu ex Law & Y.F.Wu) Figlar . (YUNNAN (CHINA))

ส่วนย่อย Elmerrillia

• (Merr.) Figlar & Noot. . (PHILIPPINES)
• (Merr.) Figlar & Noot. . (PHILIPPINES)
• (L.) Figlar & Noot. . (SUMATRA, NEW GUINEA, MALAYSIA, BORNEO)
  • Magnolia tsiampacca ssp. mollis (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. . (SUMATRA, BORNEO)
  • Magnolia tsiampacca ssp. tsiampacca . (SUMATRA, NEW GUINEA, MALAYSIA)
  • Magnolia tsiampacca ssp. tsiampacca var. glaberrima (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. . (MALAYSIA, NEW GUINEA)
  • Magnolia tsiampacca ssp. tsiampacca var. tsiampacca . (SUMATRA, NEW GUINEA)
• (Miq.) Baill. Ex Pierre . (SULAWESI, MOLUCCAS)

ส่วนย่อย Maingola

• Dandy . (VIETNAM)
• Dandy ex Noot. . (BORNEO, CELEBES)
  • Magnolia carsonii var. carsonii . (BORNEO)
  • Magnolia carsonii var. drymifolia Noot. . (BORNEO)
  • Magnolia carsonii var. phaulanta (Dandy ex Noot.) S.Kim . (CELEBES)
• (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Noot. . (SW CHINA, BURMA)
• King . (INDIA, ASSAM)
• King - Gustav's magnolia (INDIA, ASSAM)
• (Korth.) Dandy . (W JAVA, BORNEO, SUMATRA)
  • Magnolia macklottii var. beccariana (Agostini) Noot. . (SUMATRA)
  • Magnolia macklottii var. macklottii . (W JAVA, BORNEO)
• King . (ASSAM)

ส่วนย่อย Aromadendron

• Dandy ex. Noot. . (SUMATRA, BORNEO)
• (Agostini) Noot. . (SUMATRA, BORNEO)
• Noot. . (BORNEO, PHILIPPINES)
• (Blume) Keng . (SUMATRA, JAVA)
• Noot. . (BORNEO, PHILIPPINES)

สกุลย่อย Gynopodium

ส่วน Gynopodium

• (Kanehira & Yamamoto) Dandy . (TAIWAN)
• Chun & Tsoon . (S CHINA)
• W.W.Smith - Glossy magnolia (NW YUNNAN (CHINA))
• (Hu & Cheng) Dandy . (SICHUAN (CHINA))
• (Hu) Noot. . (SE YUNNAN (CHINA))

ส่วน Manglietiastrum

• (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. . (ASSAM)
• (Dandy) Figlar & Noot. . (VIETNAM, MALAY PENIN.)
• (Law) Noot. . (SE YUNNAN (CHINA))

อ้างอิง

1. The number of species in the genus Magnolia depends on the taxonomic view that one takes up. Recent molecular and morphological research shows that former genera Talauma, Dugandiodendron, Manglietia, Michelia, Elmerrillia, Kmeria, Parakmeria, Pachylarnax (and a small number of monospecific genera) all belong within the same genus, Magnolia s.l. (s.l. = sensu lato: 'in a broad sense', as opposed to s.s. = sensu stricto: 'in a narrow sense'). The genus Magnolia s.s. contains about 120 species. See the section Nomenclature and classification of Magnolia in this article.
2. Peigler, Richard (1988). "A review of pollination of Magnolias by beetles, with a collecting survey made in the Carolinas" (PDF). Magnolia. 24 (45): 1–7.
3. Bernhardt, P. (2000). (PDF). Plant Systematics and Evolution. 222 (1–4): 293–320. doi:10.1007/bf00984108. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 2015-12-23.
4. Crane, P.R. (1988). "The phylogenetic position and fossil history of the Magnoliaceae". ใน Hunt, David R. (บ.ก.). Magnolias and their allies: Proceedings of an International Symposium, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, U.K., 12-13 April 1996. Milbourne Port. p. 21. ISBN . OCLC 40781614.
5. Often treated as a distinct species, Magnolia pyramidata.
6. Often treated as a distinct species, Magnolia ashei.
7. Often treated as a distinct species, Magnolia dealbata.

แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น

วิกิสปีชีส์มีข้อมูลภาษาอังกฤษเกี่ยวกับ Magnolia

• วิกิมีเดียคอมมอนส์มีสื่อเกี่ยวกับ แมกโนเลีย
• Magnolia images at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University Plant Image Database
• Friedman, William (Ned). "Hunting magnolia fruits at the Arboretum." 2020-05-02 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน Posts from the Collection, Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University website, 20 October 2019. Accessed 29 April 2020.
• Dosmann, Michael and Nancy Rose. "Early to Evolve, Early to Flower: Collections Up Close Spotlights the Magnolia Collection." 2014-07-02 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University website, Spring/Summer 2014. Accessed 29 April 2020.
• "Magnolia - April Tree of the Month."^[]Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 2014. Accessed 29 April 2020.
• Glasser, Larissa. "Magnolia madness in April." 2020-06-12 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน Blog of the Arnold Arboretum Horticultural Library, Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University website, 19 April 2017. Accessed 29 April 2020.
• "NCCPG National Magnolia Collection". Caerhays Castle Garden (UK).
• . Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2016-03-10. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2011-04-01. Background information, reports, images and related articles
• "Magnolia Society".
• "Magnolias Threatened by Logging, Development". .
• . Extension. Selecting Trees for your Home. University of Illinois. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2020-04-10. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2020-09-11.
•  "Magnolia" . สารานุกรมบริตานิกา ค.ศ. 1911 (11 ed.). 1911.