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คติข้อยกเว้นอเมริกัน (อังกฤษ: American exceptionalism) เป็นแนวคิดที่เชื่อว่าสหรัฐอเมริกาเป็นชาติที่มีความแปลกแตกต่างจากชาติอื่น ๆ โดยกำเนิด ผู้ที่สนับสนุนแนวคิดนี้อ้างเหตุผลว่าค่านิยม, ระบบการเมือง และพัฒนาการทางประวัติศาสตร์ของสหรัฐนั้นแปลกแตกต่างเป็นพิเศษในประวัติศาสตร์ของมนุษยชาติ และมักมาพร้อมกับการบ่งชี้เป็นนัยว่าสหรัฐ "ได้รับการกำหนดและได้รับสิทธิให้มีบทบาทจำเพาะในเชิงบวกในเวทีโลก"
นักรัฐศาสตร์ชาวอเมริกัน สามารถตามค้นที่มาของคติข้อยกเว้นอเมริกันกลับไปได้ถึงการปฏิวัติอเมริกาที่ซึ่งสหรัฐ "เกิดขึ้นในฐานะรัฐใหม่" พร้อม ชุดค่านิยมและแนวคิดนี้มีรากฐานมาจากเสรีภาพ (liberty), ความเท่าเทียมต้องมาก่อนกฎหมาย (equality before the law), ความรับผิดชอบเป็นของปัจเจก (individual responsibility), (republicanism), ประชาธิปไตยผู้แทน (representative democracy) และระบบเศรษฐกิจแบบ "ปล่อยให้ทำไป" หลักการเหล่านี้มักถูกเรียกรวมกันว่าเป็น "คติข้อยกเว้นอเมริกัน" (American exceptionalism) และถ่ายทอดไปสู่คติที่ว่าสหรัฐเป็นที่รับรู้ในระดับท้องถิ่นและระดับนานาชาติว่าเหนือกว่าชาติอื่นหรือมีภาระพิเศษที่จะต้องเปลี่ยนแปลงโลก
ทฤษฎีว่าด้วยคติข้อยกเว้นพิเศษของสหรัฐมีการพัฒนาไปตลอดเวลา อาแล็กซี เดอ ต็อกวีล นักรัฐศาสตร์ชาวฝรั่งเศส เป็นนักเขียนคนแรกที่อธิบายสหรัฐว่า "มีข้อยกเว้นพิเศษ" (exceptional) หลังเขาเดินทางไปสหรัฐในปี 1831 เอกสารเก่าแก่ที่สุดที่มีการใช้ศัพท์ "American exceptionalism" โดยเฉพาะปรากฏในข้อถกเถียงของผู้สนับสนุนคอมมิวนิสต์ในปลายทศวรรษ 1920
อ้างอิง
- Fluck, Winfried; Pease, Donald E.; Rowe, John Carlos (บ.ก.). Re-framing the Transnational Turn in American Studies. University Press of New England. p. 207. ISBN .
- American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword. Seymour Martin Lipset. New York, N.Y.: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc. 1996. p. 18.
- "Trump wants schools to teach "American exceptionalism" if he's re-elected". Newsweek. August 24, 2020. สืบค้นเมื่อ July 13, 2021.
- Seymour Martin Lipset, The first new nation (1963).
- Lipset, American Exceptionalism, pp. 1, 17–19, 165–74, 197
- Walt, Stephen M. "The Myth of American Exceptionalism." Foreign Policy (October 21, 2011)
- de Tocqueville, Alexis. Democracy in America (1840), part 2, p. 36: "The position of the Americans is therefore quite exceptional, and it may be believed that no other democratic people will ever be placed in a similar one."
- Zimmer, Ben (27 September 2013). "Did Stalin Really Coin "American Exceptionalism"?". Slate.com.
บรรณานุกรม
- Bacevich, Andrew (2008). The Limits of Power: The End of American Exceptionalism. Metropolitan Books. ISBN .
- Bender, Thomas (2006). A Nation Among Nations: America's Place in World History. Hill & Wang. ISBN .
- Cheney, Dick and Liz Cheney (2015). . Threshold Editions. ISBN .
- Churchwell, Sarah. Behold, America: The Entangled History of 'America First' and 'the American Dream' (2018). 368 pp. online review
- Dollinger, Marc. "American Jewish Liberalism Revisited: Two Perspectives Exceptionalism and Jewish Liberalism". American Jewish History (2002) 90#2 pp. 161+. online at Questia มิถุนายน 8, 2013 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน
- Dworkin, Ronald W. (1996). The Rise of the Imperial Self. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN .
- Hilfrich, Fabian (2012). Debating American Exceptionalism: Empire and Democracy in the Wake of the Spanish–American War. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN .
- Hodgson, Godfrey (2009). The Myth of American Exceptionalism. Yale University Press. ISBN .
- Hughes, David. "Unmaking an exception: A critical genealogy of US exceptionalism." Review of International Studies (2015) 41#3 pp. 527–51
- Madsen, Deborah L. (1998). American Exceptionalism. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN .
- Glickstein, Jonathan A. American Exceptionalism, American Anxiety: Wages, Competition, and Degraded Labor In The Antebellum United States (2002)
- Ferrie, Joseph P. The End of American Exceptionalism: Mobility in the US Since 1850, Journal of Economic Perspectives (Summer, 2005)
- Hellerman, Steven L. and Andrei S. Markovits (2001). Offside: Soccer and American Exceptionalism. Princeton University Press. ISBN .
- Ignatieff, Michael ed. (2005). American Exceptionalism and Human Rights. Princeton University Press. ISBN .
{{}}:|author=มีชื่อเรียกทั่วไป ((help)) - Kagan, Robert (2003). Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order. Knopf. ISBN .
- Kammen, Michael. "The problem of American exceptionalism: A reconsideration." American Quarterly (1993) 45#1 pp. 1–43.
- Koh, Harold Hongju. "On American Exceptionalism" 55 Stan. L. Rev. 1479 (2003) online
- Krugman, Paul (2007). The Conscience of a Liberal. W. W. Norton. ISBN .
- LeBlanc, Paul and Tim Davenport (eds.), The "American Exceptionalism" of Jay Lovestone and His Comrades, 1929–1940: Dissident Marxism in the United States, Volume 1. Leiden, NL: Brill, 2015.
- Lipset, Seymour Martin (1997). American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN .
- Lipset, Seymour Martin. The First New Nation. Basic Books, 1955.
- Lipset, Seymour Martin. "Still the Exceptional Nation?" The Wilson Quarterly. 24#1 (2000) pp. 31+ online version พฤษภาคม 25, 2012 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน
- Lloyd, Brian. Left Out: Pragmatism, Exceptionalism, and the Poverty of American Marxism, 1890–1922. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
- Noble, David (2002). Death of a Nation: American Culture and the End of Exceptionalism. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN .
- Restad, Hilde Eliassen, "Old Paradigms in History Die Hard in Political Science: U.S. Foreign Policy and American Exceptionalism", American Political Thought (Notre Dame), (Spring 2012), 1#1 pp. 53–76.
- Ross, Dorothy. Origins of American Social Science. Cambridge University Press, 1991.
- Ross, Dorothy. "American Exceptionalism" in A Companion to American Thought. Richard W. Fox and James T. Kloppenberg, eds. London: Blackwell Publishers Inc., 1995: 22–23.
- Schuck, Peter H., , Eds. Understanding America: The Anatomy of an Exceptional Nation, 704 pp, 2008, ISBN
- Shafer, Byron E., ed. Is America Different?: A New Look at American Exceptionalism (1991) endorses exceptionalism
- Soderlind, Sylvia, and James Taylor Carson, eds. American Exceptionalisms: From Winthrop to Winfrey (State University of New York Press; 2012) 268 pp; essays on the rhetoric of exceptionalism in American history, from John Winthrop's "city upon a hill" to the "war on terror".
- Swirski, Peter. American Utopia and Social Engineering in Literature, Social Thought, and Political History. New York, Routledge (2011)
- Tilman, Rick. "Thorstein Veblen's Views on American 'Exceptionalism': An Interpretation". Journal of Economic Issues. 39#1 2005. pp. 177+. online version พฤษภาคม 25, 2012 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน
- Tomes, Robert. "American Exceptionalism in the Twenty-First Century" 2016-11-18 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน. "Survival." 56#1. pp. 26–50.
- Turner, Frederick Jackson Richard W. Etulain ed. (1999). The Significance of the Frontier in American History, in Does The Frontier Experience Make America Exceptional?.
{{}}:|author=มีชื่อเรียกทั่วไป ((help)) - Tyrrell, Ian. "American Exceptionalism in an Age of International History", American Historical Review Vol. 96, No. 4 (Oct., 1991), pp. 1031–55 in JSTOR
- Voss, Kim. The Making of American Exceptionalism: The Knights of Labor and Class Formation in the Nineteenth Century (1993) online version พฤษภาคม 25, 2012 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน
- Wilentz, Sean. Against Exceptionalism: Class Consciousness and the American Labor Movement, 1790–1820, 26 Int'l Lab. & Working Class History 1 (1984)
- Wrobel, David M. (1996). The End Of American Exceptionalism: Frontier Anxiety From The Old West To The New Deal. University Press of Kansas. ISBN .
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Lipset The first new nation 1963 Lipset American Exceptionalism pp 1 17 19 165 74 197 Walt Stephen M The Myth of American Exceptionalism Foreign Policy October 21 2011 de Tocqueville Alexis Democracy in America 1840 part 2 p 36 The position of the Americans is therefore quite exceptional and it may be believed that no other democratic people will ever be placed in a similar one Zimmer Ben 27 September 2013 Did Stalin Really Coin American Exceptionalism Slate com brrnanukrm Bacevich Andrew 2008 The Limits of Power The End of American Exceptionalism Metropolitan Books ISBN 978 0 8050 8815 1 Bender Thomas 2006 A Nation Among Nations America s Place in World History Hill amp Wang ISBN 978 0 8090 9527 8 Cheney Dick and Liz Cheney 2015 Threshold Editions ISBN 978 1 5011 1541 7 Churchwell Sarah Behold America The Entangled History of America First and the American Dream 2018 368 pp online review Dollinger Marc American Jewish Liberalism Revisited Two Perspectives Exceptionalism and Jewish Liberalism American Jewish History 2002 90 2 pp 161 online at Questia mithunayn 8 2013 thi ewyaebkaemchchin Dworkin Ronald W 1996 The Rise of the Imperial Self Rowman amp Littlefield Publishers ISBN 978 0 8476 8219 5 Hilfrich Fabian 2012 Debating American Exceptionalism Empire and Democracy in the Wake of the Spanish American War Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 0 230 39289 2 Hodgson Godfrey 2009 The Myth of American Exceptionalism Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 12570 2 Hughes David Unmaking an exception A critical genealogy of US exceptionalism Review of International Studies 2015 41 3 pp 527 51 Madsen Deborah L 1998 American Exceptionalism University Press of Mississippi ISBN 978 1 57806 108 2 Glickstein Jonathan A American Exceptionalism American Anxiety Wages Competition and Degraded Labor In The Antebellum United States 2002 Ferrie Joseph P The End of American Exceptionalism Mobility in the US Since 1850 Journal of Economic Perspectives Summer 2005 Hellerman Steven L and Andrei S Markovits 2001 Offside Soccer and American Exceptionalism Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 07447 4 Ignatieff Michael ed 2005 American Exceptionalism and Human Rights Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 11647 1 a href wiki E0 B9 81 E0 B8 A1 E0 B9 88 E0 B9 81 E0 B8 9A E0 B8 9A Cite book title aemaebb Cite book cite book a author michuxeriykthwip help Kagan Robert 2003 Of Paradise and Power America and Europe in the New World Order Knopf ISBN 978 1 4000 4093 3 Kammen Michael The problem of American exceptionalism A reconsideration American Quarterly 1993 45 1 pp 1 43 Koh Harold Hongju On American Exceptionalism 55 Stan L Rev 1479 2003 online Krugman Paul 2007 The Conscience of a Liberal W W Norton ISBN 978 0 393 06069 0 LeBlanc Paul and Tim Davenport eds The American Exceptionalism of Jay Lovestone and His Comrades 1929 1940 Dissident Marxism in the United States Volume 1 Leiden NL Brill 2015 Lipset Seymour Martin 1997 American Exceptionalism A Double Edged Sword W W Norton amp Company ISBN 978 0 393 31614 8 Lipset Seymour Martin The First New Nation Basic Books 1955 Lipset Seymour Martin Still the Exceptional Nation The Wilson Quarterly 24 1 2000 pp 31 online version phvsphakhm 25 2012 thi ewyaebkaemchchin Lloyd Brian Left Out Pragmatism Exceptionalism and the Poverty of American Marxism 1890 1922 Johns Hopkins University Press 1997 Noble David 2002 Death of a Nation American Culture and the End of Exceptionalism University of Minnesota Press ISBN 978 0 8166 4080 5 Restad Hilde Eliassen Old Paradigms in History Die Hard in Political Science U S Foreign Policy and American Exceptionalism American Political Thought Notre Dame Spring 2012 1 1 pp 53 76 Ross Dorothy Origins of American Social Science Cambridge University Press 1991 Ross Dorothy American Exceptionalism in A Companion to American Thought Richard W Fox and James T Kloppenberg eds London Blackwell Publishers Inc 1995 22 23 Schuck Peter H Eds Understanding America The Anatomy of an Exceptional Nation 704 pp 2008 ISBN 978 1 58648 561 0 Shafer Byron E ed Is America Different A New Look at American Exceptionalism 1991 endorses exceptionalism Soderlind Sylvia and James Taylor Carson eds American Exceptionalisms From Winthrop to Winfrey State University of New York Press 2012 268 pp essays on the rhetoric of exceptionalism in American history from John Winthrop s city upon a hill to the war on terror Swirski Peter American Utopia and Social Engineering in Literature Social Thought and Political History New York Routledge 2011 Tilman Rick Thorstein Veblen s Views on American Exceptionalism An Interpretation Journal of Economic Issues 39 1 2005 pp 177 online version phvsphakhm 25 2012 thi ewyaebkaemchchin Tomes Robert American Exceptionalism in the Twenty First Century 2016 11 18 thi ewyaebkaemchchin Survival 56 1 pp 26 50 Turner Frederick Jackson Richard W Etulain ed 1999 The Significance of the Frontier in American History in Does The Frontier Experience Make America Exceptional a href wiki E0 B9 81 E0 B8 A1 E0 B9 88 E0 B9 81 E0 B8 9A E0 B8 9A Cite book title aemaebb Cite book cite book a author michuxeriykthwip help Tyrrell Ian American Exceptionalism in an Age of International History American Historical Review Vol 96 No 4 Oct 1991 pp 1031 55 in JSTOR Voss Kim The Making of American Exceptionalism The Knights of Labor and Class Formation in the Nineteenth Century 1993 online version phvsphakhm 25 2012 thi ewyaebkaemchchin Wilentz Sean Against Exceptionalism Class Consciousness and the American Labor Movement 1790 1820 26 Int l Lab amp Working Class History 1 1984 Wrobel David M 1996 The End Of American Exceptionalism Frontier Anxiety From The Old West To The New Deal University Press of Kansas ISBN 978 0 7006 0561 3